PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS OF INDIA

….ASSETS OF INDIA

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA…

The geography of India describes the physical features of India:-

(a). THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS

(b). THE NORTHERN PLAINS

(c). THE PENINSULAR PLATEAU

(d). THE INDIAN DESERT

(e). THE COASTAL PLAINS

(f). THE ISLANDS

A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. The study of mountains is called Orography. A great arc of mountains, consisting of the Himalayas, Hindu Kush, and Patkai ranges define the northern Indian subcontinent. These were formed by the ongoing tectonic collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate that started around 50 million years ago. The mountains in these ranges act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds. They also facilitate the monsoon winds. Rivers originating in these mountains, flow through the fertile Indo–Gangetic plains.

India has eight major mountain ranges having peaks of over 1,000 m (3,281 ft):

The Himalayan range is considered as the world's highest mountain range, with its tallest peak Mt. Everest on the Nepal–China border. They form India's northeastern border, separating it from northeastern Asia. They are one of the world's youngest mountain ranges The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. Kanchenjunga—on the Sikkim–Nepal border—is the highest point in the area administered by India. Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year. The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia. Thus, North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter; in summer, the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot.

The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Patkai, or Purvanchal, are situated near India's eastern border with Myanmar. They were created by the same tectonic processes which led to the formation of the Himalayas. The physical features of the Patkai mountains are conical peaks, steep slopes and deep valleys.

The Vindhya range runs across most of central India. They are formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains. The Satpura Range is triangular in shape, runs parallel to the Vindhya Range.The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India.

The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India's Deccan Plateau and the Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains, which have been eroded by the four major rivers of southern India, the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri.

Fold mountains Fold mountains are the most common type of mountains. They are formed due to collision

of two plates, causing folding of the Earth's crust. Examples of fold mountains are the Himalayas of Asia and the Alps in Europe.

Fault-Block mountains fault-block mountains are formed when blocks of rock materials slide along faults in the

Earth's crust. There are two types of block mountains, namely the lifted and tilted. Examples of fault-block mountains are found in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of the western United

States. Volcanic mountains

Volcanic mountains are formed due to volcanic eruptions where magma piles up on the surface of the Earth. Examples of volcanoes include Mount Fuji in Japan and

Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Dome mountains

Dome mountains are formed when the hot magma rises from the mantle and uplifts the overlying sedimentary layer of the Earth's crust. An example of a dome mountain is

Navajo Mountain in the U.S. state of Utah. Plateau mountains

Plateau mountains are pseudo mountains that are formed because of erosion. They usually occur near folded mountain ranges. An example of a plateau mountain is the

Adirondack Mountains in the U.S. state of New York.

EARTHQUAKE LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS CLOUD BURSTAVALAUNCHHAIL STORM

A desert is a landscape or region that receives A desert is a landscape or region that receives an extremely low amount ofan extremely low amount of

precipitation, less than enough to support precipitation, less than enough to support growth of most plants. Deserts aregrowth of most plants. Deserts are

defined as areas with an average annual defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 mmprecipitation of less than 250 mm

(10 in) per year, or as areas where more water (10 in) per year, or as areas where more water is lost by evapotranspirationis lost by evapotranspiration

than falls as precipitation. Deserts are located than falls as precipitation. Deserts are located where where vegetation cover is sparse cover is sparse

to almost nonexistent. Deserts take up about one fifth to almost nonexistent. Deserts take up about one fifth (20%) of the Earth's land(20%) of the Earth's land

surface. Thar desert is one of the example.surface. Thar desert is one of the example.

What is a Desert Like?

The hot desert is a land of extremes: extreme heat and extreme dryness; sudden flash floods and cold nights. Deserts are such a harsh environment

In the desert, there may be only a few periods of rains per year with a lot of time between rains.

Dryness Deserts are usually very, very dry. Even the wettest deserts get less than ten inches of precipitation a year.

Hot During the Day, Cool at Night

During the day many deserts are hot, very hot. Temperatures in excess of 100 degrees Fahrenheit are not uncommon. Yet at night, the same deserts can have temperatures fall into the40s or 50s.There are 2 types of deserts –hot and cold

Where Are Deserts Located?

Many deserts are found in bands along 30 degrees latitude north and 30 degrees latitude south Some deserts located by mountains and are caused by the "rainshadow" effect.

