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H ?

H , ,

?

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C C

EM ,

,

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C C

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D LED (), CFL () I

() (). N

.

http://www.except.nl/en/#.en.articles.92-led-artificial-light-guide

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M EM

http://www.except.nl/en/#.en.articles.92-led-artificial-light-guide

3 %

44 % L

53% I

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M EM

D ?

F

3 %

44 % L

53% I

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-

y558aoplZSc/UQ8LVLlR4XI/AAAAAAAAAEs/o_yeSgT9oEs/s320/IMG_3388.JPG

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M EM

D ?

F

3 %

44 % L

53% I

http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sb/Aug-

2004/colored_materials.jpg

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)TT(

L

LLinitialfinal

initial

initialfinal=

M .

coefficient ofthermal expansion (1/K or 1/C)

Tinit

TfinalLfinal

Linit

I

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?

I DEEND ON HE CAL CE

+ .

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A

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?

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E

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_joint

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H M (2009)

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/4360255/Heatwave-in-

Melbourne-plays-havoc-with-the-Australian-Open.html

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http://www.hydroone.com/OurCommitment/Environment/Pages/Vegetation.aspx

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D ?

N , , 4C

Source: Conceptual Physics (9th edition) by Paul Hewitt

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http://biology200.gsu.edu/houghton/2107%20%2713/lecture15.html

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Source: Conceptual Physics (9th edition) by Paul Hewitt

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C C A

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Polypropylene 145-180

Polyethylene 106-198Polystyrene 90-150Teflon 126-216

Polymersat room Temp.

Ceramics

Magnesia (MgO) 13.5Alumina (Al2O3) 7.6Soda-lime glass 9Silica (cryst. SiO2) 0.4

MetalsAluminum 23.6Steel 12Tungsten 4.5Gold 14.2

(10-6/K)Material

Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister 7e.

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.

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.

heat capacity(J/mol-C)

energy input (J/mol)

temperature change (K)dT

dQC =

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A

A

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http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk/ukhome/product_nutrition.dessertstreats.108.apple-pie.html

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H ?

()

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H ?

& .

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https://www.brisbanehotairballooning.com.au/faqs/exam-help/140-sea-land-breezes.html

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https://www.brisbanehotairballooning.com.au/faqs/exam-help/140-sea-land-breezes.html

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incr

easing

cp

Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister 7e.

PolymersPolypropylenePolyethylenePolystyreneTeflon

cp(J/kg-K)

at room T

CeramicsMagnesia (MgO)Alumina (Al2O3)

Glass

MetalsAluminumSteelTungstenGold

1925185011701050

900486138128

material

940775

840

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.

M

, .

,

.

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dxdTkq =

D: .:

temperature

gradient

thermal conductivity (J/m-K-s)

heat flux(J/m2-s)

T2 > T1T1

x1 x2heat flux

Fouriers Law

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Hot end Cold end

heat

Molecules at the hot end of a rod vibrate faster and faster as thetemperature increases. When these molecules collide with their lessenergetic neighbors, some kinetic energy is transferred to them. Throughsuch molecular collisions, energy travels down the rod.

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H , !

,

( )

, ,

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H ?

http://flyinstyledaily.blogspot.com/2011/06/animo-la-salle-100-years-of-la-sallian.html

!

,

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C !

?

http://www.swanshurst.org/documents/none/22199__2._heat_loss_and_insulation_v2.0.ppt

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMD_heatsink_and_fan.jpg

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increasing

k

Polymers

Polypropylene 0.12Polyethylene 0.46-0.50Polystyrene 0.13Teflon 0.25

By vibration/rotation of chainmolecules

CeramicsMagnesia (MgO) 38Alumina (Al2O3) 39Soda-lime glass 1.7Silica (cryst. SiO2) 1.4

By vibration ofatoms

MetalsAluminum 247

Steel 52Tungsten 178Gold 315

By vibration of

atoms andmotion ofelectrons

k (W/m-K) Energy TransferMaterial

Selected values from Table 19.1,Callister 7e

.

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Space Shuttle Orbiter

Silica tiles (400-1260C):--large scale application --microstructure:

Fig. 19.2W, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.2W adapted from L.J.Korb, C.A. Morant, R.M. Calland, and C.S. Thatcher, "TheShuttle Orbiter Thermal Protection System", CeramicBulletin

, No. 11, Nov. 1981, p. 1189.)

Fig. 19.3W, Callister 5e. (Fig. 19.3W courtesy theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration.)

Fig. 19.4W, Callister 5e. (Fig. 219.4W courtesyLockheed Aerospace CeramicsSystems, Sunnyvale, CA.)

reinf C-C(1650C)

Re-entry TDistribution

silica tiles(400-1260C)

nylon felt, silicon rubbercoating (400C)

~90% porosity!Si fibers

bonded to oneanother duringheat treatment.

100m

Chapter-opening photograph, Chapter 23, Callister 5e(courtesy of the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration.)

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C, J. (2005) M E: A

I (7E.), J , I.

A, D . , ., (2006)

E M ,

://....//201/FCN/19+

.

F

. M N

(2009) L 3 . N

(2013)

. D (2008)

://..///.

://...//C/ME%204001/%20.

F CIMA 3 A 20142015

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