Physico-Chemical Properties of Oil Extracted From Custard Apple (Annona Squamosha Seeds

8/3/2019 Physico-Chemical Properties of Oil Extracted From Custard Apple (Annona Squamosha Seeds

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Physico-Chemical Properties of Oil Extracted

from Custard Apple (Annona Squamosha)

Seeds

Document by:Bharadwaj

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Abstract

In this study n-hexane, Acetone, Methanol and Benzene were used as solvent to extract the

custard apple seeds oil in a batch extraction process. Physico- chemical properties and chemical

composition of the oil were determined by standard methods. It was remarkable that no highdifferences were observed in all physico-chemical properties in the four oil sample obtained by

extraction using different solvent. The oil was characterized by non-edible, high Oleic Acid

(48.68 wt %) and Linoleic Acid (24.69 wt%) as well as pleasant odor and having toxic principle.This oil contains bioactive annonaceous acetogenin Tetrahydrofuranoid fatty acid lactone

(THFFAL) that can be used as bio-pesticide against a number of common pests. Therefore the

present study recommended using this oil as eco-friendly bio-pesticide an alternative to the

synthetic pesticide.

Key words: Custard apple seeds, solvent, extraction, oil, physico-chemical properties,

composition and bioactive acetogenins.

*Corresponding author
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Introduction: Custard apple 1,2 (Annona Squamosha) is one of the finest fruits introducedin India from tropical America. It is also found in wild form in many parts of India. It is

cultivated in Andhrapradeh, Maharastra, Karnataka, Bihar, Orissa and Tamilnadu.It is a medium

sized tree, up to 4m high. It grows 3,4 well even in fertile, marginal, poor and rocky soil. It

prefers a warm and dry climate and also dislikes water logging.It is reported that the pulp of the

fruits apart from direct consumption is used in preparation of drink, 5-7 ice cream andfermentation for liquor preparation.

The seeds are so hard that they may be swallowed whole with no ill effects but the kernel is very

toxic

8-10 . The seeds, leaves and young fruits are insecticidal. The leaf juice kills lice. The barkcontains 0.12 wt% anonaine that can cause paralysis. Sap from cut branches is acrid and irritant

and can cause severely injure to the eyes. According to an estimate 11 made by Indian Councilof Agricultural Research (ICAR) custard apple trees are grown in about 40,000 hectares and can

yield about 4 lakh tonnes seeds. This in turn can yields 1.12 lakh tonnes fatty oil. Skdar D.C. et

al 12 studied the transesterification of custard apple seeds oil. They have reported the variousphysico-chemical properties of custard apple seeds oil as well as methyl ester of custard appleseeds oil.

Previous work done by the authors 13 , has concentrated on custard apple seeds oil recoveryusing n-hexane as solvent. The effect of different parameters such as time, temperature, particle

size, mixing speed and solvent to solid ratio were investigated. They have reported custard apple

seeds kernel contains maximum of 40 wt% oil. They have also reported the various physico-

chemical properties of the oil. The objective of this work is to investigate the physico-chemicalproperties and chemical composition of different oil sample extracted using different solvent.

The further objective of this work is to investigate the bioactive component 14 present in the

oil which is responsible to act as bio-pesticide.

Experimental:

Materials and Chemical: Custard apple seeds were collected from the farm land of AcharyaRanga Agricultural University, Hyderabad. Chemicals n-hexane, Acetone, Methanol andBenzene were provided by s.d. fine chemical Ltd. Mumbai, India. All the chemicals were over

99% pure and analytical grades. They were used as received without further purification.

Experimental Setup: The experimental apparatus used to carry out oil extraction fromcustard apple seeds consists of a cell that contains the two necked flat bottom flask, seed kernel

solvent mixture, thermometer pocket, thermometer, vertical condenser and magnetic stirrer cum

heater. The complete experimental set-up is shown in Fig.1.

