MONASTIC SUPREMACYAng Pagdodomina ng mga Prayle sa Pilipinas

PI 100 THV1 Group 3

September 22, 2013

Monastic Supremacy

•Patronato Real

• “Service to the God and King”

•Clerical Ascendancy

THE FIVE RELIGIOUS ORDERS

Tim

elin

e o

f Five

Relig

iou

s Ord

ers

Franciscans (1577)

The Ordo Fratum Minorum (OFM), the First Order of

Franciscans, Friars Minor. They arrived in Manila on July 2, 1578.

02

Jesuits (1581) They arrived in 1581, expelled in 1768 as a result of the

suppression of the Jesuits in Europe in 1767, and returned to

Manila in 1859.

03

Dominicans (1587)The first fifteen missionaries of the Dominican Order, also

known as the Order of Preachers (OP), arrived from Spain by

way of Mexico on July 21, 1587.

04

Recollects (1606)They boarded a ship in Cadiz, Spain in July 1605 and arrived in

the province of Cebu in May 1606. By 1608, they had a priory in

the walled city of Intramuros.

05

01 Augustinians (1565)Fray Andres de Urdaneta and four other Augustinians landed in

the province of Cebu on April 27, 1565 from Mexico with Miguel

Lopez de Legazpi.

Remaining scattered places in the Visayas and Mindanao

Laguna, Tayabas (Quezon), Camarines

Manila, Cebu, Leyte, Samar, Bohol, Mindanao

Cagayan and Pangasinan, some areas in Manila

Visayas, Ilocos, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Manila

Spiritual Geography

3 4

25

1

Builders of Roads, Bridges,

Forts, Irrigation Dams

Founders of Hospitals and

Orphanages

Propagation of Catholicism

Introduced New

Industries

First Teachers of the Natives and

Pioneers in the Establishment of

the Printing Press

Contributions of the Missionaries

Augustinians

Augustinians

• April 27, 1565: Andrés de Urdaneta, Diego de Herrera, Martin de Rada, Andrés de Aguirre, and Pedro de Gamboa: first Augustinian priests to arrive (Cebu) with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi from Mexico

• 1565: first house established in Cebu

• 1571: first house established in Manila

AUGUSTINIANS

Mga ipinatayo:

• San Agustin Church

• Agustinian Seminary and College sa Vigan

• Orphanage at industrial school sa Tambhon

Franciscans

Franciscans

• July 2, 1578: Ordo Fratrum Minorum (OFM) Franciscans arrive on Philippine soil.

• Orden na sinusunod ang pamumuhay ni St. Francis of Assisi, kilala din bilang Order of the Minor

• 1580: San Juan de Dios Hospital ; San Lazaro Hospital

• 1586: Naga Hospital of San Diego

• November 15, 1586: Province of St. Gregory the Great

• 1592: Hospital of Holy Waters (Los Baños)

FRANCISCANS Hospital San Juan de Dios, Manila

FRANCISCANS San Lorenzo Hospital, Manila

Jesuits

Jesuits

• Orden na itinayo ni St. Ignatius of Loyola, kilala din bilang Society of Jesus.

• 1581: Arrival from Mexico, headed by Antonio Sedeño

• 1585: Accepted first Novice (Juan Garcia Pacheco)

• 1591: Mission stations established in Balayan, Batangas, in Taytay, and in Antipolo, Rizal.

• 1593: first Jesuit mission stations were established in the Visayasin Tibauan, Panay

Jesuits

• June 1595: Fr. General Claudio Acquaviva made the Philippine Mission into a Vice Province dependent on the Province of Mexico

• September 1595: College of Manila was opened

• August 25, 1601: The residential College of San Jose, attached to the College of Manila opened

• 1605: made the Philippine Vice Province into an independent Province

• 1768: Jesuits were banned from the Philippines.

JESUITS Escuela Municipal de Manila, Intramuros

JESUITS Manila Observatory, Padre Faura

Dominicans

Dominicans

• Orden na kilala rin bilang The Order of Preachers/Order of St. Dominic

• July 21, 1587: first 15 missionaries of the Dominican Order arrive from Spain via Mexico.

