Phytophthora infestans and andinapopulations

of Peru

Hannele Lindqvist-Kreuze, Soledad Gamboa, Willmer Perez, Myriam Izarra,Mirian Correa, Almendra Astete

International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru

h.lindqvist-kreuze@cgiar.org

Blight in the Peruvian Andes

EC1

PE3,

US1

PE7

PE8

new

Clonallineage

Mt-haplotype

Mating type

PE-3 Ia

A1 P. infestansPE-7 IaUS-1 IbEC-1 IIanew ?PE-8 Ic A2 P. andina

P. andina in Peru

Host Country Isolation year

No. of isolates

mtDNAhaplotype RFLP Mating

type

S. betaceum Peru 2003–2008 18 Ic PE-8 A2

S. betaceum Ecuador 1998–2005 8 Ia EC-3 A1

S. betaceum Colombia 2009 15 n.a. CO-1 n.a.

S. brevifolium Ecuador 1997–1998 2 Ic EC-2.1 A2

S. tetrapetalum Ecuador 1997–1998 2 Ic EC-2 A2

Factorial analysis: (Axes 1 / 2)

-.25 -.2 -.15 -.1 -.05 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3

.2

.15

.1

.05

-.05

-.1

-.15

-.2

-.25

1696

3058

3106

3110

3113

3115

3163

31893190

3196

3210

3214

3215

3222

3642

3796

3803

3869

80288031

8034

8061

8079

90049011

90149018

90279035

91089156

PAN009

PCA002PCA025

PCO001PCO018

POX101POX102

POX103

POX104

POX105

POX111

POX112POX114

POX115

POX116

POX117

POX118POX119 POX120

PPI013

PPU048

PSR001

P. andina Ecuador (EC-3/Ia/A1)

P. andina Ecuador (EC-2/Ic/A2)

P. andina Peru (PE-8/Ic/A2)

P. infestans P. andina Colombia (CO-1)(EC-1/IIa/A1)

(PE-3/Ia/A1)(US-1/Ib/A1)

Role of wild hosts as source of inoculum

• P. andina infecting tree tomato in Peru is likely a result of gene flow from wild relatives

• To what extend is this happening in P. infestans infecting potato?

Solanum tuberosum

S. bulbocastanum x S. tuberosum

S. phurejaS. goniocalyx

S. caripenseS. betaceum

S. hirsutumS. andigenum Other Solanum Urera laciniata

Host species of Phytophthora isolates in CIP collection (until 2013)

Phytophthora isolates from Solanaceous hosts in Peru characterized

Improved varieties

Host Isolation year mtDNA haplotype

Solanum tuberosum 1996-2009, 2013 IIa/EC-1, Ia/PE-3, Ib/US-1, NEWS. andigena 1999-2003 IIa/EC-1S. billhoockerii 1999 IIa/EC-1S. caripense 1999-2000 IIa/EC-1, Ib/US-1S. goniocalyx 1999-2013 IIa/EC-1, Ia/PE-3, Ia/PE-7S. grasilifrons 1999 IIa/EC-1S. hypacrathrum 1999-2000 IIa/EC-1S. mochiquense 1999 IIa/EC-1S. sogarandinum 1999 IIa/EC-1S. urophylum 1999 IIa/EC-1S. wittmackii 1999-2000 IIa/EC-1S. huancabambense 2000 IIa/EC-1S. piurae 2000 IIa/EC-1, Ib/US-1S. medians 2000 IIa/EC-1, Ia/PE-7S. raquialatum 2000 Ia/PE-3, Ib/US-1S. paucisectum 2000-2003 IIa/EC-1S. phureja 2000-2008 IIa/EC-1S. chaucha 2000-2009 IIa/EC-1, Ia/PE-3S. bulbocastanum 2000-2009 IIa/EC-1S. chiquidenum 2008 IIa/EC-1S. cajamarquense 2008 Ib/US-1S. lycopersicum 2008 IIa/EC-1Lycopersicon sp. 1999-2000 IIa/EC-1, Ib/US-1L. peruvianum 1996-1999 IIa/EC-1L. hirsutum 1999-2000 IIa/EC-1, Ia/PE-7, Ib/US-1Physalis sp. 2000 IIa/EC-1S. betaceum 2003-2008 Ic/PE-8

2016-2017 new country-wide sampling extending to cultivated potato and

alternative Solanaceous hosts

2016-2017

Sampling: cultivated potato

DepartamentLiving

isolatesFTA cards

Cajamarca 11 50Ancash 19 66Huancavelica 55 78Piura 17 45Amazonas 20 48Huanuco 13 60La Libertad 7 25Junin 47 74Cusco 17 37TOTAL 142 483

LISTA DE ESPECIESAcnistus arborescens (L.) Schltdl.Browallia americanaBrugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D. DonCapsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.Cestrum auriculatumCestrum falcatumCestrum sp.Cestrum tomentosum L. f.Iochroma grandiflorum Benth.Iochroma umbellatumJaltomata dentataJaltomata hereraeJaltomata incahuasina Mione & Leiva, S.Jaltomata propinquaJaltomata sinuosa (Miers) MioneLycianthes acutifolia Ruiz & Pav.Lycianthes lycioidesLycianthes sp.Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.Physalis peruviana L.Salpichroa aff. diffusa MiersSalpichroa tristis MiersSolanum acauleSolanum albicansSolanum americanumSolanum betaceum Cav.Solanum caripense DunalSolanum chrysotrichumSolanum corneliomulleriSolanum furcatumSolanum grandidentatum Phil.Solanum nitidumSolanum nutans Ruiz & Pav.Solanum ochranthum DunalSolanum polytrichostylumSolanum rubicaule S.R. SternSolanum trachycarpum Bitter & SodiroSolanum zahlbruckneri

Wild solanaceas found infected with P. infestans

S. americanumS. zanlbrukneriS. ochrantumS. candolleanumS. acauleS. muricatumIochroma grandiflorumS. grandidentatumS. caripenseS. huancabambense

Host Nr Department virulence Metalaxyl

Mt haplotype

S. americanum 2

Amazonas

1,3,4,7,10,11 R IIaS. zanlbrukneri 3 4 S IbS. ochrantum 5 * S *S. candolleanum 1 * * *S. acaule 1 Huancavelica 1,3,4,7,10,11 R IIaS. muricatum 3 Pasco * * *Iochroma grandiflorum 2

Piura

1,3,4,7,10,11 R IIaS. grandidentatum 2 1,3,4,7,10,11 R IIaS. caripense 5 * * *S. huancabambense 3 * * *

Isolates from alternate hosts

Iochroma grandiflorum: mt DNA IIa

S. lycopersicum S. tuberosum var. Yungay

Pathogenicity Tests

Inoculated on

Solanum zahlbruckneriMt DNA Ib

S. lycopersicum S. tuberosum var. Yungay

Inoculated on

S. lycopersicumS. tuberosum var. Yungay

Solanum ochrantum

Inoculated on

Next steps

• 12 plex SSR in collaboration with Ristaino lab, NCSU:• ~ 600 new isolates (living &FTA)• ~ 200 old isolates from CIP collection

• database• NGS in collaboration with Meulia lab, OSU (CGIAR-Borlaug Fellowship

to Myriam Izarra:• GBS of 48 diverse isolates• RNAseq of 4 diverse isolates (3 time points, 3 biological replicates)

Thanks to:

• Funding from World Bank through PNIA-Peru • Soledad Gamboa• Willmer Perez• Myriam Izarra• Mirian Yanina Correa• Almendra Astete