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How a Particle Accelerator Works
Speed up particle with E/M field Smash particles into target or other
particles Record collisions with detectors Able to identify product particles
Physics of a Particle Accelerator
Beam production Bunching Electron guns Beam focusing Colliding and Detecting
Bunching
Bring the Particles in phase.
As spread out beam gives fewer collisions than a narrowly focused one, e- & e+ bunches are sent into
damping rings (e- to north, e+ to south).
Beam Focusing
As spread out beam gives fewer collisions than a narrowly focused one, e- & e+ beams have to be focused.
This is done by bent magnets.
Two Types
L inear C ircu lar
Acce lera tor
•Linear Path
•Travel once
•Circular Path
•Travel several times
Methods of Acceleration in Linear Accelerator
•Basic idea
•Synchronization
•Length of the tube
•Shielding
LINAC cont’d
Klystron: Microwave generator
1. Electron gun produces a flow of electrons. 2. Bunching cavities regulate speed of electrons so that bunches arrive at the output cavity. 3. Bunches of electrons excite microwaves in output cavity of the klystron.4. Microwaves flow into the waveguide , which transports them to the accelerator. 5. Electrons are absorbed in beam stop.
Overall Operation of LINAC
Electrons are Accelerated in a Copper Structure
Bunches of electrons are accelerated in the copper structure of the linac in much the same way as a surfer is pushed along by a wave.
Changing Electric and Magnetic Fields:
E/M waves that push the electrons in the linac are created by higher energy versions of the microwaves used in the microwave ovens in our
kitchens.
The microwaves from the klystrons in the Klystron Gallery are fed into the accelerator via waveguides.
This creates a pattern of E&B fields, which form an E/M wave traveling down the accelerator.
Klystron Operation
The 2-mile SLAC linear accelerator (linac) is made from over 80,000 copper discs and cylinders brazed together.
LINAC Structure
Microwaves set up currents that cause E pointing along accelerator
and B in a circle around interior of accelerator.
Want e- and e+ to arrive in each cavity at right time to get max. push from E.
e+ needs to arrive when field polarity is opposite.
Methods of Acceleration in Circular Accelerator
Cyclotron
•The Ds
•Electric field across the gap
•Circular orbit
•Increasing radius
Cyclotron
The maximum speed a proton could have
in a dee of radius R and strength B is given
by (ignoring relativistic effects.)
vm = BeR / mp
Synchrotron (synchro-cyclotron)
Methods of Acceleration in Circular Accelerator
• Electromagnetic resonant cavity
• Magnetic field for circular
orbit
• Field synchronization with increasing particle energy
• Synchrotron radiation
• Storage ring
Synchrotron
The radius of curvature of the path of particles of momentum p and charge q in a synchrotron is given by the formula
R = p / q B where B is the field strength.
If a synchrotron of radius R has 4 straight sections of length L each and period of the radio frequency oscillator corresponds to the time of one revolution then
(a) The speed of the particles is v = ( 2pR + 4L ) f
Synchrotron
(b) By considering the relativistic momentum of particles of mass M, the magnetic field strength of the synchrotron is given by
where f is the frequency.
Storage Rings
Similar to a synchrotron, but designed to keep particles circulating at const. energy not increase energy further
SPEAR : 3 GeV
PEP I : 9 GeV
PEP II : e- 9 GeV e+ 3.1 GeV