,. - . . . - ~ ... -- - • • ~. '. __ w ._. ,-
BY
in appli<:atioD for The Degree of Doctor of Pbilosopby
1989
I ' .'
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIEs 01' DIVERSE AREAS RANGING FROM HiRlW, SINJAWI TO DUn REGIOls
Being a thesis presented
1989
It is a pleasure to certify that this
is the bonafide work of Mr.Rasool Bakhsh Tareen. In
my opinion the Thesis is suitable for the considera-
tion for Ph.D. degree in Botany.
- ----- -
& Chairman
-ii-
A C K NOW LED GEM E N T S
I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor
Prof.Dr.S.A.Qadir, Chairman, Department of Botany and Dean
of Science faculty, University of Baluchistan, ~etta for
his guidance encouragement and keen interest during the
research period.
department for his help in chemical analysis. Sher Mohammad
Nasir, department of Physics is thanked for providing the
Computer facilities. I also express my indebteness to
Mrs.Mudassar Israr for her help and encouragement during
this work.
(Mirza) for t)ping the manuscript. Thank are also due to
Mr.Khalid Mahmood and Dr.Abdullah Khan for providing the
Geological information and for reading the manuscript of
this thesis.
viii. Life Form Spectrum
x. Edaphology of Plant Communities 121
-iv-
xi. Coefficient of Correlation Between 159 Importance Value and Soil Character­ istics.
8. Discussion
9. Bibliography
- - - ---- -- --- .
Climatic Table of Sibi, Loralai and Ziarat
Location of s~pled sites
Location Map of study Area
Plant Communities of Different Altitudinal Zones of Hills, Plains and Water courses
Similarity Matrix
Summary of Pbytosociological Data of Hills, Plains and Water courses
6 - 8
24 -26
Species Diversity, Community Maturity 54-58 Index and Community Homogeneity of the Communi ties of hills, Plains and Water courses
Stand Density and Stand Cover of the Communiti'es of Hills ,Plains and Water courses
62-66
Density Size Classes of the Communities 97-111 of Hills, Plains and Water courses
Table
Table
Table
Table
-vi-
9a: Life Form and Leaf Size Spectra of the Communities of Hills, Plains and Water courses
9b: Biological Spectrum of Various Ecological Zones of Study Area
10: Topographic and Soil Characteristic of the Communities of Hil~s,Plains aDd Water courses
11: Coefficient of Correlations(r) Between I.V. of some Dominant Plants and Ooil Characteristics
Table 12-1221 Phytosociological attributes tables of 111 stands (Appendix)
---~---
Vegetation of hills, plains and water courses of
the diverse areas ranging from Harnai, Sinjawi to Duki
regions were studied by point centrad quarter method(Cottom
and Curtis,1956). Plant communities were classified on
the basis of index of similarity (Bray & Curtis,1957).
Out of 111 stands,102 communities were thus recog­
nized; 50 communities on the hills, 21 communities in the
plains and 31 communities in the water courses. These co­
mmunities were further grouped on altitudinal basis into
four different ecological zones i.e. lower zone, lower
middle zone, upper middle zone and upper .zone. The compo­
sition of vegetation at different altitudes were deacribed.
Plant communities of the hills, plains and water courses
having first dominant common, were further grouped into di­
fferent association types.
stand density and stand cover followed by plains and water
courses. Both species diversity and vegetational diversity
were found to be high on the hills followed by water courses
and plains. High species diversity appears to be associated
with soils having high maximum water holding capacity,organic
-viii-
areas have also indicated high species diversity, and high
coverage. The maturity and homogeneity of all the communi­
ties of hills, plains and water courses were generally
found to be low.
of hills, plains and water courses revealed that in the
trees and shrubs stratum, Olea ferruginea reproducing well
in the communities of the hills, plains and water courses.
Caragana ambigua and Prunus ~rahuica shows very well regen­
eration in the communities of hills and plains. Juniperus
polycarpos. Pistacia mutica. Cotoneaster nummularia, Acacia
modesta, Abelia triflora and Caragana ulcina reproducing
well in the communities of hills, and Fraxinus xanthoxyloid­
~ and Nannorhops ritchieana shows very well regeneration in
the communities of water courses.
In the herbs and under-shrubs stratum C:mbapogon
jawarancusa is reproducing very well in the communities of
hills, plains and water courses. Convolvulus spinsus, Thymus
serpyllum and ChrYBOpogon aucheri are reproducing well in the
communities of hills and plains. Eulaliopsis binata, Alopecu-
- ---- --~.~ - '---- - -- -
foveolatum are reproducing well in the communities of
hills. Artemisia stricta shows well regeneration in
the communities of plains. Saccharum ravennae, Perovsk­
ia abrotanoides, Saccharum bengalense, Salvia nubicola,
Pennisetum orientale and Arundo donax we~e reproducing
very well in the communities of water courses and appear
to be very promising species for further.
Among topographic factors, aspects seems to plaY
an important role in the distribution of communities of
hills. Similarly, wet water courses had Saccharum bengal­
ense, Arundo donax, Cotoneaster nummularia, Dalbergia
sissoo, etc. as the dominant species. Among the dry water
courses, the dominant species differed in narrow, medium
and wide water courses. The vegetation in sloping plains
and flat plains also showed significant differences.
Life form and leaf size spectra of the communities
of the study areas were constructed according to Runkiaer
(1905 & 1934). Hemicrytophytes, Therophytes and Chamaephy­
tes were found to be significantly higher and Geophytes
were found to be significantly lower than the "Normal
spectrum" of Raunkiaer(1918). Life form spectrum of differ-
ent ecological zone shows that Phanerophytes decrease gradu-
- - --- -._-
elevations.
highest percentage, followed by nannophylls. Leaf size
spectrum of different ecological zone shows that lepto­
phylls increase from lower zone to upper middle zone and
the upper zone. Microphylls increase gradually from lower
to upper zone.
and chemical characteristics. Correlationat plant communi­
ties with the edaphic factors have been discussed. Soil
texture, maximum water holding capacity, organic matter,
CaCO~, E.C., HCO~, Ca+Mg, Na, K, SAR and PAR were found to
be important edaphic factors affecting the distribution of
vegetation types.
racteristics indicated that Cymbopogon jawarancusa shows sligh­
tly .nigh positive correlation with silt and slightly high
negative correlation with Ca+Mg. Saccharum ravennae shows
slightly high positive correlation with silt and slightly
high negative correlation with organic matter. TQymus ~
pyllum shows slightly high positive correlation with silt
-xi-
correlation with organic matter and slightly high negative
correlation with maximum water holding capacity. Olea
ferruginea shows slightly high positive correlation with
K and slightly high negative correlation with CaC0 3
•
tion with silt and slightly high negative correlation with
- ---- - -
Study area lies between 290 48' and ~o 25'
latitudes and 670 50' and 690 15' longitudes. The elevation
ranges from 600 meters to 3490 meters.
It is bounded to the north by Loralai district, to
the west by Quetta and Ziarat districts, to the east by Kohlu
Agency and Sibi District and to the south by Kachi district.
The study area consists of the rugged mountains of Kasa sar
0490 m ), Loua ghar 0090 m) Pan sar (2700 m) and Siualo
(2~50 m) elevation. The main rocks types consist of
Siwaliks groups (early Pleistocene and middle Miocene).Ghazig
formetion, shale with subordinate clay stone, sandstone, lime
stone, conglomerates, albaster with coal seams( Eocene).
Dungan formation, limestone, subordinate shale, marl sandstones
and conglomerates (Paleocene and middle Eocene). Cbiltan
Loralai and Spintangi limestone (Jurassic). Parah group, lime
stone, shale and siltstone (Cretaceous). Rescent and sub-rece­
nt (Pleistocene and Recent) deposits (Iqbal and Shah, 1980).
The study area is mostly covered with thick vegetat­
ion but some parts of the area is of baren rocks, where soil
is either totally absent or confined to shallow lithosol. Soils
---- - ---_._ - -
-~-
winter.
direction and force of the winds, which at many places
assume the character of drought. Between January and March
the direction varies significantly and at this time there
are often cold and bitter winds blowing from the north.
Mean annual rainfall at Ziarat is ~2~.8 mm and snow fall is
176.5 cm, usually occurs from November to April. At Loralai
mean annual precipitation is 244.4 mm and at Sibi mean annual
precipitation is 14~.O mm.
The mean maximum temperature for the hottest month
at Ziarat is 27.4 °C, at Loralai ~5.2 °c and at Sibi 45.~ °C, and mean minimum temperature for the coldest month at Ziarat
is -8.8 °c, at Loralai -1.4 °c and at Sibi 6.1 °c (Table1).
Average rainfall in Ziarat is about ~OO.O mm in a
year and in Loralai district and in Harnai Tehsil of Sibi
district, it averages from ~20.5 mm to 420.5 mm in a year
(Ali, 1966 a).
an increase in altitude(Dahl 1951) has also demonstrated a
relationship between maximum temperature and the distribution
- - " - --- - - ------ - - _. - - ,
In the present work 111 stands (55 stands on
hills, ~~ stands in water courses and 2~ stands on plains)
were studied in the diverse areas of Harnai, Sinjawi and
Duki regions, with regards to vegetation and soils. The
area has diverse vegetation, and vegetation varies with
elevation.
Olea ferruginea (Shiaven), Pistacia khinjuk (Badawan),
~. mutica{ Buzgah), Fraxinus xanthox:loides (Shang) and
Juniperus polycarpos (Obusht) are the common trees species.
Kirby kuch enclosure, Tomagh reserve forest, Churmana reserve
forest, Toremanah reserve forest and Bhair reserve forest,
are the parts of study area. Due to biotic factors and high
grazing pressures the natural vegetation of the study area
are more or less d1stDrbed, so due to cutting and heavy graz­
ing the vegetation and soils are greatly deteriorated.
Although the major portion of the tree belt has been
declared as a Reserve Forest, yet uncontrolled grazing takes
place due to the existance of tribal rights, as the most of
the study area lies in the tribal area. For the same reason
a lot of felling of green poles and trees for butting takes
-5-
practice. (Ali, 1966b).
No detailed work on Ulese aspects of Harnai, Sinjawi and
Duki areas were carried out previously. However, prelimi­
nary account of vegetion of some parts of the study area
and its surroundings are given by some workers. Beg and
Repp (1966) and Khan (1977) reported vegetation improvemen­
ts in Bastragi. Zeller and Beg (1969) classified Juniper
forest of Ziarat. Vegetation account of water courses of
Shreen valley (Mohammad, 1987) Juniper forest Chautair
(Anjum, 1987) water courses of Chautair valley (Ahmed, 1988)
and Kirby kuch enclosure ( Ilyas, 1988) . were described.
The main objective of the present study was to
investigate the Phytosociology of the diverse areas of Harnai,
Sinjawi and Duki regions with special reference to the differ­
ences found between hills, plains and water course&.
-6-
Precipitation (millimeters)
-7-
Mean He an Precipitation Month Maximum(oC) MigilllUlIl (millilletres) ( C)
January 12.7 -1.4 26.4
February 15.9 0.8 20.1
March 21.0 5.9 39.6
April 26.6 10.8 22.9
May 31.8 15.6 19.8
June 35.2 18.9 9.1
July 34.1 20.6 34.5
August 33.1 19.0 39.9
September 31.8 1.51 4.6
October 27.3 9.4 2.8
November 21.6 4.0 7.4
December 15.9 0.0 17.3
ANNUAL 25.6 8.7S 244.4
Islamaba.d.
mm
Source: D.F.O. ZIARAT.