• Domingo Salazar - ang unang Obispo ng Maynila, ang kauna-unahang Dominicanong pari na dumating sa Pilipinas

• 1593: first two books published Doctrina Christiana, one in Chinese, the other in

Spanish and Tagalog)

• 1594: Dominicans evangelized the fertile Cagayan Valley

• 1611: University of Santo Tomas established

• 1619: extended missionary work in the Babuyanes

• 1783: Permanently set-foot in Batanes

DOMINICANS Sto. Domingo Church, Intramuros

DOMINICANS University of Sto. Tomas, Manila

DOMINICANS Binondo Church, Manila

DOMINICANS Tumauini Church, Isabela

DOMINICANS University of San Carlos, Cebu

DOMINICANS Colegio de San Juan de Letran,Manila

DOMINICANS Doctrina Christiana

• Noong 1593, naimprenta

ang unang libro sa

Pilipinas, ang Doctrina

Christiana sa

pamamagitan ni Padre

Blancas de San Jose sa

tulong ng Tsinong si Juan

de Vera.

• Unang itinayo sa Binondo

pero inilipat sa Unibersidad

ng Sto. Tomas na ngayon

ay tinawag na UST Press.

DOMINICANS Villa Verde Trail

Padre Juan Villaverde

- naging arkitekto sa

pamosong Villa Verde trail

sa Nueva Vizcaya.

Augustinian Recollects

Augustinian Recollects

• Kabilang sa Augustinian Order ngunit sumusunod sa mas striktong mga alituntunin. Ang kanilang patron ay si St. Nicholas of Tolentino.

• May 1606: Arrived in Cebu

• 1607: took charge of Bataan, Zambales and western Pangasinan which were previously abandonded by the Augustinians and the Dominicans

• 1608: Priory based in Intramuros

• 1622: Pope Gregory XV declares the Recollects a congregration and the Philippines formed one of four separate provinces

• 1635: exchanged their small mission in Negros with the islands of Romblon

• 1679: Archbishop of Manila gave them Mindoro

• 1687: took charge of Masbate

RECOLLECTS San Sebastian Church, Quiapo

FR. MARIANO GRANDIA

Manufacture

of Hats and

Mats

FR. MATIAS OCTAVIO

Cultivation of

Indigo and

Corn

FR. PEDRO DE SAN AGUSTIN

Cattle Industry

FR. ANTONIO SEDENO

Silk raising

and tile

manufacturing

FR. AGUSTIN JIMENEZ

Coffee

Cultivation

Nagpakilala ng mga Bagong Industriya

DISCRIMINATION AMONG SPANISH AND FILIPINO PRIESTS

Agenda

• The Opening of the Suez Canal

• The Secularization Controversy

The Opening of the Suez Canal

Suez Canal

- connected the Red Sea and the MediterraneanSea

-inaugurated in 1869

-built by a French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps

-vessels journeying between Barcelona and Manilano longer had to pass by the Cape of Good Hopeat the southern tip of Africa

-traveling time from three months to 32 days.

The Opening of the Suez Canal

Suez Canal

-trading in the Philippines became increasinglyprofitable

-foreign merchants and businessmen came to thecolony, bringing with them a lot of progressive ideas.

-Filipinos gained more knowledge and informationabout the world at large

-Filipinos gained the desire for freedom andimprovement in their lives

The Secularization Controversy

Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines:

• Regular priests - belonged to religious orders and has the maintask to spread Christianity

(Ex. Franciscans, Recollects)

• Secular priests - did not belong to any religious order. They weretrained specifically to run the parishes and were under thesupervision of the bishops.

The Secularization Controversy

• Conflict began when the bishops argued that it’s their duty tocheck on the administration of parishes run by regular priests.

• Regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were notunder the bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon theirparishes if the bishops persisted.

The Secularization Controversy

Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa Sanchode Rufina (1728-1787)

• accepted the resignations of theregular priests in 1774.

• assigned secular priests to take theirplace

• Since there were not enough secularsto fill all the vacancies, he hastenedthe ordination of Filipino seculars.

The Secularization Controversy

• November 9, 1774 - a royal decree was issued whichprovided for the secularization of all parishes or thetransfer of parochial administration from the regularfriars to the secular priests.

• Regulars resented the move because they considered theFilipinos unfit for the priesthood due to reasons such asthe Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, andinadequate experience.

The Secularization Controversy

• The Spaniards were clearly favouring their ownregular priest over Filipino priests.

• Pedro Sebastian Pelaez (1812-1863)

- ecclesiastical governor of the Church, sided with theFilipinos.

