Physiology, Lecture 3 (Pictures Only)

8/8/2019 Physiology, Lecture 3 (Pictures Only)

1/40

Fig. 3-CO, p. 42

Nervous System

HomeostasisBody systemsmaintainhomeostasis

Homeostasis is

essential for

survival of cells

Cells make up

body systems

Cells

Plasma

membrane

- +

- +

- +

Membrane

Potential


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Fig. 3-2a, p. 44

Choline

Phosphate

Glycerol

Fatty acid

Head

(polar, hydrophilic)

Tails

(nonpolar, hydrophobic)

-

= Negative charge on phosphate group-


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Fig. 3-2b, p. 44

Lipid bilayer

ICF (water)

ECF (water)

Polar heads

(hydrophilic)

Nonpolar tails

(hydrophobic)

Polar heads

(hydrophilic)


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Fig. 3-2c, p. 44

Lipid bilayer

Intracellular

fluid

Extracellular

fluid


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Fig. 3-3, p. 45

Glycoprotein Glycolipid Extracellular fluid

Carbohydrate

chain

Lipid bilayer

Cholesterol

molecule

Phospholipid molecule

Channel

Intracellular fluid

Various

membrane

proteins

Dark line

Light space

Appearance using

an electron microscope

Dark line


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Fig. 3-4, p. 48

Intercellularfilaments

Cell 2 cytosolCell 1 cytosol

Cytoplasm thickening

(plaque)

Intracellular

keratin filaments

Interacting plasmamembranes

20 nm

Spotdesmosome


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Fig. 3-5 (1), p. 49

Lumen (contains undigested food

and potent digestive enzymes)

Luminalborder

No passage

between cells

Selective passage

through cells

Lateralborder

Cell 1 Cell 2

Epithelial cell

lining intestine

Basolateral

border

Blood vessel

Tightjunction


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Fig. 3-5 (2), p. 49

Cell 1 cytosol Cell 2 cytosol

Strands of

junctional

proteins

Kiss site

Intercellular

space

Interacting plasmamembranes

Tightjunction


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Fig. 3-6, p. 50

Cell 1 cytosol Cell 2 cytosol

Connexon

Longitudinal section

of connexonDiameter ofchannel = 1.5 nm

24 nm

Interacting plasma

membranes

Gap junction

Passage of ions

and small molecules

No passage of

large molecules


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Fig. 3-7a, p. 51

Diffusion from area A

to area B

Diffusion from area B

to area A

Net diffusion

(diffusion from area A

to area B minus diffusion

from area B to area A)= Solute molecule


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Fig. 3-7b, p. 51= Solute molecule

Diffusion from area Ato area B

Diffusion from area B

to area A

No net diffusion

(diffusion from area A

to area B equals diffusionfrom area B to area A)


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Fig. 3-8, p. 51

If a substance can

permeate the membrane:If the membrane is

impermeable to a substance:


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Table 3-1, p. 52


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Fig. 3-9, p. 53

100% water concentration0% solute concentration

90% water concentration

10% solute concentration

= Water molecule = Solute molecule


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Fig. 3-10, p. 53

Membrane

Higher H2Oconcentration,

lower solute

concentration

Lower H2Oconcentration,

higher solute

concentration

= Water molecule = Solute molecule

H2O


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Fig. 3-11, p. 53

Membrane (permeable to both water and solute)

Side 1 Side 2

Higher H2O concentration,

lower solute concentration

Lower H2O concentration,

higher solute concentration

H2O moves from side 1 to side 2

down its concentration gradient

Solute moves from side 2 to side 1


Water concentrations equal Solute concentrations equal

No further net diffusion

Steady state exists

Side 1 Side 2

= Water molecule

= Solute molecule

H2O

Solute


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Fig. 3-12, p. 54

= Water molecule

= Solute molecule

Membrane (permeable to H2O but impermeable to solute)

Higher H2O concentration,

lower solute concentration

Lower H2O concentration,




Water concentrations equal Solute concentrations equal

No further net diffusion

Steady state exists

Solute unable to move from side 2 to

side 1 down its concentration gradient

Side 1 Side 2

Side 1 Side 2

Original

level of

solutions

H2O


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Fig. 3-13, p. 54= Water molecule= Solute molecule

Membrane (permeable to H2O but impermeable to solute)