Baluchistan is the largest province of Pakistan
but the ecological work done in this part of the country is
meagre. However, very tittle work has been done on the
vegetation of the diverse areas of Rarnai, Sinjawi to Duki
Regions.
ering plants of Baluchistan. Khattak(1951) and Zaman et al
(1968,1975) carried out an autecological work on the species
of Ephedra and Juuiperus excelsa. Quraishi et al(1977 and
1978) investigated water balance of Juniperus excelsa, Arce­
uthobium oxycedri, Carasana ambigua and Perovskia abrotanoi­
~ of Juniper forest at Ziarat.
Repp and Khan(1958) studied vegetation in relation
to topography, geomorphology and soils, recording also the
improvement of vegetation due to closure of the Maslakh area.
Said and Hussain(1959) and Irshad(1961) investigated the ve­
getation of Maslakh area. Repp and Khan(1957) conducted an
integrated survey of the Isplingi valley and providsd indica­
tor values of certain species. Champion et al(1965) described
broad forest types of Baluchistan. Beg and Repp(1965) and
Snead and Tasnif(1966) gave a general picture of the vegetat­
ion of Lasbela region. Beg(1966) describes some plant ecological
-10-
group in Quetta- Pi shin areas. Ali (1966a)made some observa­
tion on the forest types and grasses of temperature region
of Baluchistan.
Baig et al (1973) carried out reconnaissance soil -- survey of Quetta and Pishin districts and provided a land
use, map. Hussain aDd Rizvi (1974) worked on ecological
study of plants in Quetta Pishin and Sibi districts. The
study has been made in order to find the distribution of plants
in two distriots of Baluchistan under different climatic
condition and altitudes. Beg and Khan (1980) studied the
present situation and the future of dry oak forest zone in
Pakistan.
area of Sheikhupura district. Chaudhri (1957) studied the
succession of vegetation in arid regions of Pakistan.
Hussain et al (1980) made some observation on the vegetation -- of wet and water-logged areas of Mardan district, classifying
the vegetation of wet and water-logged areas of Mardan district
into four vegetation types, which is recognized by its
characteristics species. Naqvi (1974) made some observations
on the vegetation of Peshawar and Khyber pass. Alizai and
Naqvi (1976) carried out a phytosociological studies of the
flood plains of Dera Ismail Khan. Ahmed and Qadir (1976)
-11-
sites by Qadrat and Flotless methods. Oommunity attributes,
maturity and homogeneity of every stand was studied. Jafri
(1962) botanized the Bolan pass area and he presented a
detailed list of plants growing in Bolan pass area. Kayani
et !l (1979) have provided some quantitative data on the
vegetation of a few sites in Quetta - Ziarat hills.
Jafri and Turk (1953) studied the biological
spectrum ·of Karachi flora. Shaukat and Qadir (1972) studied
the life form and lea! size spectra of the flora of calcarious
hills around Karachi. Zeller, Lalande and Beg (1969) made
observations on the site and vegetation types of Baluchistan.
Beg and Repp (1966) and Khlln (1977) enumerated vegetational
improvements in Bastragi enclosure near Ziarat. Zeller and
Beg (1969) classified Juniper forest of Ziarat.
Rafi (1973) gave an account of the vegetation
types of Quetta - Kalat regions. Beg (1975) using vegetation
types as the basis of identification recognized 11 major and
a large number of minor wild life habitats in Pakistan. Shaikh
~ al (1974) studied the soils of Baluchistan and reported
the physical as well as chemical composition of Sibi and
Loralai districts soils.
sociology of calcarious hills around Karachi and demostrated
a potential continuity in vegetation with the aid of an
indirect gradient analysis. Shaukat and Hussain (1972)
analy~ed vegetation in and around the stream and that of
the hills of Khadeji-fall area. Qadir ~ !! (1966) carried
out a phytosociological survey of Karachi University campus,
recognizing six distinct plant communities and correlated
the diversity of vegetation with the adaphic conditions.
Shaukat !l !l (1976) carried out a phytosociological study of
Gadap area and recognized three community types in the Gadap
area.
plant communities of Juniper forest at Khalifat. Baig (1981)
provided classification of vegetation for evaluation of
rangelands in arid zone which include Quetta - Pi shin areas.
Chaghtai et al (1978) conducted a pbytosociological studies
of the vegation of the gmve yards of Peshawar district.
Chaghtai ~ al (1976) studied the ecology of the native
vegetation of Kohat. Ahmad (1976) stud1e4- the '
vegetation complex around Skardu.
dry stream beds in Peshawar, focusing attention on the sequence
-13-
muslim grave-yards of Kohat division and correlated the
vegetation with sand and CaC03 proportion of the soils.
Chaghtai ~ al (1984) analysed the vegetation around the
Shrine of Ghalib Gul Baba in Khwarra- Nilab valley and found
the scrub type vegetation dominated by Dodonaea visco sa.
Marwat and Khilji (1984) carried out a phyto­
ecological studies of grave-yards in Quetta valley. Vegetation
was sampled by Quadrat method and three plant communities
were recognized on the basis of highest importance values.
Marwat and Haq (1984) carried out a phytosociological studies
in Hanna-Urak and found six plant communities in the area.
Kayani ~ !! (1984) conducted a phytosociological studies in
wastelands of Quetta- Pishin districts and six plants communi­
ties were recognized, correlated with edaphic factors and
reported low plant cover and low number of species.
Ahmed (1985) has undertaken a detailed study of
trees stratum of the enclosure of Hazarganji alongwith the
associated shrubs and herbs. Majeed (1985) carried out a
phytosociological study of newly enclosed area of Hazarganji
National Park, Quetta.Shah (1985) conducted an eco-taxonomic
study of the plants along the water courses in and around
-14-
study of hills, plains and water courses of Quetta district.
Ahmed (1986) provided some quantitative informa-
tion on the vegetation of some foot-hills of Himalayan range
in Pakistan. Six plant communi*ies were recognized on the
basis of species dominance, importance values and similarity
coefficient. Qadir and Shetvy (1986) studied the life form
and leaf size spectra and phytosociology of some Libyan
plant communities, recognizing four different plant communi­
ties. Mohammad (198,'i!) analysed the vegetation of water courses
of Shreen valley, recognizing sixteen different plant communities
correlated with various e.daphic factors.
Ali ~ !! (1987) carried out a phytosociological
studies of Azakhel ,Peshawar district, and reported four plant
communities. Chaghtai ~ !! (1987) studied the vegetation of
the flood plains of river indus near Attock Khurd. Tareen and
Qadir (1987) investigated the phytosociology of the plains of
Quetta district, recognizing four steppe types,viz.(Artemisia
maritinia steppe, Haloxzlon griffithii steppe, Alhagi maurorum
steppe and Salsola baryosma steppe), and these steppes were
further classified into sixteen different plant communities,
correlated with various edaphic factors. Tareen ~ al (1987b)
carried out a phytosociological studies of Spin Kareze area,
--------- -
K~ani et a1 (1986Ystuc!ied 8.' r~r;'tio~shlpfj'between-plant--<-
cover and soil salinity in waste land around Quetta and
reported relationships between vegetation cover and various
levels of soil salinity, sodicity and chlorides.
Buzdar (1987) analysed the vegetation of the Juniper
forest from Kach to Ziarat. Anjum (1987) conducted an ecologi­
cal study of Junipers from Chautair to Ziarat. Ahmed (1987)
studied the forest dominated by Juniperus excelsa from Zarget
to Baba Kharwari. Shafeeq (1987) studied the Juniper forest of
Ziarat town. Tareen (1987) conducted a phytosociologica1 study
of the plants of the water courses of Karkhasa valley.
Abidullah (1987) carried out a phytosocio10gica1 studies of
the Brewery village Karkhasa.
studies in Maslakh range forest and recognized four plant
communities in Nas1akh forest. Ahmed (1988) conducted an eco­
taxonomic study of the water courses of Chautair valley,
recognizing ten plant communities, correlated with various
edaphic factors. I1yas (1988) carried out an eco-taxonomic
~~--. - ---
ties, correlated .... ith the edaphic factors. Chaghtai et al (1988)
investigated the ecology of an upland forest near No .... shera
and found that the lo .... er valley slopes were dominated by
arboreal vegetation, the middle by tall shrub and the top
exposed slopes by grasses. Kayani ~ al (1988) investigated
the relationships between plant communities and soil condit­
ions in Nasirabad and Sibi districts, recognizing nine plant
communities, associated with fine to coarse-textured soils.
Ahmed et al (1988) conducted an ordination studies of
the vegetation of Chiltan areas. Tareen at al (1988) analyaed
plant communities around Chiltan, and correlated with various
edaphic factors. Qadir and Tareen (1988) studied the life
form and leaf size spectra of the flora of Quetta district.
They found that in life form classes hemicryptophytes and thero­
pyte&were significantly high than the normal spectrum, and in
leaf size classess microphylls and nanophylls were found to be
high in the flora of Quetta district.
MATERIALS AND
occupying considerable area covering diverse hills,plains
and water covers, in diverse regions of Harnai, Duki and
Sinjawi were studied. The location of each site is given in
(Table 2 fig:1). Comparatively undisturbed sites only wsre S<I1Ploo.
Vegetation Study
quarter method" (Cottam & Curtis, 1956) randomly. To eliminats
personal bias in the sampling, an iron cross was tossed in
the area randomly. Trees and shrubs, herbs and undershrubs
nearest to the sampling point in each quadrant was noted,its
circumference and point to plant distance were measured with
the helf of measuring tape. Each stand was sampled by 30 - 35
sampling point where as in some stands vegetation was sampled
by nearest neighbour method. Wherever certain stands exhibited
greater similarity in the composition and in dominance of
species were merged together to form abstract communities.
All the phytosociological attributes were computed
according to Cottam and Curtis (1956) but the importance value
-18-
Nomenclature of plants followed is that of stewart
(1972). Wherever, subsequent nomenclatural changes have
been promulgated ( in the underprint Flora of Pakistan), the
valid names were followed. Voucher specimens have been deposited in
the harbarium of Botany Department, Baluchistan University.
Homogeneity of communities
Raunkiaer's (19}4) law of frequency. The proportions of the
classes A and B versue class D and E were compared to derive
approximate conclusion regarding homogeneity.
computed using cover per ,hectare of species. The formula of
index of similarity is as follows: 2 'vi ~1":"+~B--;'X 100.
Where" W " means sum of quantitative data common
to two communities, and A and B represent sum of quantitative
data in communities 'a' and 'b'. Following Bray and Curtis
(1957) "'vi" represent the lowest score of data of a species in
the two communities (a & b). Cover per hectare of species was
used as the quantitative data in computing the index of simi la-
rity.
-19-
using Menhinick (1964) index which is as follows.
Total number of species in a community Species diversity.;;~~~~~~~;=~-~~~;=~==;;~;;;=~-===
~ Total number of individuals counted
Density Size Class Table
suite the herbaceus, shruby and trees communities of the study
area and the following size classes were used:
Size Classes For herbs and under-shrubs
1. o cm 15 cm circumference
2. 160m 30 cm " 31cm 50 cm "
4. 51cm 80 cm "
For Shrubs and Trees
2. 101cm 250 cm " 251cm 400 cm "
----- - - ---------- -
circumference
cted according to Raunkiaer (1905 & 1934).
Community Maturity
by Pichi - Sermolli's (1948) index.
A 1 tit u d e
The altitudes were determined by Altimeter.
-21-
one from surface ( 0 -15 cm) and another from sub-surface
(30.0 60.0 cm) depth. These samples were analysed for
soil texture, organic matter, maximum water holding capaci­
ty and calcium carbonate. Whereas sub-surface soils(extract)
were used for the analysis of pH, EO, bicarbonate, chlorides,
calcium plus magnesium, sodium and potassium.
PhYsical Characteristics
by , Bouyoucos (1951) hydrometer method using 25 gm. of soil,
and sodium oxylate as the dispersing agent. On the basis of
these percentage soil textural class was determined.