-died in an earthquake that destroyed the ManilaCathedral in 1863.

-after his death, was succeeded by other priestsfighting for the secularization movement.

(Ex. Gomburza)

CRUSADES AGAINST MONASTIC SUPREMACY

Mga kumalaban sa pagdodomina mgaprayle:

•Mga Gobernador

•Hari

•Mga Indio

•Mga Obispo

•Gomburza

•Propagandista

Governors complain to Spanish Monarchs…

• Gov. Dasmarinas (1592) – slavery of indios

• Gov. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera (1636) – friars monopolized the business

They complained that the friars were infinitely more powerful than the Crown’s representatives.

… But not without a price.

• Gov. Diego de Salcedo – imprisoned and died while being shipped back to Mexico in 1669.

• Gov. Juan de Vargas

- After his term, Archbishop Pardo forced him to stand each day for 4 months in Manila’s streets wearing sackcloth and a rope around his neck

- Also died while being shipped back to Mexico

• Gov. Fernando Manuel de Bustamante

- found out that the friars were stealing money from the obras pias

- Imprisoned the Archbishop

- Friars stabbed him to death

The Crown tries to investigate the Friars

• 1578 – Spanish Crown ordered the governal general & the president of the Royal Audiencia to examine land titles

- nothing happened

• 1697 – the Crown ordered a visitador (oidores) from Mexico to determine validity of land titles

- friars refused to show titles, claiming exemption

- nothing happened

Who has the real power?

“If the King sends troops here, the Indians will return to the mountains and forests. But if I shut the church doors, I shall have them all at my feet in twenty-four hours.”

GOMBURZA

Mariano Gomez

• 1799-1872 (age 72)

• Tornatra (mixed Chinese & Spanish descent)

• Theology (UST)

• Head priest of Bacoor, Cavite (well-loved)

• Printed the newspaper La Verdad – describing the deplorable conditions in the country

• Accused of taking part in the Cavite mutiny (1872)

"Let us go where the leaves never move without the will of God."

Jacinto Zamora

• Born in Pandacan, 1835-1872 (Age 36)

• Insulares

• Marikina, Pasig, Batangas, Manila Cathedral

• Continued the secularization movement of Pelaez

• Had a habit of playing cards (panguigui)

• "Grand reunion...our friends are well provided with powder and ammunition.“ – means that they have much money to gamble with

• Misinterpreted by Spaniards and used as evidence

Jose Burgos

• 1837-1872 (age 35)

• Born in Vigan to a Spanish officer & Mestiza mother

• Two doctorate degrees (Letran & UST)

• Liberal views, secularization, “defender of the native clergy”-> caught the attention of Spanish authorities

• 1869 – Felipe Buencamino

• Close friend of Paciano Rizal

"What crime have I committed to deserve such a death? Is there no justice in the world?"

• Execution: February 17, 1872 – Bagumbayan

- Gomez -> Zamora -> Burgos

• Ordered by Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo

• Francisco Zaldua

- Testified against Burgos

- Expected a pardon

- also executed that day (1st)

• This event influenced a whole generation of revolutionists (Rizal, Mabini, Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, etc.)

• El Filibusterismo dedication

Without 1872, there would have been no Plaridel, Jaena or Sanciongco; nor would the brave and generous Filipino colonies in Europe have existed. Without 1872, Rizal would now have been a Jesuit and instead of writing "Noli Me Tangere," would have written the opposite. Observing those injustices and cruelties fired my young imagination and I pledge to dedicate myself and to avenge some day those victims. With this idea, I have studied and this can be discerned in all my works and writings. God will give me the opportunity someday to keep my vow.

- Jose Rizal

• itinatag ng Propaganda Movement sa Espanyanoong Disyembre 13, 1888

• layuning iparating saEspanya ang mgapangangailangan ng Pilipinas bilang kolonyanito

• Graciano Lopez Jaena: unang editor, pinalitan niMarcelo H. Del Pilar noongOktubre 1889

Graciano Lopez Jaena• isinilang noong ika-18 ng Disyembre 1856 sa

Jaro, Iloilo

• anak nina Placido Lopez at Maria JacobaJaena

• pinadala ng ina sa Seminario De San Vicente Ferrer upang magpari ngunit mas gusto niyang maging physician kaya sinubukanniyang mag-aral sa University of Santo Tomas ngunit hindi sya natanggap

