Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake ...Mohammad Faisal Khan College of Science & Theoretical Studies Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, KSA. ABSTRACT Lake Water

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper

Lake Water in Bhopal Region of Madhya Pradesh,

India

Mohammad Faisal Khan

College of Science & Theoretical Studies Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, KSA.

ABSTRACT

Lake Water samples were collected from fifteen (15) locations during pre and

post monsoon season. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total

Alkalinity, Carbonate Alkalinity, Bi-Carbonate Alkalinity, Total Hardness,

Ca Hardness, Mg Hardness, Ca Content, Mg Content, Chloride, Phosphate,

Total Phosphoras, Organic Phosphoras, Nitrate, Biological Oxigen Demand

and Chemical Oxigen Demand were analyzed to know the present status of

the lakewater quality. After statistical analysis it was cleared that the positive

co-relationship occurred between the attributes and attributes are independent

to each other and these varied according to locations.

Key words: upper lake, physico-chemical parameters, India.

2010 MSC NO: 62J10, 62H86, 62P12.

INTRODUCTION:

Upper lake is an east westerly elongated typical tropical lake, was built by king Bhoj

of Dhar (1,000-1,055) by constructing a massive earthen structures

across Kolans River. The lake has catchment area of 361 km2 with a water

submergence length of 12 km and maximum width of 1.75 km at Full Tank Level.

Available records reveal that the lake area was approximately 2 km2 in the beginning.

In 1963 the water spread area of the lake increased form 13.8 km2 to maximum of

36.1 km2 by constructing 11 radial gates at Bhadbhada waste weir.

International Journal of Lakes and Rivers.

ISSN 0973-4570 Volume 13, Number 1 (2020), pp. 1-16

© Research India Publications

http://www.ripublication.com

Catchment area of the lake falls into geographically separated two different

administrative units (districts). 84 villages in the catchment support population of

approximately 0.3 million. 80% of the catchment is rural which has agriculture as

predominant land use covering roughly 251 km2 of the catchment. The excess water

from this lake overflows into another lake called Kaliasot through the waste weir

constructed in the west end of the lake. This water finds its way into Yamuna River

through Betwa River. Bhopal Municipal Corporation is the principal custodian of this

lake. On the lake embankment is a garden and the road laid on it that connects the old

city with the new which shows fast urban development. Recently two new roads have

been built, one across the lake and the other running along its east shoreline.

Deccan trap basalt and Vindhyan sand stones are the principal rock formation of

Bhopal district. These traps have low porosity and permeability and therefore not

favourable for ground water storage. Weathering of the basalt rocks has given rise to

black cotton soil in the region.

The lake is primarily used for drinking water supply to the city. Other uses include

tourism, navigation fisheries and entertainment. Most of these are in harmony with the

sustenance of lake ecology. For large number of fishermen families it is a source of

livelihood.

In the past, the major threats to this lake have been the untreated sewage waste water

entering the lake from its urban catchment and the non point sources of waste water

and solid waste emanating from human activities in its fringe area. Apart from this,

what still exists, is the siltation of this lake due to the soil eroded from its

predominantly agriculture catchment which is drained by surface runoff carrying soil

and agrochemicals. The lake ecosystem was infested by macrophytic growth in its

littoral area and floating weeds spreading over the lake. Water quality also

deteriorated due to these threats. A major lake conservation and management project

was undertaken by the state government with support from the then Overseas

Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) Japan. Successful implementation and still

continuing efforts by the state has significantly improved its ecological status as

reflected in its improved water quality, biological diversity, fish productivity and

overall ecohydrology Wld (2019, November).

Correlation Matrix:

The correlation matrix of n random variables X1, ..., Xn is the n . n matrix whose i,j entry is corr(Xi, Xj). If the measures of correlation used are product-moment

coefficients, the correlation matrix is the same as the covariance matrix of the

2 Mohammad Faisal Khan

standardized random variables Xi / σ (Xi) for i = 1, ..., n. This applies to both the

matrix of population correlations (in which case "σ" is the population standard

deviation), and to the matrix of sample correlations (in which case "σ" denotes the

sample standard deviation). Consequently, each is necessarily a positive-semidefinite

matrix.

Analysis of Variance [9, p.256-258]

Analysis of variance (abbreviated as ANOVA) is an extremely useful technique

concerning researches in the fields of economics, biology, education, psychology,

sociology, and business/industry and in researches of several other disciplines. This

technique is used when multiple sample cases are involved. As stated earlier, the

significance of the difference between the means of two samples can be judged

through either z-test or the t-test, but the difficulty arises when we happen to examine

the significance of the difference amongst more than two sample means at the same

time. The ANOVA technique enables us to perform this simultaneous test and as such

is considered to be an important tool of analysis in the hands of a researcher. Using

this technique, one can draw inferences about whether the samples have been drawn

from populations having the same mean.