2.0rsanic Matter
A rough estimation of organic matter present in the
soil was made by treating 4 gm. of soil with hydrogen peroxide
on a hot plate. After the reaction/effervescence was completed,
the loss in weight of the soil was determined and expressed as
percentage of organic matter (Tareen & Qadir. 1>87).
-22-
Maximum water holding capacity was determined by
the "Keen Raczkowalti method" using circular shape boxes
(~iper. 1942).
Chemical Characteristics
pH of soil/extract was determined with a glass 0 -
electrode pH meter (Philips No. 9418).
~. Electrical Conductivity
soil was measured with the help of conductivity meter
(Beekman No. 270-10746325).
3. Calcium Carbonate
ralization method described by U.S.D.A. (1954).
4. Bicorbonates
HCl was used for neutralization and Phenylphethaline and methyl
orange were used as indicator respective17.
-23-
5.Chlorides
using AgN03 and K2Cr04 •
disodium salt (Versenate). Details of the method were the same
aa described by U.S.D.A. (1954).
7.Sodium and Potassium
photometer (Corming 400).
2.
,. 4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
1}.
14.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Height ("cters )
12 ~ile3 froo Harna1 on way to 5pintsngi.
12* mi le~ from Harnai on way to l:ipintangi.
10~ ~ileG from Harnai on way to 3pintangi.
5 mile:) froo lIamai on way to :::;pintan~1.
1» oile~ from H&ghora on way to Poi.
1» ~iles from Raghors towards Sorshore.
2» mile ;,; froo .3ioja .... i on way to Hnrnai.
Torpara, ~J8zalon, about 8 ciles froa tiinjawl on ... ·ay to Harnai.
Cno mile frot! Asshara Tana on way to Hnrnsi.
» mile frotL Asghara Tar.a on wRY to $inj£lw1.
6 miles trom ~inj~wi on way to Harnai.
6~ miles from 5inJawi on way to Harnai.
2» !riiles frll m ~inja· ... i on ... ay to J)ui<i.
2 miles from 34shave on way to 3injawi.
jioar daghave.
Abcut 7 a:iles frOli SinJawi on way to Chau~air.
kbout 10 cil e s from 3injawi on way to Chautair.
16 mil~~ froll!. Sinja'«i on way to ChEluteir.
15 llIiles trom Duki to the ',(est.
15a ::liles from Duki to the West.
N~~r Tarawena GhO~8.
~ milo fro:n Tara'dna Ghoza to the North.
1~ miles fro III Kharasbung on wa;J to Aghozpazma.
1Ji. mile 9 frOIn Kharashung on '<lay to Aghozpaz.ca.
:.enr ;,ja..rdarano Ghoza.
Near ~ardarclno Ghoza..
Near HaDzai 'l'aicari.
Near Giadah '.~ah.
2 miles from Giadah to the 'West.
Landio. siuarliEln sar.
Near Janali Toki.
Near Mashtati miazgha.
Near Pan Kakr1.
Near pan Kakr1.
2 miles trom Ghoua Pun~a to the ~ast.
Shalang ~t. Pan Sara
Near Togha Tanda.
Near Togha 'ronda.
Near Togah F\lnga.
Ne ar Togah Lak1.
Near tihahidan Garwandl Sara
Near tiara gut, To~a8h forest.
Near ~8ro gut, Tomsgh torest.
Barogut, Sar Taxi, Tomagh.
llenr Nakano Chuxa.
1.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
9~.
94.
95.
96.
2.
Kirby Kuch (enclosure)
Near main gat().
i' milo trom cain sate to the '.'est.
Noar !Dain gate.
Nenr l:iarobi Talave.
Saroo! Tung.
Sarooi 'rung.
Near 4~~ar Ghara.
Ue a.r ilhanak houd·
Nain water cour!:.o GairhanL
.Near Urhat nara.
Navo Tald. Kaaa Gar.
Nakaoo Chuka Kasa ~aranah.
Near Vucha ghairgha.
IJara nari sar
Main \.Jater course on the way from 'Jakill to ~81"1d.ah .oreit •
i' :nile frol:!. 'Jokin to t!aDd.ah Tllk.
Ziarat gut Ro~~n near Tukah.
tlain water course ot Tari 'Wasta.
~ mll() tram Tari 'Wasta to the West.
1~ miles troo Zeez ~argah towards Zardalo.
2~ miles from Zeez t:argah to~qrds Zardalo.
_KASA SAR
• ... TORPARA • eAA,GHORA
••
in the hills, twenty three stands were found in the
plains and thirty three stands were found in the water
courses.
On the basis of index of similarity (Bray & .. CUrtis, 1957) twenty one plant communities were observed
in plains. Due to a large number of combinations for cal­
culating the index of similarity between the stands of
hills and water courses, the similarity index were calcu­
late only between the closely similar stands (Table 4).
The level of index of similarity used for integration of
similar stands was 65%. Thus 50 plant communities were
recognized in the hills and }1 plant communities were
found in the water courses.
These communities of the hills, plains and water
courses were further grouped (Table }) into four ecological
zones viz.,:
2.
-29-
into different association groups. Thus hills contained
11 types of association, which are as follows:-
~ Forest vegetation
Consisting of 5 communities.
5. Spir.ea boissieri association
Consisting of 2 communities.
6. Abel1a triflora association
Consisting of 2 communities.
which are as under:-
,f? /'->.' '-. i..,.~ Cymbopogon jawarancusa association / ... ~./ .. . - '.:
. : . . . ' . / . . ~ .. ; : --" .. ~ . .. /{o'-
which are as under:-
rized in (Table 5).
1.
1 •
2.
4.
5.
6.
8.
10.
11.
12.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
28.
Table ,. Plant Commuoities of Different Altitudinal Zone of al.lis. Pluos and ·lfI'ater courses.
Com:;unities No.
2.
Cy:nbopogon .iawBrancuAa-Convolvulu s spinoeua
Calotropis procera-Sacchnrum ravennae­ Vi tex ps eudo neguodo.
Nanoorhops rltchienna-~ modesta·
Zizrphua nu~mulnria-
~~.
Oalbergia Sls8oo-Fennisetum oriantale­ Perlploca 8'j?li'YITa-C:onboFogoo .JawnrancuRa.
Saccharua ravennae-~ s8ntolinitolia
Cnbopofljon jowarancUsa-PennisetuCl orientale·
~ stellate .
Glycyrrh15B ~- CY!9bopofljop j,w,r.ncu •••
C:mbopogon csrtlnii-~ cnbulica.
~ stolleta- CymbolJogon .1awarancllsB·
~ stallsta- ~hrysop05on Buchert.
Saccharu::a rnvennae- C:ra:bopogon .1'warancus .... Pcrovukla abrotonoides
Glvcurrhizs glsbra.
Dodone81 vhcosa-Eulaliopsh ~ •
l'es.nuln ho.rmalo.- Cymbopogon ja .... 'u·ancusa­ ~hrY~opo5on Aucher1.
~te~i6i. strict.- TetrRyogon villo~us­ Peg.num h.r~ala- Astraga us auganus.
Saccharu:n ravennsc •
.2!.!.!. terru,dnea·
Pist.cia mutic.-Cotone.8ter
Abelia tritlorn- Alopecuru~ 8ruDdinac~us­ ~ageratia thea- CY'IIlbopogon .1AwaranCus8.·
Eulaliopsis ~- Cymbopogon martinii'
4
Hills
Hills
Hills
abrotaDoides- th1l8 .
=""' ... nu~u lario.-
C:ymbopogon ja"'8rancu98-~ brahuica •
Cotone89ter nummularia-Dlchanthium roveoilltu~.
Artemisia etricta.
DlchanthiulD toveolatulII-Ceragana ambigua­ Cotoneaster Dummu larl a .
PlectranthuB rue;o8u8- ThmUB eerplllum .
JuniI!erua J2Ql;r:c arJ:!28 .
BorJ?:zllum-
pol;ycarJ?Os-
eerp:yllum _
aerpyllum-
Dichanth i um toveolatum-Junlperug polycarpoB- AstragaluB zarshumenaia.
Pruoua brahuica- Dichao.thlum toveolatum- Juo.lperu a Eollcarpoe.
Salvie nubl cola.
Juoil?;erus pollcarpoa-~ eerpullum.
OnobryehuQ COI'Dut B- Th;yxus B~I'pYllurr,- Thpus arghanl.cuQ .
Acantholimon llJunroanum.
Onobrychus cornuta- ThY~uS serpYllu~'
OncbrycbuA cornuta- Zpiraea boissieri­ Tanacetum !ruticulosum-~ serpyliu~ .
Tanacetum !ruticulosum .
Tabl e 4 · arity ~8trix of the Communities or ?lains
1. 2. }. 4. 5. 6. 9. 10. 11.
1 ~12
2 28.05 ~;:~
5 }.75 0.7} 5 . 81 10.66 ~*ii:
6
7
14.1}
}'.92
8 6.0} 1.09 42.}8 21.36 1}.21 }}.22
9 8.11 1.77 16.24 28.9<;; 17.26 72.1
10
11
12
0.00 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.76
1.51 0.74 0.2} 0.87 0.71
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.20 0.62
1.68 17.}1 7.}7 0.62 0.05
18.57
4.72 6.16 2,.49 0.05
1.94 0.41 0.16 14.50
0.00 0.00 0.00 28.20
Similarity Index Between Similar Stand ot the Communities of Hills.
Similarity Index Site No. Similarity
51.75 24&26 36.74
65.69 27 & 50 41.66
54.95 51 & 52 6.33
54.72 36 & 38 83.36
60.40 44 & 48 49.0
41.55 39 & 40 67.14
55.30 45 & 48 67.90
18.41 32 & 39 33.89
11.13 39 & 46 86.55
-38-
Similarity Index Between Similar Stand of the Communities of Water courses.
Similarity Index Site No. Similarity
83.25 12 & 25 31.59
30.21 16 & 19 45.77
16.82 18 & 19 29.01
29.05 23 & 24 43.68
32.21 30 & 32 27.51
48.36 30& 33 38.77
12.29 32.& 33 70.07
Sr. No~
2.
2. !£.!£!.!. modesta ',Iall.
3. !. Jacguel10ntii Benth.
5. !. pOlxstachzum Boise.
11. Arietida adacenaicnie L.
12. Arteaisia 8tricta Edgew.
13. Asparagus capitatue Baker
14. Astragalua .rgbanus Boisa.
15. Ae ammophilus Boies.
20. Berchemia pt!ietanice Bowicz
27. Carag.n. amblgua Stocks
30. £!.!!l! australia L.
31. Cenchrue birlorus Roxb.
34. Q.serruhtus Trio.
Cousinia bipinnata Boiss.
41. £.lIIsrtinii (Roxb) ~at8.
No ! No.ol kst;~d. ~3nd8 domiamt (fominant
7. B.
44. Daphne ~ucronata Ro,le
46. Dichanthium Coveolatu. (Del.) Roberty
47. Dodonaea viacosa (L.) Jacq.
48. ~ atellata 11oi86.
f.int@rEedia Schrenk
~. 6tenopylluB (Bois8. & Duhse) Baker
Bulaliopoie ~ (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.
.%peophil. li8pcea Hemsl. & Lace
IriB tenuitoli. Pall.
Jasm1nuz humil. L.
66. Limonium cabulicum (Bois8.) o. Ktze.
67. ~ perenne L.
69. Loniesra hypoleuca Dcne.
71. r.alva parvitlora L.
72. Marrubium vulgare L.
77. Q. dealbata Stocka
78. Onoama dichroactbum Boies.
79. Otostasia aucheri BolB8.
80. Panicum antidotale Rotz.
81. Paap.lum dilotatum Pair.
83. P,r1ploca aphylla Done.
84. Perovokl. abrotano148e Karal.
~5. Phlomls stewartll HX.t.