Pure water Lower H2O concentration,




Solute unable to move from side 2 to

side 1 down its concentration gradient

Side 1 Side 2

Side 1 Side 2

Original

level of

solutions

H2O

Water concentrations not equal

Solute concentrations not equal

Tendency for water to diffuse by

osmosis into side 2 is exactly

balanced by opposing tendency forhydrostatic pressure difference to

push water into side 1

Osmosis ceases

Opposing pressure necessary to

completely stop osmosis is equal

to osmotic pressure of solution

Hydrostatic

(fluid)pressure

difference

Osmosis

Hydrostatic

pressure


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Fig. 3-14a, p. 56

Step 1

Conformation X of

carrier(binding sites

exposed to ECF)

Molecule to be

transported binds to

carrier

Molecule to be

transported

Concentrationgradient

Plasma

membrane

Carrier molecule

(Low)

(High)ECF

ICF


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Fig. 3-14b, p. 56

Step 2

On binding with

molecules to be

transported, carrierchanges its

conformation

Conformation X of carrierConformation Y

of carrier


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Fig. 3-14c, p. 56

Step 3

Conformation Y of


exposed to ICF)

Transported molecule

detaches from carrier

Direction oftransport

ECF

ICF


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Fig. 3-14d, p. 56

Step 4

ECF

ICF

Conformation X of


exposed to ECF)After detachment,

carrier reverts to

original shape


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Fig. 3-15, p. 57

Simple diffusion

down concentration

gradient

Rate oftransport

of molecule

into cell

Concentration of transported

molecules in ECF

Carrier-mediated

transport down

concentration gradient

(facilitated diffusion)

Low High

Tm


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Fig. 3-16, p. 58

Phosphorylatedconformation Y

of carrier

Step 1

Phosphorylated conformation Y of

carrier has high affinity for passenger.

Molecule to be transported binds to

carrier on low-concentration side.

Molecule to be

transportedStep 2

Dephosphorylated conformation X

of carrier has low affinity for

passenger. Transported molecule

detaches from carrier on high-concentration side.

= phosphate

Direction of

transport

Concentration

gradient

(High)

(Low)

Dephosphorylatedconformation X

of carrier

ICF

ECF

Na+


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Fig. 3-17, p. 59= Sodium (Na+) = Potassium (K+) = Phosphate

When open to the ECF, the carrier drops off Na+ on its high-concentration

side and picks up K+ from its low-concentration side

Phosphorylated conformation Yof Na+K+ pump has high affinity

for Na+ and low affinity for K+

when exposed to ICF

When open to the ICF, the carrier picks up Na+ from its low-concentrationside and drops off K+ on its high-concentration side

Dephosphorylatedconformation X of Na+K+

pump has high affinity for

K+ and low affinity for Na+

when exposed to ECF

ICF

ECF


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Table 3-2a, p. 60


27/40

Table 3-2b, p. 60


28/40

Fig. 3-18a, p. 62

Membrane

Membrane has no potential


29/40

Fig. 3-18b, p. 62

Membrane

Membrane has potential


30/40

Fig. 3-18c, p. 62

Membrane

Separated charges

responsible forpotential

Remainder of

fluid electricallyneutral

Remainder of

fluid electricallyneutral


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Fig. 3-18d, p. 62

Plasma membrane


32/40

Fig. 3-18e, p. 62


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Table 3-3, p. 62


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Fig. 3-19, p. 63

Plasma membrane

ECF ICF

Concentration

gradient for K+Electrical

gradient for K+

EK+ = 90 mV


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Fig. 3-20, p. 64

Plasma membrane

ECF ICF

Concentration

gradient for Na+

Electrical

gradient for Na+

ENa+ = +60 mV


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Fig. 3-21, p. 65

Plasma membrane

ECF ICF Relatively large net

diffusion of K+

outward establishes

an EK+ of 90 mV

No diffusion of A

across membrane

Relatively small net

diffusion of Na+

inward neutralizes

some of the

potential created by

K+ alone

Resting membrane potential = 70 mV

(A = Large intracellular anionic proteins)


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Points to Ponder #3, p. 68


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Click to view

animation.

Carrier Mediated

Animation


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animation.

Ion Concentration

Animation


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animation.

Resting Potential

Animation

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Physiology, Lecture 3 (Pictures Only)