• magaling na mananalumpati kaysamanunulat

• para sa kanya, ang Pilipino at Kastila ay iisa, at ang pinakamatayog niyang pangarap ay maging bahagi ni Espanya ang Pilipinas

• “Diego Laura”

FRAY BOTOD (1874)

• Padre Botod – taguri dahil sa kanyangmalaking tiyan

• isang maikling nobela at character sketch tungkol sa isang Kastilang prayleat paggamit nila sa relihiyon para sapagmamalabis nito sa mga Pilipino

• ipinakita ang mga bisyo ng mga prayle at ang pagsingil nang mahal sapagpapalibing at pagpapatubo nangmalaki sa mga utang

• umikot ang ang kwento sa diskusyon ng isang Pilipino at liberal na kaibigannitong Kastila

• nilarawan niya ang prayle bilangabusado, malupit, tamad, sakim, at mahalay

• hindi man nalimbag ay nabasa ng taumbayan ng kopya nito hanggangmakarating sa mga prayle dahilan upangipahanap ang may akda

Marcelo.H. Del Pilar

• isinilang sa Kupang, Bulakan, Bulakannoong ika-30 ng Agosto 1850

• pangsiyam na anak nina Julian H. Del Pilar at Blasa Gatmaitan

• nag-aral sa Colegio de San Jose at University of Santo Tomas kung saannagtapos ng abogasya

• ‘Di tulad ni Rizal, si Del Pilar ay gumamitng wikang Tagalog sa paglaban sa mgapang-aabuso ng mga Kastila sa Pilipino

• “sinasabing ang panitik ni Del Pilar ay walang-takot, walang-pagod, walang-pangingilag, tapat, tahas, at di-mapagkakamalian”

• “Piping Dilat”, “Plaridel”, “Pupdoh”, at “Dolores Manapat”

DIARIONG TAGALOG (1882)

• isang pahayagang pampulitika at unang diyaryong Tagalog

• tinustusan ang pagpapalimbag niFranciso Calvo

• dito niya sinulat ang kanyang mgaartikulo tungkol sa mga pang-aabuso ng mga prayleng Kastila at mga repormang hiling ng mgaPilipino

• ikinagalit ito ng mga Espanyol at inutusang ipaaresto siya ngunitnakaalis na siya papuntangEspanya bago ito mangyari

• nagtagal lamang ito ng limangbuwan

DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayer Book and Teasing Game)

• pinakamabangis na akda ni Del Pilar

• Isang akdang nakakatawa dahilipinapakita kung paano sobrang kaiba o kabaliktaran ang mga ginagawa ng mgaprayle noon sa kanilang mga sinasabi samga Pilipino

• dahilan ng pagkakatawag na ‘filibustero’ kay Del Pilar

• sinulat niya ang mga dasal gayundin angmga tanong at sagot sa katesismo at pinalitan nya ang ilang mga salita upangtuligsain ang mga prayle

• May mga nagsasabing ito’y kawalang-galang sa relihiyon, ngunit mapapansinghindi Diyos ang tinutuligsa ni Del Pilarkundi ang mga prayle

DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayer Book and Teasing Game)

Amain Namin(Parody ng “Our Father“)

• Amain naming sumasaconventoka, sumpain ang ngalan mo, malayo sa amin ang kasakimanmo, quitlin ang liig mo dito sa lupapara nang sa langit. Saulan mocami ngayon nang aming kaningiyong inaraoarao at patauanin mokami sa iyong pagungal para nangpag papataua mo kung kami nacucualtahan; at huag mo kamingipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at iadya mo kami sa masama mongdila.

DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayer Book and Teasing Game)

Aba Guinoong Barya(Parody ng “Hail Mary“)

• Aba guinoong Barianakapupuno ka nangalcancia ang Fraile’Isumasainyo bukod kaniyang pinagpala’t pinahiguit sa lahat, pinagpalanaman ang kaban mongmapasok. Santa Baria Ina nang Deretsos, ipanalangin mo kaminghuag anitan ngayon at cami ipapatay. Siya naua.

• Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Fraile na lalo sa lahat.

• Ang ikalaua: Huag kang mag papahamak manuba nang ngalang deretsos.

• Ang ikatlo: Mangilin ka sa Fraile lingo man at fiesta.