89. Pil!taei. khln.1uk Stocke
91. Ple e tranthu8 rugOSll8 W.ll. ex 9th
9? FolzgoDum persiearia L.
94. Pulica.ria crisp. (Forsak.) Hth.
95. Punic. granatum L.
96. Hhamnlle persies Bolse.
/ 97. Nhu.t strict. Dcns.
98. ~ lacerene Bois9. & ~h8'
99. ~ intundibularls HellleL & Lace
101. §.. apoot.naulD L.
102.
103.
104.
S.8~ra~ thea (aBback) M.O. Johnston, var. braD~l.n.(Aitch.) Qais.r & Nazic .§!l:!!..!. cabulica 8th.
2omacrosiphoD Bo18s.
106. ScabioB. oliveri Coult.
107. Serophularia striate Bolsa.
109. ~ citrin. Buser
111. Spiraea boie8ieri Schneider
112. Staehle parviflora Btb.
114. Tanacetum fruticulosum Ledeb.
115. Tetraposon villo8ua Deet.
116. Teucriuz stockaiabum Boiss.
118. ~ eerpyllum L.
122. Withania coagulane Dunal
12'. Zh::rphora hnuior L.
2. ACantholimoD munro.num Aitch. I Hemal.
,. !. polyotachlUlD &i88.
7. Arlatid. adseenslon18 L.
8. Artemisi. strict_ Edge",.
9. . Astragalus IllDmophiluB Bohs.
10. !. aois_canthus 801ss o
D1chanthiu. rovaol.tum (Del.) Roberty
£nlaUopsis ~ (Retz.) C.S. Rubb.
Pr.xiQU' xanthoX7loide. (W.ll. ez G.Don) D. C.
~. 4.
HaloxyloD grifCith!i (Moq.) Bunge ex Boisa.
47. .!:f. splicoroicuJD (Hoq.) &nge ex Bois8.
48.
49.
54. ~ negleet. wallr.
62.
6~.
64.
65.
66.
68.
69.
70.
PollgoDum .rghanicua Meisen.
71. !~ peralcarla L.
73. Pulictrla ~ (Forsek.) Bth.
74. RhaQnUB persica Daise.
75. ihez,. ,tricta Dcae.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
Sageratia th •• (Cabeck). M.e. Johnston, var. branarethiaoa (Altch.) Qaleer & Nazlm
Salvi. cabuUca Btb.
83. ~ citrina Buser
1
1
5
1
1
4
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
4
,. 4.
8.52
~.12
9.29
6 .
85. S21raea bo1u1eri Schneider 1 1.82 1.82 1.82
8&. Stachls I!arvitlora Bth. , 12,6,
87. Tacaeetum truticulo9um Ledeb. 2 7.4& 9.44 5.48
88. Tetre22,soD VillQ8U8 Dest. ,. 10.9' '5.12 0.89 • 89. Tri8onali. lIonantha e.A. Xa,}' • 1 '.50 '.50 '.50 90. Themada anethere (Nees) Hack. 2 1.52 2.54 0.51
91. ~ .tshanieu8 Ronn. 1 11.48 11.48 11.48 1
92. !. Ber2Illum L. 8 12.79 27.18 2.8& 2 1
9'. Withani. co_gulano Dunll1 2 4.25 &.15 2.'5
94. ZizYphora tbQuior L. , 1.89 2.61 1.5'
95. Zh,z2hus nummulari. (Bu,.".!.) Wight 1 17.75 17.75 17.75 1
Summary ot Belative Pbyto8ocioiosicai Data ot Water oouraea.
Sr, Nc.
2. . Acacia codeata Wall.
6. AlbaS1 mauroruc Medic.
10. Arietida edececs10niA L.
11. Artemisia strict, Edgew.
19. Berchemia pakistanica Bo~icz
20. Buddle.1a crispa Bth.
22. £. spinosa L.
24. Carasana &mhigua Stocks
29. Cartbamu8 oX1cantha M.B.
30. Cenchrus bitlorus aoxb.
'5. £. serrulatu6 'l'rin.
'9. Cousinia heterophylla Bohs.
~o. Cucumi, prophetarum L.
IlUm staab n4 ,rd I. V. dozimnt MlDart: datin!l:£
2
1
2
2
1
4
1
1
9
4
1
1
5
4
1
6
1
4
1
1
4
9
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1.07
2.76
42. Q.martinil (Roxb) Wets.
44. Dalbergia ~ Roxb.
46. Daphne mucronate Royle
49. ~ stellnte 801ss.
52. Erssrostis interrupts Stapf
64. Eremoatachys thyrsi!lora. Bath.
55. SRccharum ben"galense Retz.
57. Euphorbia granulate Forsak.
58. P850nia &rabies L.
62. ?umaria indica (Hsussk':n.) H.~.
63. Gaillonia aucheri Jaub. & Spach.
64. Q. eriantba Jaub & Spach.
65. Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
67. ~. salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.
68. ~ intermedia (Boiss.) O. Ktze.
69. Juniperus polvcarpos C.Koch.
70. Jurinea cardui!ormis Boi85.
73. Li~onium oabulicum (Boiss.) O.Ktze.
74. Lonioera hYpoleuca Dcne.
75. Lycium depres8um Stocks
Nannorrhope ritchieana H.Wendle.
Napata Muncea Bth.
90. Periploca aphxll. Dcne.
92. Phlomla stewarti1 HK.!.
-"7-
95. Phtee!. Khlajuil: Stocks
98. Polygonum .Ighanieus Meis8~.
99. f . parsicaria L.
102. pteropyrum oliveri J. & S.
10,. ~ graDatum L.
107. &. apontaneum L.
Sasar't. the. (Osbeck) M.e. Johnston, Yare braoarelblan8 (Alten.) Q.ia8r & Nazi.
§!l!i! cabulica Bth.
112. §. e.ntolinilolia Bolss.
115. Scutellarla petiolata Hemal. ex Lace & Prein
116. Solanum miniatum Bernh. e% W11d.
117. 2. surattenee Burm.C.
119. Spiraea boissieri Schneider
120. Stachys parvillora Bth.
122. Tamari. ramo8iBsi~a Ledeb.
123. Tecomell, undulate (Sm.) See.
124. Tetr.pogon villosus Deft!.
8
1
17
12
10
12
17
127. Thl!U9 serplilum L. 4 5.95 12.96 1.~
128. Verbascum erianthu. Bth. 1 0.78 0.78 0.78
129. !!.2!!. turkestanlea Ragel & Scllm 1 0.44 0.44 0.""
1~. ~ pa!udo- nesuudo (HU8Skn. ) Hand. Ma&z. 7 6.59 11.08 0.87 1 1
131. ~ltb8nia eo.gulana Dunsl 13 4.36 14.80 0.68 2
132. Zh~bor8 teuuior L. 1 2.08 2.08 2.08
133. Zhrphu9 numculsrla (Bun. c.) Wight 6 2.37 2.96 0.9&
134. 1..O:Kll!:h;rlla Edge" 2 5.63 6.07 5.19
------~------_ - 0 --
0.45 to 1.82.
Daphne mucronata- Cymbopogon jawarancusa­
foveolatum- Thymus serpyllum (1.73).
Dichsnthium foveolatum- Juniperus polycarpos­
Astra&alus zarghumensis (1.73).
Prunus brahuica- Alopecurus arundinaceus-Cotone­
Prunus brahuica- Dichanthium foveolatum-Juniperus
Cymbopogon jawarancusa- Convolvulus spinosus­
~ spinosus (1.55).
-50-
diversity and thirteen communities had low (L1.0)
species diversity.
in Dodonea visoosa- Eulaliopsis binata community (Table 6).
The species diversity in the plains ranged from
0.63 to 1.54.Prunus brahuica- Dichanthium foveolatum­
Juniperus pollcarpos had high (:>1.5.) species diversity.
The rest of the communities had moderate (1.0-1.5)
to low (~1.0) species diversity.
The lowest ( 0.63) species diversity WaB observed
in Ebenus stellata- Chrysopogon aucheri community(Table 6').
The species diversity in water courses ranged from
0.81 to 1.82.
diversity.
salicornicum(1.73).
coagulans- Convolvulus spinosu8 (1.73).
Cotoneaster nummularia- Perovskia abrotenoides­
Fraxinus xanthoXlloides-S'geratia the, (1.67).
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides- Pistacia khinjuk-Crmbopogon
j,warancusa- Cllragana ambigua (1.67).
abrotanoides (1.64).
(1.55).
low (~1.0) species diversity.
Juniperus polycarpos community (Table 6).
Communi tl l'laturi tl
the communities of the hills ranged from 13.14 to 40.7%.
Twelve communities had less than 20.0 % maturity
index.
plains ranged from 16.09 to 36.24%. Relatively high maturity
index (36.24%) was observed in Onobrychus cornuta- ThYmus
- --- -------- -- _ .
less than 20% community maturity index.
HaloXllon salicornium-Zizyphus nummularia-90nvol­
vulus spinosus (19;74').
Salvia nubicola (18.48~).
maturity index ranged from 14.75~ to 3O.66~ • Fourteen
communities had less than 2O.~ maturity index (Table 6).
Community Homogenety
Raunkider's (19}4) law of frequency was used as a
measure of community homogeneity. None of the communities
in the hills, plains and water courses exhibited a frequency
distribution that may be considered as close fit to Raunkiaer's
Law. However in the communities of the plains Cotoneaster
nummularia- Caragana ambigua had all the five classes of
frequency. Ebenus stellata- Chrysopogon aucheri, Ebenus stellata­
Tetrapogon villosus- Convolvulus spinosus, Ebenus stellata,
._--------- - ----- -
nummularia. Piptatherum hilariae- Artemisia~tricta.
Erunus brahuica- Dichanthium f~veolatum- Juniperus poly­
c&rpos. Acantholimon munroanum and Artemisia stricta
communities represented vy four classes, while eleven
communities where represented by three classes and
Cymbopogon jawarancusa- Prunus brahuica community repres­
ented only by two classes (Table 6 ).
In water courses three communities were represen­
ted by five classes, seven communities were represented by
four classes and the remaining communities were represent­
ed by three classes.
-54-
Table 6· S uciec Diversit ComlDunit ;'iaturit I ndex and Communit omosen~ty 0 he o~mun1t 89 0 1. S.
Sr, No.
C::rlOlbopogon j8wlU'ancusa-l-'ennisetutD orientale
~Yl:lbop080n martinii
12. ~benU8 stellata- Eulalopsis binata­ Daphne mucronate
13. Convolvulus spin08us- "retrapogon vill08u8
14. Withania eoafI:Ulans- AstrasuJus stocksU­ Convolvulus spinosu9
15. Salvia cabulica- CIQbOpogotl. joW'arancusa
16. Lulaliopsia ~- C.llO!bopogon .jawarancusa
17. ~ulaliopsi8 ~- Cygbopogon mertinii
/ 19. ThZmu serpyllum- Cnobrvchue cornuta
20.
22. ~~iI~ JuoiperuR polycarpos-
25. Pistaeia ~- Olea terrugioea
27.
28.
29.
Jasminum humile- Alopecurus arundinaceua­ Cotonoaster oummulari.
Prunus brahuica- Alo~ecuru8 erundioaceus_ ~aster nummularia- Celtls australia
,0.. ~ brahuica- Dichanthium foveol.tum
~. 4. 5. 6. 7. S. 9.
1.22
1.18
Q.6~
1 • ""
1.46
0.91
0.7~
1.64
1.55
1.27
0.91
1.27
18.~1 10.0 1 ~. ~ ~
16.79 77.27 1~ . 6~
2~.15 57.14 28.57
21.81 6~.6~ 18.18
19.99 64.28 21.42
1 2. ,. .4. 5. 6. 2. B. 9.