The ANOVA technique is important in the context of all those situations where we

want to compare more than two populations such as in comparing the yield of crop

from several varieties of seeds, the gasoline mileage of four automobiles, the smoking

habits of five groups of university students and so on. In such circumstances one

generally does not want to consider all possible combinations of two populations at a

time for that would require a great number of tests before we would be able to arrive

at a decision. This would also consume lot of time and money, and even then certain

relationships may be left unidentified (particularly the interaction effects). Therefore,

one quite often utilizes the ANOVA technique and through it investigates the

differences among the means of all the populations simultaneously.

In short, we have to make two estimates of population variance viz., one based on

between samples variance and the other based on within samples variance. Then the

said two estimates of population variance are compared with F-test, wherein we work

out.

F Estimate of population variance based on between samples variance/Estimate of

population variance based on within samples variance.

This value of F is to be compared to the F-limit for given degrees of freedom. If the

F value we work out is equal or exceeds the F-limit value (to be seen from F tables),

we may say that there are significant differences between the sample means.

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake Water in Bhopal... 3

Location map of the Study area


SAMPLE COLLECTION:

The sampling locations consist of upper lake area. Lake water samples were collected

from fifteen (15) locations during pre and post monsoon season. Samples were

collected in plastic container to avoid unpredictable changes in characteristic as per

standard procedure (APHA, 1998).

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF UPPER LAKE WATER:

The collected samples were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters such

as Total alkalinity, Carbonet alkalinity, Bi-Carbonet alkalinity, Total hardness, Ca

hardness, Mg hardness, Ca content, Mg content, Chloride,Phosphate,Total

Phosphorus, Org. Phosphorus, Nitrate, BOD and COD as per the standard methods

(APHA, 1998).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The water quality analysis of different locations of Lake water samples have been

carried out for Total alkalinity, Carbonet alkalinity, Bi-Carbonet alkalinity, Total

hardness, Ca hardness, Mg hardness, Ca content, Mg content, Chloride,

Phosphate,Total Phosphorus, Org. Phosphorus, Nitrate, BOD and COD. The status of

water quality of these lake water sources is presented in table 1 and 2.

The BOD exceed 3 mg/l, it affects congulation and rapid sand-filtration processes

conventional water treatment plants, requiring expensive advanced water

treatment.COD contents are very high. High COD interferes with oxygen transfer to

the soil, resulting death of rice plants.

Total alkalinity value of lake water samples varied between 41.8mg/l to 89mg/l and

47mg/i to 90mg/l during pre and post monsoon season respectively. The Total

alkalinity value of Barkheda Salam area lake water was found to be 89mg/l and

90mg/l during pre and post monsoon season respectively. Chloride in all samples is

below the standard desirable limit. Total hardness in all the samples were found to be

within the limit. Values are slightly higher in post monsoon than pre monsoon season.

Magnesium was found to be within the limit. Nitrate concentrate were very less in all

area. Dissolved Phosphates are under the desirable limits.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

Correlation matrix was prepared within the studied parameters in pre and post

moonsoon and tabulated in Table 3 and Table 4 for determining the relationship

between the physico-chemical variables. Two way analysis of variance was applied

and tabulated in Table 5 and Table 6 to know the similarities or non similarities

between the sampling sites and sample variables. The statistical treatment of data was

done by using the Microsoft Excel software. All the attributes were positively co-


related. Two way analysis of variance showed that the physico-chemical attributes

were independent to each other and these were dependent on locations.

Table 1. Water Quality at different locations of Upper Lake in pre-moonsoon seasons