• Ang ikapat: Isangla mo ang catauan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama’t ina

• Ang ikalima: Huag kang mamamatay kung uala pang salaping pang libing

• Ang ikanim: Huag kang makiapid sa kanyang asaua.

• Ang ikapito: Huag kang makinakaw.

• Ang ikaualo: Huag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.

• Ang ikasiyam: Huag mong ipagkait ang iyong asaua.

• Ang ikapulo: Huag mong itangui ang iyong ari.

Itong sampong utos nang Fraile’I dalaua ang kinaoouian. Ang isa: Sambahinmo ang Fraile lalo sa lahat.

Ang ikalaua: Ihayin mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo’t kayamanan.

• Siya naua.

Ang Mga Utos ng Fraile(Parody ng “The Ten Commandments“)

CAINGAT CAYO - BEWARE

• sinulat ni Fr. Jose Rodriguez

• "Ang polyetong ito'y ipinangalatnang walang bayad halos noongtaong 1888 bilang paghamak kay Dr. Rizal at sa mga akda nito. Angmay katha ay isang paring kastilasa pangkat ng mga agustino”

CAIINGAT CAYO – BE SLIPPERY AS AN EEL

• Noong ika-3 ng Agosto ng taonding yaon, ang polyetong ito ay tinugon ni Marcelo H. del Pilar saisang polyeto na may lagdang"Dolores Manapat".

ANG CADAQUILAAN NANG DIOS (God’s Goodness)

• isang sanaysay na pagtuligsalaban din sa mga prayle, ngunit nagpapahayag ng pilosopiya at pag-ibig sakalikasan ni Del Pilar

LA SOBERANIA MONACAL EN FILIPINAS

(Monastic Supremacy In The Philippines)

• isang polyeto na tumutuligsa sa mgaprayleng Espanyol tungkol sa mgamaling pagtuturo nila na nagresulta sapaghihirap ng mga Pilipino

• ginamit ang ngalang-sagisag na“Plaridel”

• Tatlong aspeto:

• politika

• ekonomiya

• relihiyon

STATE OF THE CHURCH: THE PAST AND TODAY

• Philippines today consists of many religions:• Roman Catholic - 86%

• Other Christian religions - 6%• Protestant - 2%• Muslim - 4%

• Non-Western, indigenous beliefs and practices - 2%

Composition

• Roman Catholic traditions are still done in the country like fiestas, re-enactments, celebration of special days, etc.

Traditions

Filipino Priests

• Before, they do not allow otherwise 'trained' Filipino priests to ascend into the higher positions of the Catholic Church hierarchy.

• Today, Filipinos can freely study and become priests.

Land/money Acquisition

• “Down payment for a place in heaven”

• Buying of land

• Foreclosure of mortgages

• Land-grabbing

• Friars to Encomenderos

Political influence

• Before, friars have a strong hold on the Philippine government. They have the power to endorse certain officials, or have them replaced.

• Today, politicians ask to be endorsed by the Church officials, the Church also demands in political decisions, and leaders of our country ask guidance from priests, bishops, and the like.

Morals

• During the Spanish era, the Spaniards rigorously destroyed all local religious practices, including indigenous holy places, idols, statues and representations of indigenous spirits, gods and goddesses.

• They also imposed new moralities such as discouraging slave holding, polygamy, gambling and alcohol consumption.

• Today, these moralities are still taught in the church.

Marriage

• Before, it was considered customary and desirable for the heads of two friendly families to cement their 'alliance' by arranging an appropriate marriage for their children--in many cases while their children were still very young.

• Today, this is not customary anymore. These are rare cases in society today.

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

“Separation of Church & Government”

• malakas na impluwensya ng simbahan sa mgamananampalataya o taumbayan

• kapalit ng di pagsunod sa mga utos ng pari

Fight vs RH bill is Catholic Church’s biggest challenge

Partial divorce bill worries church leaders

Philippine bishop says divorce law is 'the devil at work'

Ang Kaparian: Sex, Politika at Pera

South America has become a safe haven for the Catholic Church’s alleged child molesters. The Vatican has no comment.

Sexual Misconduct among Priests in the Philippines: Key Cases

PANG-AABUSO

KORUPSYON

• karangyaan sa gitna ng paghihirap ng lipunan

• pagiging “tax-free” ng mga lupang pagmamay-aring simbahan/kaparian