". Prunus brAhuica- ~lchettthium loveolatu=- 1.62 2O.B9 61.53 26.92 '.84 '.84 '.84 Junl.peruQ pol;rcarpoB
'2. l'runu8 uaphne
~3. cipiraea boi8~ieri- Thymys sarpyllum- ~otonc.ster nummularl.a
1.16 22.58 22.22 11.11 11.11
34. ~2ir8ea boiGsier1- Cotoneaster nUl!llIIUlaria- fiptatherum vicAriuIII
0.90 ".56 50.0 14.2B 14.2B 14.28 2.12
'5· Cotoneaster num~u18ria- Dichanthium fovealatum 1.16 22.22 66.66 16.66 5.55 5.55 5.55
'6. 1.24 20.2' 62.96 25.92 2.40 2.'10
'2. Qltl terrusino8 1.03 25.20 56.25 '2.5 6.25 ,B. Olea ferruglaea-
nucmu19r1.8 FietaciR ~- Cotoneaster 1.42 22.26 59.09 22.22 4.54 4.54 9.09
'9. Juniperus polxcarpoa- Phlomi8 stewart1! 1.05 22.54 55.0 20.0 5.0 10.0 10.0
40. Juniperus polycarpoa-~ serpyllum- 1.0, 25.B3 62.5 18.25 12.5 6.25 perberl.e baiuchl.stanic&
41. Juniperus polycarpoB-~ oerpullum 1.02 21." 25.0 15.0 10.0
42. Jun1peru~ pOllcar~B- Thymus §!Jr2:I llulII - 1.16 25.'6 55.55 22.22 5·55 5.55 5.55 Cotoneaster nummu eria
43. Berchccia pakistanica- ThIEus serpyllum- Junl.perus polzcarpoe
1.09 22.83 52.94 '5.29 11.26
.'. ~ gr8n8tu~- Phlomis stewartii 1.09 22.83 58." 25.0 8." 8."
45. PUniC8 sranatum- Olea ferruslnea- PennlGetum orientare-
1.22 25.25 52.B9 ,26.31 10.52 5.26
46. DodooeA v1scosa- Eu181ioe~is ~ 0.45 50.42 42.85 14.28 14'.28 28.52 42. Carasaos ~- Junieerus polycareo8 0.21 ,a.12 45.45 22.22 9.09 1B.1B 48. ~ mode s te 0.21 '2.22 45.45 22.22 18.18 9 .09 49. Bbelin trifloro- car~~an! a~bi~R-
ymbopogon martin{1-otonea s ter nucmuleria 1.42 24.2} 63.63 18.18 1}.6, •• 54
50. Abe 11a triflora- Al0l:ecurufi tU'undinBceU8- ~a6er8tla thea- CrmbopoBon jawaraocusa
1.09 32·'5 58.82 11.26 11.26 5.88 11.26
Sr, tlo. 1.
ty : Index rl------------------------------------------ I • A B
2. 3. '4. :5. 6.
Convolvulu9 aplnosus-Tetrap060D vl110aua
~ stellata- Chryaoposon sucheri
1.18
~ atellsts
Cotoneaster nummularia- Caras;sna nsbigua
PiptBtherull1 hilariae- Artemisia stricta
§.!.!:!i!. DU 'b1 col a
Acantholi~oD ~~nrOBnuo
35.23: ~2.85 28.57 , 23.33: 50.00 ~1.66
20.76
Sr, No.
Hame or COmr.:l.unlt1es tipecies ,COIll.lllU ni ty Dlver- ~aturity si ty Index
Prequencies of Frequency Classos A--~~B-----CCr---~~D~----~E----------
1. ________________ ~2~.~ ________________ _23~. __ ~4~.~ __ ~5~.~ __ ~6~. _____ 2~.~ __ _28~. ______ ~9~. ________ _
1a nalbergi. Si9900- peripioca 8p61118-
Naooorhops ritchieane.
orlentale­ .1awarancuRa
~. Saccharum oengalensc· Cymbopogon jawarancu881.46
b. Saccharum ravennae
1.09
1.09
1.23
11. Perov8kia abrotaooldes- Artemisia strlcta- 12. Fhlo':lls stewartl1 1.36
1~. 1.7~
14. ~accharu. ravennne- 30phora mollis- Olea 1.~1 rerruglnea- C(.U"afljana a!llblSUR --
15. Glyo:yrrhiza dabra-C:rmbopogon .'awaraocusa
18. Olea terrue:inaa- fhttlcip khin.juk­ Sophora 1%101 h a
19. Olea ferruginea- Saccharum apontaoeum­ PistaCl..a mut1ca
1.29
1.39
1.47
21, 1.48
24. .35
1. 2. 3 • . 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
25· Perovakie abrotanoideg- Arteols1s strict. 1.0 21.60 72.72 9.09 9.09 9.09
26. Jun1eeru!! 201 ;r:csreo8 0.81 30.66 60.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
27. §.!.!!.i.e. nu b 1 col !l 1.18 19.48 76.92 15· 38 7.69
28. Calotroeis eroeera- Saccharuo raV8onae- 0.90 27.43 Vltex pseudo nagucdo
61·53 7.69 15.38 15.38
29. Gaillonia aueheri- Rhazza stricta- HaloX¥lon sallcornicum
1.09 23.60 66.66 8.33 16.66 8.33
30. Nancorhopa ritchieanA- .!£.!..£i.!. lIIodeat. 0.91 22.66 70.0 20.0 10.0
31. Dalbergia S1S900- Acacia lI'1odefltl!; 0.96 26.44 60.0 13.33 13.33 6.66 6.66
Stand density per hectare values in the plant
communities of the hills varied from 27704.26 to 897507.~5.
The ~ghest (897507.~5) values was found in Juniperus
polycarpos- Thymus serpyllum- Berberis baluchistanica,
Thymus serpyllum-Cotoneaster nummularia, Thymus serpyllum­
Onobrychuscornuta, Eulaliopsis binata- Cymbopogon martiniijl
Juniperus polycarpos- Thymus serpyllum -Cotoneaster nummul­
aDa , Dodonaea visco sa- Eulaliopsis binata and Tanacetum
fruticulosum- (~~6338.75) communities.
granatum-~ ferrginea- Pennisetum orientale community
(Table 7 ).
20338.97 to 913688.28 in the communities of the plains. The
highest(913688.28) values was obtained in Dichanthium
foveolatum- CaraBana ambigua- Cotoneaster nummularia
community, followed by Salvia nubicola, Onobrychus cornuta­
Tkymus serpyllum- Tbumus afghanicus, Acantholimon munroanum,
Cymbopogon jawarancusa, Artemisia stricta, Fiptatherum
hilariae- Artemisia stricta, and Onobrychus cornuta- Thymus
serpyllum communities.
harmala-Cymbopogon jawarancusa- Chrysopogon aucheri
community followed by Juniperus polycarpos, Olea ferruginea­
Pistacia khinjuk- Sophora mollis and Cotoneaster nummularia­
Spiraea boissieri- Dichanthium foveolatum (175529.47). The
lowest (12793.48) values was found in Saccharum ravennae­
Salvia santolinifolia community (Table 7).
Stand Cover
ties of the hills varied from 26460.54 to 212041.61. The
highest (912041.61) values was found in Abelia triflora­
Caragana ambigua- Cymbopogon martinii- Cotoneaster nummu­
laria community followed by Thymus serpyllum- Onobrychus
cornuta, Dichanthium foveolatum- Juniperus polycarpos- Astra­
galus zarghumensis, Cotoneaster nummularia- Dichanthium
foveolatum, Puncia granatum- Phlomis stwartii, Olea
ferruginea- Rhamnus perisca- Dichanthium foveolatum­
ThymuS serpyllum, Cymbopogon martinii, Olea ferruginea-
---- -------- --- ---
~ Cotoneaster nummularia- Celtis aus.ralis, Cymbopogon
martinii- Salvia cabulica, Jasminum humile- Alopecurus
arundinaceus- Cotoneaster nummularia and Tanacetum
fruticulosum ;,communitie.a: (Table 7).
30711.0 to 161~897.0 in the communities of the plains.
The highest (161~89?0) values was found in Acantholimon
munroanum community followed by Salvia nUbicola,. Dichanthium
foveolatum- Caragana ambigua- Cotoneaster nummularia,
Onobrychus cornuta- Thr!u8 serpyllum . communities.
Stand cover in the plant communities of the water
courses varied from 18~2~.08 to 27228.~2, The highest
(827228.~2) values was found in Nannorhops ritchie ana
community followed by Cotoneaster nummularia- Perovskia
abrotanoides- Fraxinus xanthoXlloides- Sageretia thea,
Arundo donax, Salvia nubicola, Nannorhop8 ritchie ana- Acacia
modesta (~24692.~) communities ( Table 7).
ti.No.
1.
1 •
2.
-62-
Table 7- Gtaod uensity ~nd otand cover of the Coomunities of Ailis.
Name ot Co~muDitie6
Juniperus pOlrcarpos- AloF~curus 8run~in8ceu s­ Thymus serpZl U~
Juniperus Folrcarpoa
CYmbOFOSon .ja. .... arsncuea- Penoisetum orientale
C:IDbo pogon jawsrar.cusa
CYlibop0tljon j pennlsetulD
Convolvulus spinosus- TetraEogon villosus
.2!..!ili csbulics- C;rmbop0pjon .jawaranc:usll
Juniperus volycarpoe-
Taaocetu= lrutieuloeum
Astragalu8 stockali- Tetrapogon villo8ua
~i!~~~~IAil~O~fie~c~u~ru~s arundtnacou9- ~ au IDl:%U 1 ar la,
~ brahuico- AloF~curus arundinaceus CotoneastQr nummularls- Celtis austrslls
~ brahuica~ Dichaothium !oveolatum
~ brahuic8-~ terruginea-
Spiraaa bolssieri- Cotoneaster nummularia­ Fiptath&rum vlcariuM
Cotonoaster nummularia- Dichanthlum toveolatum
Juniperus polycarpoa- Phlomis stowartii
Juniperus polycarpos- Thymus serpullum
44. ~ graoatum- Phlomis stewartii
Dodonea viseosa- ~ulaliopsi8 ~
Carogana ~- Juniperua pOlzcorpos
abatia trifloro- Caragnna ambigu8- y~ opo6on aartiall- CotoneBster num~ularia
A.be li a tri !lora­ ~tifl thea-
3. 4.
26'70.88 602574.65 68970.0 31726.:!
}933.9' 4}S}18.48 4790.4' 2299.40
1014.16-·· 206290.28 24 }97. 55···· 2}665.62
215186.4 ••••• 2}670.50
4252.69 50351.91 336228.75 195012.67
5509.12 }4597.27 256174.28 102469.71
27730.20 862964.01 62920.0 49077.6
-------------_._ . . _-
~tao.d Den!Jity and tit8nd cov'er o( the COllllruoit1es or flalns.
Name or Commuoities
f'ep;anum hArmala-
~ stallata
Cotoneaster ou=mulari.- Caragans ambigua
.2.!.!!. C&rnlsinea
Artemisia stricta- Juniperus polzcarpos­ ThYmus serpllium
OoobryohuR cornuta-~ serpyllum­ Thymus alghaolcua
Piptatherum hilar1ae- Artemisia stricta
~ oubicole
'58644.0
824881.2
296808.82
-65-
Stand Density and Stand cover or the Coml'l'Jnities or Water courses
S.No.
1.
1 •
2.
Sacchoru:D ravonnae- Cymbo['ogon .1awarancuea­ perov6~ia abrotanoides
~acch8rum r,VenDes
14.
