1a : Energy : Heat, Temperature & Staterate of cooling

ther

mog

ram

Joules (J)temperature absolute scale

energy = mass × specific heat capacity × temp change

matter energyforce direction distance time

particles kinetic energy

heat

tiny building blocks

arbitrary scale

Celsius (°C) movement form

total KE of particles

average

heat per p

article

energy supplied

tem

pera

ture

latent heatbreaks bonds

‘normal’ heat

raises temperature

energy flow

Ener

gy =

mas

s × sp

ecifi

c la

tent

hea

t

3J3J 3J

3J 3J

High Low

12J

same temp & mass

cooling graph

vs

loss

vs

more heat higher temp

1b : Energy : Heat Transfer & Insulationmetal free air water wood trapped air vacuum

conduction

convection

radiation

heat = volume = density = buoyancy mass per vol

mass mass

convectionmass

volumedensity =

mass

volumedensity =

L × B × H

matter energyforce direction distance time

1b : Energy : Heat Transfer & Insulation cont’d

5 years

tota

l cos

t

insulated £50/yr

not insu

lated £250/yr

Efficiency = Useful ÷ Total InputEff = (15+25) ÷ 100 = 0.40 = 40%

light 25Jsound 15J

heat 60J

Sankey Diagraminput : chemical

carpets

double glazing

cavity insulation

loft insulation

convection

radiation

conduction

payb

ack

time in

sula

tion

£100

0

Saving per year : 250 – 50 = £200Payback time : £1000 ÷ £200/yr = 5 yr

££££ £

money

insulator

heatconductor

poor transfer of heat

good transfer of heat saves

costs

cannot be created or destroyed

elec

tric

al 1

00J

matter energyforce direction distance time

1c : Waves : Features, Uses

waves

crestwavelength

frequencywaves per second

higher

amplitude

cres

t to

cres

t RADIO MICROWAVES INFRARED ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY VISIBLE GAMMA

trough

lower

cres

t to

undi

stur

bed

posi

tion

Communication

cooking

medical imaging

treatment

FM/DAB RadioTV, wireless

mobile satellite remote

imaging tanning

DANGER of Cancer

laser

optical fibre

matter energyforce direction distance time

1c : Waves : Behaviours

changelimiting effects

receiver size gapboundary

surface

diffraction

reflection refraction

waves

speed = frequency × wavelengthm/s waves/s m

5e : Sat. Comm.5f: Interferencematter energyforce direction distance time

1d : Waves : Total Internal Reflection

morse code : •

electromagnetic waves total internalreflection

refraction

critical angle

lightinfrared

J 741001010

optical fibre

J741001010digital signal T.I.R.

microwaves change at

norm

al

boundary

matter energyforce direction distance time 5g: Dispersion

1d : Waves : Lasers

electromagnetic waves

light

laser light

uses

surgery

weapons

cuttingCD player

pits

white

monochormatic

monochromatic in phase

coherent intense, precise

matter energyforce direction distance time

1e : Waves : Microwave Uses

infrared

microwaves

blocking

transmission

cooking

emission

reflection

absorption

OH

H

foodeffect of

uses

good emitterpoor emitter

shiny dark

mobile phone

15 min use0 min use

electromagnetic waves

visible

infrared

matter energyforce direction distance time

1f : Waves : Infrared & Light Uses= 0,1

matter energyforce direction distance time

remote control multiplexing

electromagnetic waves

lightinfrared

radio

thermal imaging cameras

1g : Waves : Radio & Microwave Uses

ionosphere

satellites

radio 1

DAB broadcasts

radio

palm FM

5e: Sat. Comms.

30 MHz 30 GHz

microwave

s

matter energyforce direction distance time

reflected

absorbed

transmitted

electromagnetic waves

1h : Waves : Ultraviolet Dangers & Earthquakes

matter energyforce direction distance time

Primary Waves Secondary Waves

ozone layer

sunscreen (SPF 30)

darker skin

depleted ozone layer

no sunscreen

light skin

electromagnetic waves waves

ultra

violet

sun

seismic waves

seismograph seismometer

evidence

stron

g

supp

ortiv

e

sugg

estiv

e

hypothetical

coherent

convincing

acceptedth

eory

anec

dota

l

over

whelm

ing

speculative

none

none

• Higgs Field

• Pesticide effect on Bees

• Unicorns

circu

msta

ntial

• Dark Energy

0%

“To find the truth we need imagination and scepticism both” Carl Sagan

• Gravity waves

• Alien Life

100%• Global warming

Heliocentric •

• Strings

• Homeopathy

• Alien visitation

• Effect of Red Wine

Scientific Scaleph

ysic

sph

ysic

s

biol

ogy

chem

istry

quarks

universe

galaxy

solar system

planet

ecosystem

organism

cells

molecule

sub-atomic

atom

parti

cles