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Anatomy & Physiology

Physio-Anatomy

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PhysioAna

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Anatomy & Physiology OpenStax College Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 To learn more about OpenStax College, visit http://openstaxcollege.org. Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website. 2013byRiceUniversity.ThetextbookcontentwasproducedbyOpenStaxCollegeandislicensedunderaCreativeCommons Attribution 4.0 International License. Under this license, any user of the textbook or the textbook contents herein must provide proper attribution as follows: -Ifyouredistributethistextbookinadigitalformat(includingbutnotlimitedtoEPUB,PDF,andHTML),thenyoumust retain on every page view the following attribution: Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/. -Ifyouredistributethistextbookinaprintformat,thenyoumustincludeoneveryphysicalpagethefollowingattribution: Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/. -If you redistribute part of this textbook, then you must display on every digital format page view (including but not limited to EPUB,PDF,andHTML)andoneveryphysicalprintedpagethefollowingattribution:Downloadforfreeat http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/. -Ifyouusethistextbookasabibliographicreference,thenyoushouldciteitasfollows:OpenStaxCollege,Anatomy& Physiology. OpenStax College. 25 April 2013. . 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Rice University OpenStaxCollegeandOpenStaxCNXareinitiativesofRiceUniversity.Asaleading researchuniversitywithadistinctivecommitmenttoundergraduateeducation,Rice University aspires to path-breaking research, unsurpassed teaching, and contributions to the bettermentofourworld.Itseekstofulfillthismissionbycultivatingadiversecommunityof learning and discovery that produces leaders across the spectrum of human endeavor. Foundation SupportOpenStax College is grateful for the tremendous support of our sponsors. Without their strong engagement, the goal of free access to high-quality textbooks would remain just a dream. LauraandJohnArnoldFoundation(LJAF)activelyseeksopportunitiestoinvestinorganizations and thought leaders that have a sincere interest in implementing fundamental changes that not only yield immediate gains, but also repair broken systems for future generations. LJAF currently focuses its strategic investments on education, criminal justice, research integrity, and public accountability. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation has been making grants since 1967 to help solve social andenvironmentalproblemsathomeandaroundtheworld.TheFoundationconcentratesits resourcesonactivitiesineducation,theenvironment,globaldevelopmentandpopulation, performingarts,andphilanthropy,andmakesgrantstosupportdisadvantagedcommunities in the San Francisco Bay Area. Guidedbythebeliefthat everylife hasequalvalue,theBill &MelindaGatesFoundationworksto helpallpeopleleadhealthy,productivelives.Indevelopingcountries,itfocusesonimproving peopleshealthwithvaccinesandotherlife-savingtoolsandgivingthemthechancetolift themselves out of hunger and extreme poverty. In the United States, it seeks to significantly improve education so that all young people have the opportunity to reach their full potential. Based in Seattle, Washington, the foundation is led by CEO Jeff Raikes and Co-chair William H. Gates Sr., under the direction of Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. TheMaxfieldFoundationsupportsprojectswithpotentialforhighimpactinscience,education, sustainability, and other areas of social importance. 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