15.
16.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
24.
25.
26.
~ ferru§inea- Piatacia mutica­ Cvmbopogoc jawaranOU8.- 3elljeraha thea
Sopbora m0111s- Saccharum ravenn.e­ Phlo~1g stewprtil
Olea ferru!inoa- Pistec ie khin .1uk­ ~opbora mo ll.&
Olea ferrusinea- Saccharum sponataneum­ PI'§'tsola lIIutlca
Conotoneaster numrwlarla- Spiraea boil)sieri­ bich.nthlum fOYQolatum
Cotoneaster nusmularia- PeroYakle ebrotanoides Fraxlnus xenthoXIloldes- §ageretla then
~~~~~~~~~~. Plstecia Khinjuk-! Caragena amblgua
Perov.~in abrotanoldes- artemisia stricta
Juniperus polycarFoa
651~1.27 8777~.4
27065.11 7~970.~2
.§!.!..!i! nubicola
Calotropis ~p~r~o~c~e~r~.~-~~"~.~C~C~h~.~ru~m ravenneo­vI tlU: pseud,2, negundo
Gailloni. &ueheri- Rhazya atricta­ HaioXllon s.l~eornicum
~.nnorbops ritchiesna- !£!si! modeste
. ..
41541.77 72698.09
47819.2 ~24692.~
• Herbs
-67-
Aspect was found to exert some influence on the
distribution of some vegetation types. The following
communities show preference for a particular type of
aspects:
Juniperus polycarpos- Alopecurus arundinaceous (North East).
Convolvulus spinosus-Tetrapogon villosus (North East).
Astrfialus stocksii- Tetrapogon villosus (Nor East).
Olea ferruginea- Rhamnus persicus-Dichanthium
Olea ferruginea- Cotoneaster nummularia-Sophora
Juniperus polycarpos-Tbymus serprllum(North East~.
Ebenus ttel~ata-Eyl.1QP8iS binata-Daphne mucronata (SOuth ast •
• ,
T~S serpyllum-Cotoneaster nummularia(South East. Thymua serpyllum-Onobrychus cornuta(South East)·
Prunus brahuica-Alopecurus arundinaceus-Cotoneaster
Prunus brahuica- Dichanthium foveolatum (North West)·
Prunus brahuica-Dichanthium foveolatum-Juniperus
polycarpos (North West).
Punica granatum- Olea ferruginea- Pennisetum
orientale (South West).
The occurrence of more than one plant communities
on a given aspect appears to be complicated by the degree
ot aoil formation and development and by a number of edaphic
factors.
tound on flat plains.
Peganum harmala- Cymbopogon jawarancusa-Chrlaopogon
In the water courses the following plant communi­
ties were found on wide (~250.0 meters) water courses.
Dalbergia Si8S00- Pennisetum orientale-Periploca
salicornicum.
stewartii.
negundo.
rnicum.
meters) water courses.
mutica.
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides- Pistacia khinjuk-CymbOpogon
Dalbergiasissoo- Acacia modesta.
Fraxinus xanthox;yloides-Cotoneaster nummularia­
medium, (50.0 - 250.0 meters) water courses.
Out of thirty one plant communities the following
four plant communities were found on wet water courses.
Saccharum bengalense- Cymbopogon jawarancusa.
-72-
meet the local conditions of communities, provide some inter­
esting insights about future trends of communities, of hills
plains and water courses, which are discussed below.
H ills
Cymbop050n jawarancusa and Chrysopogon aucherire'Produc,,:
ing very well. Convol,yulus spino sus show lair regenera­
tion and Panicum antidotale shows an' : i~ular regener­
ation patterns (Table 6).
serpyllum community.
curus arundinaceus reproducing very well. Thymus serpy­
~ shows good regeneration. Caragama ambigua. Abelia
triflora, Berberis calliobotrys. Prunus brahuica and
Spiraea boissieri shows poor regeneration, while
Cotoneaster nummularia shows an irregular regeneration
patterns.
-7~-
good regeneration, while Cotoneaster nummularia and
Viola turkestanica shows poor regeneration.
4. Juniperus polycarpos- Thymus serpyllum- Prunus brahuica
community.
~ reproducing very well. Cotoneaster nummularia, Caragana
ambigua, ADelia triflora, Plectranthus rugosu8, Alopecurus
arundinaceus, Onobrzchus cornuta and Acantholimon polystaC­
hlUm shows an irregular regeneration patterns-
5. Czmbopogon.1 awarancusa - Pe nni se tum orient a!e- communi ty.
Cymbopogon JaWarancusa and Pennisetum orientale reproducing
very well, while Uhrysopogon serrulatus shows an irregular
regeneration patterns I Table BI,
6. Cymbopogon JaWaranCUsa community.
orientale community.
orientale and Convolvulus spinosus shows an irregular
regeneration.
-74-
villosus- Convolvulus spinosus community.
villosus shows good regeneration, while Sphora mollis
shows an irregular regeneration patterns and Astragalus
stocksii shows poor regeneration.
9. Cymbopogon martinii community.
regeneration patterns.
Cymbopogon martinii shows fair regeneration. Salvi a cabulica,
Cymbopogon jawarancusa and Sophora mollis shows an irregular
regeneration patterns.
Ebe~us stellata shows fair regeneration.Cymbopogon jawaran­
cusa, Chrysopogon aucheri and Convolvulus spinosus shows an
irregular regeneration patterns.
community.
stellata, Cymbopogon jawarancusa, Sophora mollis,Tetrapogon
villosus and Chrysopogon serrulatus shows an irregular reg­
eneration patterns.
14.
regeneration, while Convolvulus spinosus showB an
irregular regeneration patterns.
~~~~~ shows good regeneration,Withania coagulans shows
an irregular regeneration, while and
Aristida adscensionis shows poor regeneration.
community.
shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
16. Eulaliopsis binata-Cymbopogon jawarancusa community.
~~~~~! binata reproducing very well. while
jawarancusa reproducing feebly.
ThymuS serpyllum reproducing very well • .2SU:;~!:::!'!!!::'! """"'..::..:::;:::.-
-76-
Berchemia pakistanica show poor regeneration, while
Onobrychus cornuta shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
19. Thymus serpyllum- Onobrychus cornuta community.
Thymus serpyllum reproducing very well. Onobrychus
cornuta shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
20. Prunus brahuica- Alopecurus arundinaceus-Cotoneaster
nummularia- Sageretia thea community.
regeneration, while Sageretia thea, Alopecurus arundin­
aceus, Cymbopogon jawarancusa, and Tanacetum fruticulo­
~ shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
21. Onobrychus cornuta- Spiraea boissieri- Tanacetum fruti­
culosum- Thymus serpyllum community.
eration, while Tanacetum fruticulosum, Thymus serpyllum
and Piptatherum baluchistanicum shows an irregular regen­
eration patterns.
zarghumensis community.
-77-
~ coruuta and Acantholimon munroanum shows an irregu -
lar regeneration patterns.
Plectranthus rugosus reproducing very well. ThymuS serp­
yllum shows good regeneration.pj,Ptatherum vicarium shows
poor regeneration, while Tanacetum !ruticulosum shows
an irregular regeneration patterns.
Pistacia mutica and Olea !erruginea reproducing very well·
Daphne mucronata, Sageratia ~ and Tetrapogon villosus
shows poor regeneration, while Cymbopogon jawarancusa and
Chrysopogon aucheri shows an irregular regeneration
patterns.
jawarancusa shows goodre~eneratio~. Prunus brahuica shows
poor regeneration,while Convolvulus spinosus shows an
irregular regeneration patterns.
serrulatus- Ebenus stellata community.
ing very well, while Pennisetum orientale shows an irregul-
-78-
anica and Ampelopsis vitifolia shows poor regeneration,
while Cotoneaster nummularia, Abelia triflora,Chymbop­
ogon martinii and Salvia cabulica shows an irregular
regeneration patterns.
nummularia- Celtis australis community.
and Aeluropis macrostachyus shows poor regeneration,
while Buddleja crispa, Ampelopsis vitifolia, Lonicera
hypoleuca, Alopecurus arundinaceus, Salvia cabulica,
Pennisetum orientale and Melica persica shows an
irregular regeneration patterns.
Prunus brahuica and Cotoneaster nummularia shows good
regeneration.Phlomis stewartii shows poor regeneration
while Dichanthium foveolatum and Thymus serpyllum
shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
-79-
polycarpos community.
shows poor regeneration, while Rosa lacerans, Berberis
calliobotrysy Berberis baluchistanica, ThymuS serpyllum
and Eremurus persicus shows an irregular regeneration
patterns.
community.
brahuica and Daphne mucronata shows good regeneration,
while Olea ferruginea, Tetrapogon villosus and Ebenus
stellata shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
33. Spiraea boissieri- ThymuS serpyllum- Cotoneaster nummu­
laria community.
llum show good regeneration patterns, while Dichanthium
foveolatum shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
34. Spiraea boisseri- Cotoneaster nummularia- Fiptatherum
vicarium community.
shows good regeneration,Fiptatherum vicarium shows fair
-80-
Thymus serpyllum shows an irregular regeneration
patterns.
ambigua and Sophora mollis shows poor regeneration
patterns, while Dichanthium roveolatum, Phlomis stewar­
!!i and Plectranthus rugosus shows and irregular regen­
eration patterns.
Thymus serpyllum community.
vicarium show good regeneration. Rhamnus persica -aDd
Spiraea boissieri shows poor regeneration, while Olea
ferruginea.Cotoneaster nummularia, Prunus brahuica, , Sageretia thea, Dichanthium foveolatum and So~hora mollis
shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
'7. ~ ferruginea community.
well, Nepeta Juncea shows good regeneration. Aristida
adscensions shows poor regeneration. Dichanthium foveola­
~ shows fair regeneration, while Cymbopogon martinii,
-81-
an irregular regeneration patterns.
.£!!. community.
Phlomis stewartii and Nepeta 4uncea shows an irregular
regeneration patterns'
stewartii and Thymus serpyllum shows good regeneration.
Caragana ambigua, Rhamnus persica, Aristida adscensio­
~ shows poor regeneration, while Sophora mollis,
Perovskia abrotanoides, and Cotoneaster nummularia shows
an irregular regeneration patterns.
istanica oommunity.
Pulicaria crispa shows poor regeneration'
41. Juniperus polycarpos- Thymus serpyllum community.
[uniperu s polycarPos and Thymus serpy~lum shows good
regeneration, while Fraxinus xanthxyloides. Caragppa
- . . -----~
eration patterns.
nummularia community.
eration. Cotoneaster nummularia, Abelia tritlora and
Spiraea boissieri shows poor regeneration, while Juni­
perus polycarpos shows an irregular generation patterns.
4,. Berchenna pakistanica- Thymus serpyllum- Juniperus poly­
carpos community.
regeneration. Spiraea boissieri shows poor regeneration,
while Abelia triflora, Iris tenuitolia and Onobrychus
cornu ta shows an irregular regeneration patterns I Table 8).
44. Punica granatum- Phlomis stewartii community.
Phlomis stewartii shows good regeneration. Buddleja
crispa shows poor regeneration, while Sophora mollis,
Pennisetum orientale and Nepeta juncea shows an irregular
regeneration patterns.
community.
Buddleja crispa, Pennisetum orientale, Plectranthus
-8~-
mollis shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
46. Dodonaea viscosa- Eulaliopsis binata community.
Eulaliopsis binata reproducing very well. Dodonaea
viscosa shows poor regeneration, while Cymbopogon jawa­
rancusa And Convolvulus spino sus shows an irregular
regeneration patterns.
