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Phytoremediation: an environmental option to
mine rehabilitation
Rene Juna R. Claveria Department of Environmental Science
Ateneo de Manila University
Tribute to Mentors National Institute of Geological Sciences
UP Diliman 15 June 2012
Dr. Rudy C. Obial
• RCObial and Associates
• Mineral exploration, mine evaluation, mineral processing, engineering geology, site investigations, research and others
• Geochemical exploration
• Geostatistics
Dr. RCObial and Geochemistry
• Applications in Exploration, Mineral Deposits, Mine Evaluation, Mineral processing
• Graduate course in Geochemistry • Rose, Hawkes and Webb, 1979,
Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration
• Geobotany and Biogeochemistry • Brooks, 1972, Geobotany and
Biogeochemistry in Mineral Exploration
• Brooks, 1983, Biological Methods of Prospecting for Minerals
Serpentine Ecology
Nephentes alata Spathoglothis kimballiana var. Angustifolia
Phytotechnologies
Provide solutions to pollution problems using plants – “Clean and Green”
Phyto (plant)
Technologies
• Phytoremedation
• Phytomining
• Phytostabilization
• Phytoextraction
• Phytovolatilization
• Phytotransformation
• Phytocapping
• Rhizofiltration
• Rhizodegradation
Phytotechnologies
Plants and metal rich soils
• Metal in low concentrations are important plant nutrients (e.g. Cu, Ni, Zn).
• At high concentrations, metals can be highly phytotoxic.
Phytoremediation
Remediation using metallophytes offers an alternative to clean up
contaminated soil and water
Metallophytes
Plants which can grow and are tolerant to elevated levels of
metals/metalloids in soil
Philippine Metallophyte Research Consortium
A multidisciplinary approach to conserve
metallophyte biodiversity and to develop their potential for ecological restoration and
remediation of metal contaminated soils
Researches on Metallophytes
• Theses and publications on geobotanical surveys, metal concentrations in plants, hyperaccumulators and mine rehabilitation
• Crawford Fund Training Workshop on Phytoremdiation
• Public Sector Linkages Program (PSLP-AusAid) After Mining Workshop
• 1st National Bioremediation Conference
• NAST RTD on Mining
• 1st National Symposium Workshop on Environmental Science
• SJSA Annual Colloquium
Iron content of plants growing on nickeliferous laterites
LegendMPSA Boundary
Roads
Rivers
Laterite Extent
Contour Interval 20m
UTM Coordinates Zone 50
Old Minesite
Base Camp
594500 595000 595500 596000 596500 597000 597500 598000
985000
985500
986000
986500
987000
987500
988000
988500
989000
989500
990000
Iron Assay 0-1 meter sample
% Fe
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
Brookes Point, Palawan
Sapotaceae Planchonella
Apocynaceae Alstonia Macrophylla
Cunoniaceae Weinmannia
Copper content of plants growing on Cupriferous Soils
Lepanto, Mankayan, Benguet
Nephrolepis hirsutula Dicranopteris linearis
Pteridium aquilinum Pteris sp.
Hyperaccumulators
Plants with the ability to accumulate extraordinarily high levels of metals in
their shoots
Hyperaccumulators
Threshold values for hyperaccumulators
metal Cd Co Cu Pb Mn Ni Zn
mg/g
dry wt.
100 1000 1000 1000 10000 1000 10000
Approximate ‘normal’ upper limits of plant tolerance
mg/g
dry wt. 15 0.3 30 800 30 500
Comparison of Foliar Metal Concentrations
Some hyperaccumulators…
Metal Plant species Concentration
(mg/g)
Conc. in normal
plants (mg/g)
Cd Thlaspi caerulescens 3000 1
Co Haumaniastrum robertii 10200 1
Cu Haumaniastrum katangense 8356 1
Pb Thlaspi rotundifolium 8200 5
Mn Macadamia neurophylla 55000 400
Ni Alyssum bertolonii 13400 2
Ni Berkheya codii 17000 2
Se Astragalus pattersoni 6000 1
Th Iberis intermedia 3070 1
U Atriplex confertifolia 100 0.5
Zn Thlaspi calaminare 10000 100
Phyllanthus balgoolyii (Euphorbiaceae), a shrub found in open areas of stunted forest, Palawan, Republic of the Philippines. A, Cut stem exuding a jade-green liquid that contained 88,580 ug/g Ni dry weight; B, leaves contained 16,230 ug/g Ni and stems contained 5,440 ug/g Ni dry weight; C, leaves crushed onto filter paper soaked with dimethylglyoxime, showing the vivid purple color of the dimethylglyoxime-Ni complex.
Sibertia acuminata (Sapotaceae), New Caldenonia Latex sampling
Sap
sample
Ni
[%,w/w]
1 7.58
2 6.55
3 6.70
4 5.64
5 5.34
6 6.23
mean 6.34
a)
b)
c)
PIXE (Particle induced x-ray emission) maps of gold localization within a) stem and b) leaf cross sections and a scan of c) the leaf surface of Brassica juncea, Indian Mustard.
Gold concentration in greenhouse grown canola plants treated with
0.2g/kg KCN as a function of the gold concentration in the soil (KAu(CN)2 )
Arsenic phytoremediation in Guangxi, South China (Pteris vittata L. seeding, 2007)
February 2009: An opportunistic field trip to the ultramafic region of Acoje, Zambales – discovery of a Ni hyperaccumulator: Using ICP-OES elemental analysis - Ni values of about 300 – 1200 ug/g in dry leaf tissue.
Breynia cernua (Euphorbiaceae) Nickel Hyperaccumulator
Breynia cernua (Euphorbiaceae) Nickel Hyperaccumulator
Average relative nickel
percentage
Ratio
Epidermis 6.48% 3.75
Mesophyll cells
near epidermis 2.32% 1.34
Vascular bundle 1.73% 1
Interesting thoughts…
Hyperaccumulators can be used for decontamination of metal polluted
sites in tropics as well as for phytomining which can benefit
mining communities in transition during closure
Phytomining
Mining using hyperaccumulators to
extract metals from soil
“Mining metals using plants”
Alyssum corsicum Ni hyperaccumulator (Anatolia,Turkey)
Phytomining
Feasible for highly valuable metals
Mine rehabilitation
Indigenous plants
P8 Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum
P11 Dennstaedtiaceae Sphenomeris retusa
Introduced plants
P17 Gramineae / Poaceae Chrysopogon zizanioides
Vetiver
P18 Fabaceae / Leguminosae Gliricidia sepium
Kakawate
Mine rehabilitation
• Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia Agoho
• Chromium (19 ug/g), Cobalt (ND), Iron (663 ug/g), Nickel (13 ug/g)
Mine Rehabilitation
• Dr. Castillo (2012), ERB-DENR Mining Bioremediation Research Initiatives, NAST RTD in Mining
•The establishment of species with
N-fixing potential (i.e. agoho etc )
as pioneer species can tolerate
mining adverse sites even with
almost nil NPK and abundant heavy
metals. They have an advantage
than indigenous, non-fixing and
slow-growing ones.
•The establishment of identified relatively fast growing species performers are important
in rehabilitation of mined areas. The slow growers tend to get stunted, absorb heavy
metals and perish due to all the combination of long term adverse site conditions.
Maraming salamat po!
Acknowledgement
Dr. Augustine Doronila
Balik Scientist
University of Melbourne
Our Gratitude to the Mentors
Dr. Rudy C. Obial
Dr. Arthur Saldivar-Sali
Dr. Walter W. Brown