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Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C

Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

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Page 1: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Physiology for Coaches

L2CCS&C

Page 2: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Skeleton

Page 3: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Skeletal Functions

• Support

• Protection

• Articulation through muscle attachment

• Be aware of differences between adults and children

Page 4: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Major Muscles

Page 5: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Muscle Action

• Muscle origin; where muscle attaches to bone via connective tissue (tendon) nearest centre of body

• Muscle insertion; where muscle attaches to bone via connective tissue (tendon) away from centre of body

• Agonist; prime mover of the movement action• Antagonist; opposite of agonist, can slow down or stop

the movement• Synergist; assists n the movement or supports the body

during the movement• Give examples

Page 6: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Muscle Action

Page 7: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Circulatory system

Page 8: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Composition of the blood

• Plasma

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells

• Platelets

Page 9: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Functions of the blood

• Transport of oxygen

• Transport of energy in form of dissolved food molecules

• Transport of hormones

• Removal of carbon dioxide

• Removal of other waste products

Page 10: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Structure of cardiovascular system

• Heart– Right atrium– Right ventricle– Left atrium– Left ventricle

• Arteries• Veins• Capillaries• Pathway RA>RV>Lungs>LA>LV>body>RA

Page 11: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Structure of the heart

Page 12: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

The heart is a dual pump, circulating blood through two separate closed systems. Oxygen-carrying blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta. It circulates through the body and returns, deoxygenated, to the right auricle via the superior and inferior vena cava. The right ventricle pumps this blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left auricle of the heart, ready for arterial circulation, through the pulmonary veins.

Page 13: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

• Heart rate x stroke volume =cardiac output

Blood pressure

• Systolic: pressure against the arterial walls during ventricular contraction ( x HR = heart work)

• Diastolic: During ventricular relaxation is the ease with which blood flows from the arterioles into the capillaries

Page 14: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Mechanism of breathing

Page 15: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, the pectoralis

minor and intercostal muscles pull the rib cage outward. The chest

cavity expands, and air rushes into the lungs through the trachea to fill

the resulting vacuum. When the diaphragm relaxes to its normal,

upwardly curving position, the lungs contract, and air is forced out.

Page 16: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Acute responses to exercise

• Aerobic– Increase in systolic pressure– Reduction in peripheral resistance

• Strength training

-Increase in systolic pressure

-Short term increase in diastolic pressure

Page 17: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Cardiovascular adaptations to training (primarily aerobic)

• Increased ventricular volume

• Increased stroke volume

• Decreased resting and sub maximal heart rates

• Increased muscle capilliarisation

• Increased plasma volume

• Reduction in resting blood pressure

Page 18: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

More adaptations to training

• Increased maximal exercise ventilation• Increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO2

Max)• Increased tidal volume ?• Increased oxygen extraction• Onset of OBLA shifted• Increased vital capacity• Decreased resting breathing rate• Increased maximal breathing rate

Page 19: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Biochemical adaptations to aerobic training

• Increased myoglobin content (an intra cellular oxygen transporting protein)

• Increase in number and size of mitochondria

• Increase in activity of enzymes involved in Krebs’ Cycle and electron transport chain

• Increase in muscular glycogen stores

• Increased ability to oxidise fat

Page 20: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Biochemical daptations to anaerobic training

• Increased capacity of ATP-PC and glycolytic systems

• Increased muscular stores of ATP and activities of enzymes related to glycolysis and ATP/PC systems

Page 21: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Age and Gender Differences

Gender differences:• on average age for age

women have aerobic power values that range from 73% to 85% of the values of men

• Women have lower Hb values, smaller hearts and blood volumes

Physiological changes as children mature:

• Strength• Power• Endurance

Reduction with aging of:• Maximal oxygen uptake• Maximum heart rate• Strength performance • Peak power• Lean muscle tissue, especially

fast twitch• RPE changes

Page 22: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Energy sources:

• Fats (primary role)• Carbohydrates (primary role)• Proteins (secondary role)

• Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars such as glucose

• Fats are broken down into free fatty acids and acetyl co enzyme A which can enter Krebs Cycle

• Proteins can be broken down into amino acids which can be converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis), pyuvate and various Krebs cycle intermediates.

Page 23: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Energy Systems

• Energy is required to do physical work. Energy for the muscles to work is provided by a substance called ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

• Bioenergetics is the flow of energy within a biological system

Page 24: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Three energy systems provide ATP:

• Phoshagen system

• Glycolytic system

• Oxidative system

Page 25: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between
Page 26: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Phoshagen system:• Provides energy at the start of

exercise, in sporting terms is primarily used in short high intensity activities such as weight lifting and sprinting. In this system two reactions occur

– ATP > ADP + P + energy

– ADP + creatine phosphate > ATP + creatine

Page 27: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Oxidative system:

• With sufficient oxygen present in the muscles (i.e. when they are working at a lower intensity) the pyruvate from glycolysis enters Krebs cycle.

• See diagrams• Substances produced during Krebs cycle enter the

electron transport chain where further ATP is produced• See diagrams• Total yield of ATP from Oxidative (aerobic) system is 36

molecules per molecule of glucose.

• Energy is measured in Kilojoules. (USA still use kilocalories)

Page 28: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Cellular Respiration: Simple overview

Page 29: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Glycolysis: Net Energy Gain 2ATP

Page 30: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Citric Acid/TCA/Kreb’s Cycle:

Page 31: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

NADH & FADH from glycolysis & Kreb’s Cycle enter Electron Transport

Chain

Page 32: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Electron Transport Chain

Page 33: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Glycolytic system:

• Breakdown of glucose to produce 2 molecules of ATP

• With insufficient oxygen present pyruvate is converted to lactate in so called “fast glycolysis”. This produces ATP at a fast rate but only for a short period of time as the lactic acid built up causes muscle fatigue

Page 34: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Lactate formation during “fast glycolysis”

Page 35: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Nutritional Awareness• Food groups; meat; vegetables; fruit; dairy; breads and cereals;

fats and oils• Nutrients: carbohydrates; fat; protein; vitamins; minerals; water • Healthy eating: sources of nutrients from food groups; energy and

nutrients; government and advisory body guidelines; eating patterns and habits

• Nutrition and exercise: fuels for exercise – carbohydrates, fats; fluids; sports drinks; dehydration; re-hydration

• Food labels: nutritional information; calculating nutrients• Ergogenic aids and performance: research in ergogenic aids,

categories of ergogenic aids – pharmacological agents, hormonal agents, physiological agents

• The reasons for supplement use by players/athletes

Page 36: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Food Pyramid

Page 37: Physiology for Coaches L2CCS&C. Skeleton Skeletal Functions Support Protection Articulation through muscle attachment Be aware of differences between

Physiological differences between adults and children

• The biochemical pathways of anaerobic respiration are not fully developed in children

• The circulatory system is not fully developed in children

• Sensitive periods in growth regarding aerobic development

• Girls enter the sensitive phase before boys