Caragana ulcina reproducing very well. Juniperus polyca­
rpos, Phlomis stewartii, Sophora mollis and Tetrapogon
villosus shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
48. Acacia modesta community.
serrulatus. Cymbopogon jawarancusa, hulaliopsis binata,
Stipagrostis plumosa and Capillipedium parviflorum
shows an irregular regeneration patterns<
49. Abelia triflora- Caragana ambigua- Cymbopogon martinii­
Cotoneaster nummularia community.
shows good regeneration. while Cotoneaster nummularia.
Rhamnus ~er'ica,Cymbopogon martinii. Otostegia aucheri.
Sophora mollis, Thymus serpyllum and Salvia cabulica shows
-84-
Sageratia ~- Cymbopogon jawarancusa community.
~, Cotoneaster nummularia and Alopecurus arundin­
~s shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
Plains
cing very well. Peganum harmala and Ebenus stellata
shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
2. Cymbopogon jawarancusa community.
indica shows poor regeneration, while Stachys parviflo­
£A and Chrysopogon serrulatus shows an irregular regen-
eration patterns.
Chrysopogon aucheri is reproducing very well. Peganum
harmala shows a fair amount of regeneration but it is
well represented in the large size classes. Cymbopogon
,iawarancusa exhibit a .ery irregular pattern !Table 8 I.
------- ---
auganus community.
ing very well. Perovskia abrotanoides, Astrag!ius
anisacanthu5 and Phlomis stewartii shows an irregular
pattern.
Chrysopogon aucheri is repro~cing very well.Ebenue
stellata shows a fair amount of regeneration but it
is well represented in the large size classes. Cymbo
pogon jawarancusa show irregular pattern, Fagon1a
arabica and Gypsophila lignosa shows poor regeneration.
6. Artemisia stricta-Tetrapogon villosus-Peianum harmala­
Ebenus stellata community.
villosus and Haloxylon griffithii shows fair regenera­
tion, while Peganum harmala, Ebenus stellata, and ~
ragalus anisacanthus exhibits irregular regeneration
patterns.
carpos decander reproducing very well. Fagonia arabic a
show irregular regeneration patterns while iristida ~
-86-
spinosus community.
cing very well, while Prunus brahuica shows poor reg­
eneration.
shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
10. Dichanthium foveolatum- Caragana ambigua- Cotoneaster
nummularia community.
IlIum, and Phlomis stewartii shows an irregular regen­
eration patterns.
patterns.
14.
16.
-87-
and
~~2E2S~~~£e~~~ reproducina very well. while
exhibits irregular regeneration patterns.
well, while Acantholimon polYstachyum shows poor regene­
ration.
well.
patterns.
Dichanthium foveolatum- Juniperus poly-
reproducing very well. shows fair
-88-
18. Salvia nubicola community.
spinosus shows poor regeneration, while Thymus serpyll­
um shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
19. Acantholimon munroanum community.
cOruuta shows poor regeneration o
20. Onobrychus cornuta- ThymUS serplllum community.
Onobrychus cornuta shows fair regeneration, while Thymus
serpyllum, Tanacetum fruticulosum and Acantholimon
munroanum shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
21. Artemisia atricta community.
(Table 6 ).
hylla- Cymbopogon jawarancusa community.
while Periploca aphylla and Eleusine indica shows poor
regeneration patterns.
aphylla and Asparagus capitatus shows an irregular regen­
eration patterns.
coagulans community.
cing very well.
Saccharum benSaleage,and Cymbopogon jawarancusa reprodu­
cing very well, while Hhazya stricta and Gaillonia
aucheri shows an irregular regeneration patterns (Table 81.
5. Saccharum ravennae- Cymbopogon jawarancus&- Perovskia
abrotanoides community.
oides and Artemisia stricta shows an irregular regener­
ation patterns.
jawarancusa- Sophora mollis community.
while perovskia abrotanoides, and Cymbopogon jawarancusa
shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
7. Saccharum ravennae community.
regeneration patterns.
ravennae shows fair regeneration, while salvia santolinifo­
lia and Tetrapogon villosus. shows poor regeneration.
9. Gaillonia aucheri -Saccharum ravennae- HaloX11on salicorni­
~ community.
~ shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
-91-
shows poor regeneration.
patterns.
stewartii community.
stewaritii and Peganum harmala shows an irregular regener­
ation patterns.
lans- Convolvulus spinosus community.
adscensionis shows poor regeneration, while Saccharum
ravenne, Withania coagulans, Convolvulus spino sus and
Eleusine indica shows an"" irregular regeneration patterns.
14. SacchhaFUm ravennae- Sophora mollis- Olea ferruginea­
Cagana pbigua community.
Phlomis stewartii, Pennisetum orientale, Olea ferruginea
-92-
patterns.
warancusa and Saccharum ravennae shows an irregular
regeneration patterns.
Sageretia ~ community.
regeneration. Pietacia mutica reproducing feebly, while
Eulaliopsis binata. Saccharum spontaneum and Chrysopogon
serrulatus shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
17. Sophora mollis- Saccharum ravennae- PhlomiB--stewartii
community.
Phlomis stewartii, Pennisetum orientale, Tetrapogon villo­
~ and 6brysopogon serrulatus shows an irregular regenera­
tion patterns.
community.
-93-
~ and Pistacia khinjum shows an irregular regenerat­
ion patterns.
community.
ginea, Pistacia mutica, Alopecurus arundinaceus, Sophora
mollis and Aeluropus macrostachyus shows an irregular
regeneration patterns.
foveolatum community.
Berchemia pakistanica show poor regeneration, while Thymus
serpyllum, Paspalum dilatatum and Scutellaria petiolata
shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
21. Caragana ambigua- Cotoneaster Dpmwularia- Perovsk1a
abrotanoides community.
igua, Malva neglecta and Phlomis stewartii shows good
regeneration, while Perovskia abrotanoides and Dichanthium
foveolatum shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
-94-
xanthoxyloides- Sageretia ~ community.
thea shows fair regenerationJNerium indicum shows poor
regeneration, while Daphne mucronata, Perovskia abrota­
noides, Dichanthium foveolatum and Sophora mollis shows
an irregular regeneration patterns (Table 8).
23. Fraxinua xanthoxyloides- Pistacia khinjuk- Cymbopogon
.1 awarancu sa- Caragana ambigua community.
~rp:inus xanthoploides and Pistacia khinjuk shows fair
regeneration.Caragana ambigua, Rhamnus persica, Prunus
brahuica, Cotoneaster nummularia, Cymbopogon Jawarancusa,
Perovskia abrotanoides, Nepeta Juncea, Sophora mollis,
Alopecurus arundinaceus and Phlomis stewartii shows an
irregular regeneration patterns.
jawarancusa- Pistacia mutica community.
nummularia, fistacia mutica, Sageretia thea, Daphne mucrona­
ta, Cymbopogon Jawarancusa, Cymbopogon martinii and Alopecu­
~arundinaceus shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
25. Ferovskia abrotanoides- Artemisia stricta community.
Perovskia abrotanoides and Artemisia stricta reproducing
-95-
tion patterns.
27. Salvia nubicola community.
reproducing feebly-
negundo community.
ravennae-Vitex pseudo negundo, Withania coagulans.
Gaillonia aucheri and Rhazya stricta shows an irregular
regeneration patterns.
community.
regeneration patterns.
Nannorhops ritchie ana reproducing very well. Saccharum
ravennae shows fair regeneration, while Capillipedium
parviflorum shows an irregular regeneration patterns.
31. Dalbergia 6issoo- Acacia mode6ta community.
Delbergia 6issoo shows good regeneration. Acacia modesta,
Sageretia thea, Stipagrostis plumosa, Cymbopogon jawara­
ncusa, Saccharum ravennae and Capillipedium parviflorua
shows an irregular regeneration patterns. (Table 8).
- - ---------~ ~---
·De~8ity Size Cla889S of the Communities of Hills
NlllDe of species Total S i z e C 1 a 6 9 e s indlvidu----~~~~----~~~~~~~-------------------
2
Ooobrychuq cornut.
Acontholimon polystach:um
Cvmbopogon .j.~.ranCU8a
Peonlsetum orientale
ChrlSOpO!On serrulatus
als. 1 L-...J. 4 r; 3: 4 5 6 2 B
109
56
11
10
11
16
14
90
50
n
292
25
" 10
"8
28
28
" 21
92
52
27
" 16
90
50
" 29
22
11
1
2
1
5
2
2
8
1
2
1
~ste11ata
C'[lDbopogon .1o.'Warancuoa
Cyebopogoa ja'WaranCUBO
1 2. 5. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. 9. 106
32. ~ brahuica 57 1 22 19 12 3
Olea [erruginca 20 3 14 2 1
Daphne mucroneta 29 1 2 18 7 1
CYll'bo2°ton Ja .... araneus8 44 1 4 2 12 18 6 1
TetraEoson v11108us 21 7 9 4 1
£benus stttllata 16 2 5 9
Spiraell .,goiasieri 85 31 47 5 1 1
33. CotoneAster .Dujpcu1Brig 22 3 15 2 1 1
~ gerpyllu, 64 4 16 32 9 3
nil'!t'lI'nthium loye 0 Lt..t_um. 21 1 6 5 8 1 Alopecurus .,!!'Und inaceu's 26 1 '., , Acanthol1moQ pollstachyum 11 2 2 6 1
Piptatheru:n be.luchist anieull 16 2 6 3 5
'l'hTJ1uS serp;rllulD 12 3 7 2
Car!§an a am'b1gue 17 1 12 3 1
35. Cotoneaster QumlQlJ laris 86 5 24 15 20 9 3 10
Dlcb.anthiulll. loveolatulII 32 12 8 7 5
Phlomis !ij:te..,artii 37 15 10 5 7
Pleetrenthus ..l1l!!:O§US 20 4 12 4
Sophor!l mollie 20 4 7 8 1
~ferruginea 13 3 1 3 6
36. Rbgmou n Ruill.A. 21 1 6 9 5
CotogeR§$:er nYeI!!u 11£i I 19 10 8 1
~ brahuica 14 7 7
Seireea bo1ss1eri 10 1 9
DlchanthiuPl foveola tum 27 3 8 7 9
'l'hyaru 9 serpyllul1 27 7 10 5 • 1
Piptatherum vicariulII " 1 2 2 6 3
Sophora mollis 13 8 5
37. Oleo terrugice!8 98 1 , 1 7 27 8 51
Carasena ao'bisua 10 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
Nepetll .1uQcea 24 1 1 4 7 11
D1S;:l!entnius r9::£§gl!!:~um 21 2 2 4 8 2 3
Cmlz~EogS2D j.~&I[IIID2ll.S" 17 1 1 9 2 4
£.:. martini! 20 5 7 8
4l.:hU!h .":uauul~ gD~ oS 12 1 8 3
~!nDhSl!i:ulI Q:[h:D!;ial D 10 2 3 5
.- . _----
1 2· ,. "4. 5· P. ? 8. 9. 10....L..----
Olea ferruginea ,8 1 , 1 " 38. Cotoneaster nummularia 44 3 10 20 B 3
Pist.oia muti oa 10 2 8
Sophora lIIolUs 47 4 16 18 8 1
f'hlomls st.:wartii 35 3 1p 12 5
Plptatkierum b"aluchlstanicu .. . 13 1 6 6
:tepeta JUDcea 12 1 5 6
Juniperus Eol;rcarEos 119 4 12 13 12 29 6 4,
39. Sophora mol11s 40 10 15 12 3
Cgt'ls;ana '!tt~ 26 20 6
BblraD!a.!.:I persieD 13 8 5
~u:g:l!:fltia '~nl!iIIlgi~l§ 11 1 6 3 1
QQ:tQ:cl::aS!iie:I: Dld:llmyla.;r;:!1 12 3 3 2 4
fblgllli .:I 3tewartii 50 2 22 23 3
lbDll.u1 eerpyllum 44 1 20 13 10
Arlstlda adscensionls 12 3 8 1
JunlE;erus 2!:!l,lcarEos 40 14 15 5 2 1 3
40. Berberis balucblstanic8 48 13 " 1 1
Car!!S808 ambigua 15 2 13
Cotoneaster nUlILmularla 11 7 3 1
Tbymus serpyllulZl 78 57 20 1
Pul1caria crisps 22 15 7
Juni2erus l!:0llcar~8 76 1 3 9 3 60 41. Fraxlnus xanthoxYloidee 11 4 6 1
Car8gan8_ambigua 12 5 7
.!l!.ml!J1 B§rpyllum 80 2 9 32 29 8
J:UIJ~;g§:DI.s Rl:!17!iHI[;gga; 14 3 6 5
42. ~g!i:gIlCI:ltln' DloIlIlllllJlIdl 40 7 27 6
~gJ.l.:l hrabuic. 29 5 13 8 2 1
411~UI! ttl !lora 12 10 2
Spiraea bOlssieri 15 6 9
Thzmus !.erpyllum 80 1 4 21 45 9
Berchemia E.sklstanica 68 5 31 25 3 4
43. SEiraea bo18sieri 19 8 9 2
AbeUa tritlora 10 7 2 1
ThymuG serpyllum 62 2 5 15 38 2
------ -
1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6- 7. 8. 9. 1~
44. Fhlom1s stewartii 39 1 1 5 26 6
S~i!:hora mo111s 20 3 12 4 1
Penaisetum orientale 16 12 4
Buddleja crisps 10 1 9
Nepeta jUllcea 10 6 4
Punics granatum 56 1 1 2 5 11 6 30 45. ~rerruginea 27 2 4 18 1 2
Buddle.1a crisPa 15 9 5 1 Sophora malUs 21 2 10 9
D:1lSI SU:I! e .. yiSCOSB 115 18 96 1 46. Eula)iopsis binRto 47 2 2 1 • 9 26 3
Cl!bopo6on jnwarancusa 49 1 5 32 11
CODyolvulus spino sua 16 1 2 6 6 1
Carasaoe 0~ 86 2 30 28 20 4 2
47. Juniperus polycarpo8 10 7 3
Pb.loais stewartii 45 10 22 13
So'Phora mol lis 40 2 9 13 15 1
~etr.pogoo villosu8 20 9 10 1
.lesei. modesta 107 8 37 22 28 8 3 1
48. Chr;ysopogon serrulatue ,. 15 19
Cymbopogon tawaranCU9& 30 1 19 10
E'ulaliopsia ~ 20 2 9 8 1
St1pagro8tis pl~ 19 1 9 9
Capillipedium parviflorum 17 1 7 9
Abalia triflors 40 1 2 11 13 12 2
49. Cafas.oB ambigua 24 2 13 5 4 \.!o"toneaster _Duc::mular1a 15 2 5 6 2 Rhamnus persic8 15 5 8 2 ~I!b2pogon martini! 29 1 2 5 21 Otostegi. aucheri 22 1 4 10 7 Sophora mol lis 11 4 1 2 4
ThIE"S serpyllum 11 2 5 4 Salvia cabuli c a 10 1 1 " 2 2
Abelia tritlora 30 1 3 9 17 50.
