PHYSICS

Semester - I

(Credits: Theory-4, Practicals-2)

Unit-I

THEORY

Cartesian co-ordinate system, spherical & cylindrical coordinate system with expression for

velocity and acceleration, Ordinary differential equations: 1st order homogeneous differential

equations. Second order homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients.

Laws of motion: Inertial and non-inertial frames of references, uniformly rotating frame, Coriolis

force & its applications, Newton’s laws of motion, dynamics of a system of particles, centre of

mass.

Unit-II

Momentum and energy: Conservation of linear momentum in system of particles. Work and energy,

Conservation of energy. Motion of rockets (principle and equation) . Rotational motion: Angular

velocity and angular momentum. Torque. Conservation of angular momentum in system of

particles.

Special theory of relativity: Galilean and Lorentz transformations. Postulates of special theory of

relativity. Length contraction. Time dilation. Relativistic addition of velocities.

Unit-III

Gravitation: Newton’s laws of Gravitation. Motion of a particle in a central force field (motion in a

plane, angular momentum is conserved, areal velocity is constant). Kepler’s Laws. Satellite in

circular orbit and applications. Geosynchronous orbits. Weightlessness. Basic idea of global

positioning system (GPS).

Oscillations: Simple harmonic motion. Differential equation of SHM and its solutions. Kinetic and

potential energy. Total energy and their time averages. Damped oscillations.

Unit-IV

Elasticity: Hooke’s, Stress-strain diagram. Elastic moduli – Relation between elastic constants.

Poisson’s ratio-expression for Poisson’s ratio in terms elastic constants. Work done in stretching

and work done in twisting a wire – Twisting couple on a cylinder. Determination of rigidity modulus

by static torsion-Torsional pendulum. Determination of elastic constants by Searle’s method

Text Book:

Mechanics Berkeley Physics course, Volume-I: Charles Kittel, et.al. 2007, Tata McGraw-Hill.

Reference Books:

1. University Physics. F. W. Sears, M. W. Zemansky and H. D. Young, 13/e, 1986. Addision-

Wesley

2. Physics-Resnick, Halliday & Walker 9/e, 2010, Wiley.

3. Engineering Mechanics, Basudeb Bhattacharya, 2nd edn., 2015, Oxford University Press

4. University Physics, Ronald Lane Reese, 2003, Thomson Brooks/Cole

5. Special Theory of Relativity, Robert Resnick, Addison-Wiley

6. Mechanics, D. S. Mathur

PRACTICAL

1. Study of laws of parallel and perpendicular axis for moment of inertia.

2. To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel

3. To determine the Young’s Modulus of a wire by optical lever method.

4. Young’s Modulus of a material of a rectangular bar by bending.

5. To determine the modulus of rigidity of a wire by Maxwell’s needle.

6. To determine the elastic constants of a wire by Searle’s method.

7. To determine g by Bar pendulum.

8. To determine g by Kater’s pendulum.

9. Study of oscillations under a bifilar pendulum.

10. To determine g and velocity for a freely falling body using digital timing technique.

11. To study the motion of a spring and calculate (a) spring constant (b) value of g.

12. Moment of inertia of an irregular of an irregular body about an axis through its centre of

gravity with a torsional pendulum.

Reference Books:

1. Advanced practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, 1971, Asia publishing

house.

2. Advanced level Physics practicals, Michael Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, 4th Edition,

Heinemann Educational Publishers.

3. Engineering Practical Physics, S. Panigrahi & B. Mallick, 2015, Cengage Learning India Pvt.

Ltd.

Text Books:

1. A text book of Practical Physics, Indu Prakash and Ramakrishna, 11th Edition, 2011, Kitab

Mahal, New Delhi

2. B. Sc. Practical Physics, C. L. Arora, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

3. Practical Physics, S. L. Gupta and V. Kumar, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.

4. Advanced Practical Physics, Vol. I & II, S. P. Sing, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.

CLUSTER UNIVERSITY SRINAGAR,

KASHMIR SYLLABUS– B. Sc. SEMESTER 3rd

(Core- Theory/Practical)

Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

UNIT-I

Molecular collisions; Mean free path and collision cross section; Transport Phenomenon:

transport of momentum, mass and energy and their inter-relationship; Brownian motion;

Einstein’s theory. Deviation from perfect gas behaviour (Liquification of CO2), van der

Waals’ equation of state, Nature of van der Waals forces, comparison with experimental

results, Critical constants. Joule’s expansion of ideal gas and of van der Waals gas; Joule

coefficient, Estimates of J-T cooling.

UNIT-II

Concept of thermal equilibrium; Internal energy; Carnot theorem; Entropy; Principle of increase

of entropy; Thermodynamic scale of temperature and its identity with the perfect gas scale;

Third law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic variables; Extensive and Intensive;

Maxwell’s general relationship; Equilibrium between phases; Equilibrium condition and

Clausius-Clapeyron equation; Phase transformation of a simple substance; Approximate

calculation of vapour pressure; Phase transformation and the equation of state.

UNIT-III

Thermodynamic potentials and equilibrium of thermodynamical systems; Relation with

thermodynamical variables Probability and Thermodynamic probability; Probability

distribution. Expressions for average properties; Constraints; Accessible and inaccessible

states; Distribution of particles with a given total energy into discrete set of energy states;

Microstates and macrostates

UNIT-IV

Boltzmann Entropy relation; Statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics;

Boltzmann Canonical distribution law; Partition function, Partition function of an ideal

monoatomic gas; The rigorous form of Equipartition of energy; Maxwell-Boltzmann;

Fermi- Dirac and Bose-Einstein Statistics (Derivation of distribution laws in each case).

Maxwell’s velocity distribution, distribution of speeds; Mean values.

Text Book:

S. C. Garg, R. M. Bansal and C. K. Ghosh, “Thermal Physics” Tata McGraw Hills.

References: 1. F.Reif: “Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics”

2. Berkeley Physics Course Vol 5 “Statistical Physics”