Flora & Fauna

Deserts are the home to many living things. In fact, deserts are second only to tropical rainforests in the variety of plant (Barrel Cactus , Old Man Cactus , Saguaro ) and animal species (Addax Cactus Wren Desert Larkthat ) live there. Some fauna includes the kangaroo rat, coyote, jack rabbit, Some fauna includes the kangaroo rat, coyote, jack rabbit, and many lizards. Some flora includes shrubs, Prickly Pears, and many lizards. Some flora includes shrubs, Prickly Pears, Desert Holly, and the Brittlebush. Most desert plants are Desert Holly, and the Brittlebush. Most desert plants are drought- or salt-toleran.drought- or salt-toleran.

DROUGHTS EARTHQUAKE DUST STORMS TORNADO

A coastal plain is an area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a seacoast and separated from the interior by other features. These are divided into two namely:

WESTERN COASTAL PLAINS EASTERN COASTAL PLAINS

The Eastern Coastal Plains refer to a wide stretch of landmass of India, lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north. Its average width is 120 km. The Eastern Coastal Plain is divided into two parts. The northern part is known as the Northern Circars while the southern part is called the Coromandel Coast.

The Western Coastal Plains is a thin strip of coastal plain 50 kilometers (31 mi) in width between the west coast of India and the Western Ghats hills. The plains begin at Gujarat in the north and end at Kerala in the south. It also includes the states of

Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The Western Coastal Plain is divided into three parts-the Gujarat Coast towards the north the Konkan coast in the middle and the Malabar Coast towards the south.

TSUNAMI CYCLONE HIGH TIDES FLOODS

• The Peninsular Plateau of India, is the biggest part comprising the most of the area of southern portion of the nation.

The Plateau stretches over eight states in India and covers a broad variety of

environments, encompassing the majority of the Central and South Indian regions. It is lying in the middle of three mountain ranges; the Eastern Ghats , the Western

Ghats and the Vindhya and Satpura Mountain Ranges. The Deccan Plateau is dissevered from the Gangetic Basin. The

Peninsular Plateau can be broadly categorized into the Central Highlands

and the Deccan Plateau.

DECCAN PLATEAU

The Deccan Plateau stretches over eight

states in India and covers a broad variety of

environments, encompassing the

majority of the Central and South Indian regions.

Central Highlands The northern segment of the peninsular

cluster is known as the Central Highlands, despite the fact that they are not really so high. It was formed from hard metamorphic and igneous . This is named as the Malwa Plateau. In Southern Bihar, it is known as Chota Nagpur Plateau. The southern tributaries of the Ganga River and Yamuna River drain the plateau

• EARTHQUAKE• VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

AN ISLAND IS ANY

PIECE OF SUB-

CONTINENTAL LAND THAT

IS SURROUNDED BY WATER

There are two main types of islands:

continental islands

oceanic islands

. Andaman AND Nicobar IslandsLakshadweepIslands of the Cauvery RiverChorao, GoaDiuMinicoy Island (disputed with the Maldives)Islands of Mumbai HarbourRameswaram

VOLCANIC ERUTIONTSUNAMICYCLONEFLOODSTORNADO

The great plains are classified into four divisions:

The Bhabar belt is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas.

The Terai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region.

The Bangar belt consists of older alluvium.

The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt.

Some geographers subdivide the Indo-Gangetic Plain into several

parts: the Indus Valley, the Punjab Plain, the Haryana Plains,

and the middle and lower Ganges.

DIVISIONS

• TWISTERS

• EARTHQUAKE

• DROUGHTS

• FLOODS

• THUNDERSTORMS

EFFECTS OF DISASTERS Disaster is defined as the occurrence of a sudden or

major misfortune, which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of a society (community).

It is commonly believed that disasters have an increased negative impact on people with severe mental illness. People with psychiatric disorders and severe mood disorders are more vulnerable and less able than others to cope effectively with disaster related stressors. However, this may not always be the case, particularly for those who are in treatment. Several studies have shown that people with severe psychiatric disorders, whether hospitalized or outpatient, are not necessarily prone to greater distress following a disaster.

CONTRIBUTION

Each student is marked out of 20%.

• AKSHITA NAGPAL - 18%• DRISHIKA CHHABRA - 10%• KRITIKA GROVER- 5%• RIDHI KAPOOR - 2%• SONAKSHI VERMA – 20%

BY GROUP No. 8