S8geratia~ 23 6 8 9
Cotonoaster nummularia 28 15 8 4 1
AloE8curu 8 arundinaceus 57 1 19 30 7
C;rmbopogon jllwsrancusa. 42 1 5 8 25 ~
Den:Jitv Size clasac9 of the COEl!auaitiee of p lain9
~olC.ll.unit1es Total • i • • C 1 • • • • •
~o. tf8%e of Species individu-
als. 1 2 ~ 4 5 6 7 1. 2. " 4. 5. 6. 7. !!. 9. 10.
1. TetraEogon villo!luS 111 10 60 ~ 4 2 1
Convolvulus SpiDosua 80 1 4 2 8 ~7 2C 8
I'~ganu~ DarlIlola 12 5 7
EbonUA stellata 9 1 1 5 2
2. CYlJlbOpOKOn ja..,arancus~ 162 2 2 11 48 92 7
titochU p!:£villora 28 1 6 12 8 1
ChrysoFogon eerrulatus 18 7 10 1
Eleusiao ~ 8 1 4 3
,. Feganum harmala 42 1 1 6 22 10 2
Chrzsol!os,oc 8ucheri 30 1 2 , 8 " 2 1
C;,y:llIhoEoson j]o\otarancusa 2, 2 2 12 7
Astragalus lluganu6 9 4 5 " ·5
4. :f'eganu:n harmala 22 1 1 2 8 10
Aatragalu9 aU60nus 20 2 13 5
Perovskia ahrotaaoides 19 2 , 2 6 6
AstrogaluB aniaacanthu8 16 4 7 5
Folzgonum afshouicum " 1 12
5· EbecU8 stellata 44 1 1 3 19 17 4
Cbrysopogon aucheri ~ 1 16 " 2 2
C,l!!ho I20So 0 ,jawDrBccusa 14 1 1 12
PIgoaia e.rabica 11 2 (
6. Artemisia stricta 4{) 1 12 11 8 9
Tetrapogou villoSUB 19 3 8 7 1
POpjonulII horcala 12 , 2 4 , ~ stell",ta 9 1 1 4 2 1
Haloxylon griftithii 9 1 2 1 , 2
Astragalus aniB8canthuB 9 1 2 6
,. 7 .
8
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
2.
Pruoue brahuica
Artemisia atricta
ThymUS serpyllum
AcantholimoD polYstachyum
15. ~ Merpyllum 5} 1 14 27 10 1
Thymus atghanicuB 14 14
Piptatberum hilari~e 46 1 1 2 14 24 } 1 16. ~rtecisia stricta 24 2 B 11 2 1
Dichanthium favaol.tum 13 1 6 6
Thymus serpzllum 9 1 4 2 2
Frunua brahuica 72 17 4{) 9 6
1'1 . Dic hen thiul! toveolatum 56 2 17 15 20 2
Caragana aablgua 2} 5 13 5
Perovskia abrotonoides 11 1 7 3
ThI!!!U8 aerE:llluQ 10 1 2 2 } 2
Salvi&' cubical. 75 1 1 1 8 15 17 }2
18. ~ aer;?:l:llum 1} 1 } 9
Amo.ranthua spiooaus 9 1 6 2
Acantholinion munroanum 55 } 1 } 2 1 5 4}
19. Thymus ser?yllum 29 1 2 2 2} 1
Onobr.}:chu9 carout,. 14 1 1 4 1 7
Onobr;y:chus caroute 49 2 8 14 22
20. Thr;us serpyllum 29 1 10 18
Tanacetuo rruticulo8~ 1} 2 6 5
Acontholimon munroonum 9 } } }
21. Tetrapogon villo sus 14 1 7 5 1
tiophora ~ 11 2 } 4 1 1
Nepets Junc6s 12 4 4 } 1
/
Density Size Cla8ses of the Com~unitie8 ot Water COUf88&
Name or Species
2. Dodonea visco!!a
2 3 4 5 s. 6. 'I. 9.
11
11
15
27
9
7
5
7
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
9
1
11
2
1
2
10
23
20
6
3
10
10
• 6
2
3
12
5
1
4
9
1
2
2
13
6
2
1
3
6
9
53
1
9
5
5
6
3
4
1
6
2
5
3
3
3
7
1
5
1
4
6
8
23
B
5
2
13
2
2
2
11
5
7
1
6
11
4
2
4
Dlchanthium foveolatu.
Cantonea.tar nummularia
1. 2. 3. ". 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
29. Gaillonia !ucheri 54 1 2 3 13 26 8 1
Rhazya stricta 18 1 1 1 2 5 2 6
Haloylc;m _s.licorQ!2!!~"- 19 2 8 6 3
}O. Ne.morEha ri tchieana 72 6 38 20 4 3 1
Saccho.rum £.aveonae 18 1 1 1 4 6 5
Capi llipadiuc Parvi tlorum 10 1 7 2
31. Dalberl5ia ~~ 73 4 40 16 9 4
~mode9ta 24 17 4 3
Sageratia ~ 10 9 1
Crmbopo50n jaw&rancusB 25 15 1Q
Saocharum ravennaa 20 1 7 11 1
Capillipediu!-pArvifloruc 13 1 10 2
-112-
plains and water courses revealed that hemicryptophytes
(27.86, 37.11, 30.7 %), therophytes (27.86, 21.64, 26.31 %)
and chamaephytes (10.65, 12.37, 10.52 %} were significantly
higher than the normal spectrum (26.0, 13.0, 9.0 %) of
Raunkiaer's. Phanerophytes (31.14, 26.8, 32.33 %) were found
to be high in the hills and water courses and low in the
plains than normal spectrum (28.0 %) whereas geophytes (2.45,
2.06, 0.75 %) were found to be significantly lower than the(4.~
normal spectrum (Table 9a).
cal zones shows minor changes. Phanerophytes decrease grad­
ually from lower elevation to higher elevations. Chamaephy­
tea gradually increase in number with increase in altitude
and found to be high (12.69 %) in upper most zone(;> 2400 m).
Hemicryptophytes shows minor changes between different(Table 9b)
ecological zone. Geophytes (4.76 %) were found to be slightly
high at upper middle zone and in other zones they are very
low. Therophytes increase in number in lower middle
zone (1350 - 2000 m) and upper most zone (>2400 m).
-11;-
age or microphylls (44.0, 42.10. 44.0 ) followed by
nanophylls (29.6, 38.94, 26.86), while leptophylls and
mesophylls were represented by slightly low percentage and
macrophyll by very low percentage (Table 9a).
Leaf size spectrum of different ecologicsl zone
shows that leptophylls percentage were increase from lower
zone to upper middle zone (600 - 2400 m)~ and the upper
zone (.> 2400 m). Nanophylls shows minor change and
decrease from lower to higher zones. Microphylls
gradually number from lower to upper zones. Mesophylls
were found to be slightly high at lower middle zone and
~crophyll at lower zones. (Table 9b).
Table 9a. Life Form and Leaf Size Spectra of the communities of Plains and Water courses.
Leaf form Hills Plains Water ~ Leaf size Hill Water class % % courses: class % courses
% , % , I
Chamaephytes 10.65 12.37 10.52 Nanophyll 29.E 29.86 .- liemicryptophytes 27.86 37.11 30.07 : Microphyll 44.( 44.02
I I
Therophytes 27.86 21.64 26.31 : Macrophyll 0.( 1.49
-115-
T.bla No. 9b. Biol10 leal S c!;rum % 8111 Life torm and. Leaf size clflBses 0 var QUS oco Of neB z.ones 0 s udy Area.
~r. i'cological Zone 'rotal Ph Ch H Goo Th Lepto. Nano. 1':icro. Meao. riaero. No. No.of % %
Sp.
1. 600 1350 c 50 44.0 8.0 }O.o 18.0 12.0 34 .0 40.0 12.0 2.0
2. 1350 2000, CI. 120 }O.83 10.0 32.5 0.83 25 .83 12.5 31.66 ",.66 13.33 0.83
3. 2000 2400 .. 63 31.7" 12.69 31.7" ".76 19·00 14. 20 31.7" 44.44 9.52
-----
-116-
Plant list or the Coccunities or Hills. ¥181Ds and Water cours es
1. 2.
1. ~ triflors ssp. pervlClora (C18r~e) Wend.
2.
4.
6.
7.
B.
9.
10.
11.
12.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
3C.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Capillipedius parvitlorum (R.Br.) 8tapt
3. 4.
PH t:icro.
• + •