Experimental Procedure: The required amounts of custard seeds kernel of particle size0.462 mm was placed in the apparatus to perform the oil extraction at operating temperature

650C by regulating the power supply through magnetic stirrer cum heater. A fixed quantity of

solvent in the ratio of 15ml/g is added to the kernel. The magnetic stirrer was turned on at 1200


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RPM and solvent kernel mixture was stirred vigorously. The extraction process was carried on

for 4 hours with continuous stirring. The sample was then filtered to separate out the kernelresidue. For each samples custard seeds oil was separated from the solvent by vacuum

distillation. The operating parameters solvent were changed one at a time keeping the other

parameters constant in the following order n-hexane, Acetone, Methanol and Benzene. Various

physico-chemical properties, composition and bioactive acetogenin of the oil were determined.

Results & Discussions:

Physical Properties of Custard Apple Seeds Oil: Physical properties of oil extractedfrom custard apple seeds using different solvents n-hexane, Acetone, Methanol and Benzene

were determined by standards methods. The analytical results are shown in Table1. The results

show that the physical properties of the custard apple seeds oil extracted using n-hexane as

solvent is comparable to the oil extracted using Acetone, Methanol and Benzene as solvent.However, there is a little difference in the properties of pour point and slightly higher difference

in case of kinematics viscosity and flash point.

Chemical Properties of Custard Apple Seeds Oil: Quality of oil expressed in terms ofchemical properties such as Acid value, Iodine value, Calorific value, Saopnification value and

un Saponifiable matter. These properties of crude custard apple seeds oil extracted using

different solvent (without further treatment) were determined as per Bureau of Indian Standard.The analytical results are shown in Table2. It is seen from the table that the chemical properties

of oil extracted using n-hexane is comparable with the properties of oil extracted using other

solvent.

Composition of Custard Apple Seeds Oil: The fatty acid composition of custard appleseeds oil were analyzed by Gas Chromatogram (GC). The different peaks on the Chromatogram

correspond to different component of the oil sample and the area under the peaks indicates thepercentage composition of the fatty acids. The calculated fattyacids composition of oil extracted

using different solvents n-hexane, Acetone, Methanol and Benzene are given in Table3. This

table shows that the major fatty acids in custard seeds oil are Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, Palmiticacid, Stearic acid and Linolenic acid. In addition to these acids traces of Lauric acid, Caprillic

acid, Caproic acid, Myristic acid and Capric acid are also present.

Bioactive Acetogenins: The Bioactive Acetogenin present in custard apple seeds oil wasanalyzed by standard method. It was found that amount of BAA present in the oil varies from

0.02 to 0.08 (wt %). The BAA consists of C 35 or C 37 is presumably derived from C 32 or C 34

fatty acids combined with two propanol units. They are further characterized by a central poly

oxygenated core comprising one, two or three Tetrahydrofuran rings along with a number offlaking hydroxyl groups.

Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the custard apple seeds oil can beextracted using any suitable solvent. The physico-chemical properties and composition of the oilextracted using


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different solvents are comparable. This oil is non-edible and it contains 0.02 to 0.08 wt%

bioactive acetogenin (BAA). Therefore the present study recommended to use this oil as eco-friendly bio-pesticide an alternative to the highly dangerous synthetic pesticide.

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to express their gratitude to Karnataka State

Council of Science and Technology, Bangalore, India for providing financial support. Theauthors would also like to thanks to Dr.Hemachandra Sagar, Chairman and Dr.Premachandra

Sagar, vice-Chairman of Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore for providing

moral encouragement during the course of investigation.

References:

1. Bose T.K. and Mitra S.K., Fruits Tropical and Subtropical, Custard Apples, Bidhan Chandra

Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, (1990).

2. Sadhu M.K. and Gosh S.K.,Indian Agriculture, 20, (1976), 297.

3.Paramanik D.K. and Bose T.K., South Indian Horticulture, 22, (1974), 117.

4. Choudhary A.S., Singh G.N. and Singh A.R.,Indian J. Agric. Res., 19, (1985), 90.

5. Gazit S., Galon J. and Podoler H.,J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 107, (1982), 849.

6. Ranjit S., and Chowdhury B., Fruits and vegetable, National Book Trust, New Delhi, India,

(1969).

7. Dhua R.S., Mitra S.K. and Sen S.K., Proc. Nat. Sem. On Plant Propagation, Bidhan ChandraKrishi Viswvidyalaya, Kalyani, (1982), 54.

8. Edwin L.H., Fruits in the Home Garden, Custard Apple. Department of Primary Industries,

Queensland, (1994).

9. Sikdar D.C. and Rao Y.J., Better Yield with Less Spray of Bio-pesticide, Agro-Bios News

Letter, Vol.3, (2005), 15.

10. Sikdar D.C., CASK an Effective Bio-pesticide,J. Indian Chemical Engineers, Vol.47/No.1,

(2005), 62.

11. Sham S., Krishnamurthy S. and Katyal S.L., Fruits in India, The Custard Apple and Allied

Fruits, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, (1963)


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12. Sikdar D.C., Lahiri B.L., Ranjini R., Renu D.K., Zaveri and Rao Y.J., Studies on

Tranesterification of Custard Apple (Annona Squamosha) Seeds Oil, The Chemical Engineering

World, (in Press), (2007).

13. Sikdar D.C. and Rao Y.J., Extraction of Eco-friendly Bio-pesticide from Custard Apple

Seeds and its Evaluation on Pests, Proceeding of International Conference on ResourceUtilization and Intelligent System, Kongu, Erode,Vol.I, (2006), 344.

14. Romano V.A.O., Bas G., Jeroen V.H., Mark H., Claudia W., Robert F.S., Sandra F.M. and

Kurt F.,Biomimetic Approach to the Stereo selective Synthesis of Acetogenin, Pure Appl. Chem .

Vol.75, No.2-3, (2003), 259.

Table1.Physical Properties of Custard Seeds Oil

Physical Properties

Custard Seeds Oil

Extracted

Using n-hexane

As Solvent

Extracted

Using Acetone

As Solvent

Extracted

Using Methanol

As Solvent

Extracted

Using Benzene

As Solvent

Density 908.8 908.8 908.9 908.9


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@ 250C (kg/m

3)

Viscosity

@ 25 0C (CP)

36.5 36.4 37.1 36.8

Kinematics Viscosity

@250C (C St)

40.50 41.0 42.4 42.10

Water Content

(Vol. %)

0.006 0.008 0.019 0.013

Flash Point (0 C) 316 317 317 318

Pour point (0 C) -10 -10 -9 -9

Energy Content

(MJ/Kg)

39.06 38.86 39.32 39.41

Carbon Residue

(wt %)

4.02 4.16 4.08 4.22

Ash (wt %) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Odor Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant Pleasant

Color Brown Brown Dark Brown Dark Brown

Table2.Chemical Properties of Custard Seeds Oil

Chemical

Properties

Custard Seeds Oil

Extracted

Using n-hexane

As Solvent

Extracted

Using Acetone

As Solvent

Extracted

Using Methanol

As Solvent

Extracted

Using Benzene

As Solvent


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Acid Value

(mg KOH/g)

0.326 0.322 0.324 0.324

Iodine Value 138 137 137 137

Calorific Value

(MJ/Kg)

39.06 38.92 38.96 38.86

Saponification

Value

195 195 195 195

Un Saponifiable

Matter (wt%)

1.62 1.64 1.62 1.63

Table3.Composition of Custard seeds oil

Fatty Acids

Weight Percentage

Oil extracted

Using n-hexane

As Solvent

Oil extracted

Using Acetone

As Solvent

Oil extracted

Using Methanol

As Solvent

Oil extracted

Using Benzene

As Solvent

Caproic Acid 00.0354 00.0691 00.0274 00.0970

Caprillic Acid 00.0539 00.0358 00.0258 Nil

Capric acid 00.0271 00.0672 00.0864 Nil

Lauric acid 00.2533 00.3276 00.2295 00.2925

Myristic Acid 00.0327 00.0202 00.0277 Nil

Palmitic acid 16.2472 15.7856 15.8603 15.6638

Stearic Acid 10.3061 10.0081 12.5703 12.2050

Oleic Acid 47.9040 48.0541 48.0786 48.6876

Linoleic Acid 24.3140 24.6902 22.7639 22.9636Linolenic Acid 00.8263 00.9421 00.3301 00.0905

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Physico-Chemical Properties of Oil Extracted From Custard Apple (Annona Squamosha Seeds