(Laboratory Analysis) Units mg/l

Name of Area Layer Total

Alkalinity

Carbonate

alkalinity

Bi-

Carbonatealkalinity

Total

Hardness Ca hardness

BAKANIYA Surface 50 7.9 43.7 75.9 51.4

KHORI Surface 48 9.8 37.0 82.1 51.5

MEERPUR Surface 45.8 15 31.0 83.0 46.0

KODIYA Surface 41.8 20.2 21.8 79.7 48.0

NEELBAD Surface 51.2 23.8 28.3 77.9 51.0

BORKHEDI Surface 55.8 17.9 37.8 71.8 51.9

KAJLAS Surface 62 21 40.0 77.0 59.0

JAMONIVACHHIR Surface 72 24 48.0 82.0 67.2

BARKHEDA NATHU Surface 71 13.0 57.0 85.0 68.3

BHAURI Surface 46 12.0 35.0 76.0 54.6

VAN VIHAR Surface 64 16.0 48.0 78.0 60.9

MUNGALIYA CHHAP Surface 78 14.0 78.0 95.0 75.6

BARKHEDA SALAM Surface 89 12.0 101.0 132.0 109.2

MANUABHAN TEKRI Surface 55 21.0 37.0 78.0 58.8

NANDNI Surface 61 24.0 36.0 81.0 54.6

Mg

hardness

Calcium

content

Magnesium

content

Chloride Phosphate Total Phosphorus Org.Phosphorus Nitrate BOD COD

24.6 20.9 6.3 16.97 0.836 1.362 0.524 0.592 5.9 39.9

29.7 21.8 7.4 15.00 0.716 1.472 0.766 0.812 5.2 36.2

36.8 19.7 9.1 14.00 0.274 1.790 1.622 1.862 6.2 44.2

32.7 20.5 6.9 14.96 0.607 1.648 1.064 0.643 6.6 33.0

26.7 20.7 6.5 15.00 0.494 1.650 1.156 0.674 4.9 29.1

19.9 22.2 5.0 13.00 0.238 1.648 1.396 0.468 4.9 36.4

18.1 25.9 4.3 15.00 0.464 1.890 1.429 0.478 4.6 24.2

15.8 28.3 3.7 15.96 1.220 1.658 0.444 0.522 4.4 28.4

16.8 29.2 4.2 18.04 0.246 1.144 0.896 0.574 4.3 43.9

21.8 23.0 4.9 15.05 0.735 1.642 1.000 0.092 4.0 32.4

17.3 26.0 4.3 13.00 0.714 1.904 1.179 0.880 3.7 28.2

32.6 31.8 8.0 15.00 1.270 3.456 2.324 1.641 4.0 32.2

42.7 44.9 10.3 34.95 2.948 4.046 0.898 0.312 4.5 70.2

19.3 25.1 5.0 14.00 0.314 1.558 1.248 0.472 4.2 36.2

25.6 22.7 6.3 15.00 0.186 1.562 1.382 0.772 4.1 28.3


Table 2. Water Quality at different locations of Upper Lake in post-moonsoon

seasons (Laboratory Analysis) Units mg/l

Name of Area Layer Total

Alkalinity

Carbonate

alkalinity Bi-Carbonatealkalinity

Total

Hardness

Ca

hardness

BAKANIYA Surface 53 20.1 33.8 100 73.5

KHORI Surface 52.2 16.2 36.2 90 63.0

MEERPUR Surface 50.1 24.4 26.2 92 60.9

KODIYA Surface 47.0 19.8 26.2 100 60.9

NEELBAD Surface 56 25.8 30.4 96 58.8

BORKHEDI Surface 51 22 28 100 63.0

KAJLAS Surface 62 24 36 94 52.5

JAMONIVACHHIR Surface 59 24 38.2 96 65.1

BARKHEDA NATHU Surface 62 27.9 36 88 54.6

BHAURI Surface 65 11 55.8 70 48.3

VAN VIHAR Surface 64.2 13.3 51.8 80 60.9

MUNGALIYA CHHAP Surface 67.8 14 65.3 106 73.5

BARKHEDA SALAM Surface 90 12 90 165 126.0

MANUABHAN TEKRI Surface 53.7 24 30 90 63.0

NANDNI Surface 57.8 18 40 84 65.1

Mg

hardness

Calcium

content

Magnesium

content Chloride Phosphate

Total

Phosphorus

Org.

Phosphorus Nitrate BOD COD

26.5 30.9 6.4 23.96 0.798 1.356 0.519 0.580 3.2 14.0

27.0 26.5 6.6 20.00 0.712 1.468 0.759 0.800 4.8 10.0

31.1 26.6 7.8 21.98 0.276 1.886 1.617 1.849 5.0 20.0

39.1 25.6 9.5 25.97 0.586 1.644 1.058 0.631 3.6 12.0

37.2 24.7 9.0 20.94 0.492 1.644 1.152 0.660 3.6 18.0

37.0 26.5 9.0 19.98 0.237 1.653 1.418 0.457 3.4 14.0

41.5 22.1 10.1 19.06 0.459 1.884 1.425 0.466 3.2 10.0

30.9 27.3 7.5 18.94 1.216 1.653 0.437 0.510 4.0 10.0

33.4 22.9 8.1 19.00 0.248 1.142 0.894 0.562 3.6 10.0

21.7 20.3 5.3 19.98 0.738 1.644 0.906 0.079 4.0 22.0

19.1 25.6 4.6 15.98 0.709 1.884 1.175 0.830 4.0 14.0

44.5 31.9 10.8 20.94 1.271 3.590 2.319 1.633 5.0 20.0

54.0 52.9 13.1 38.92 3.147 4.042 0.895 0.300 18.0 28.0

27.0 26.5 6.6 19.98 0.309 1.553 1.244 0.460 4.4 10.0

18.9 27.3 4.6 21.98 0.179 1.557 1.378 0.761 4.0 8.0


Fig 1: Graphical representation of data (PreMoonsoonData)

Fig 2: Graphical representation of data(PostMoonsoonData)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

TA CA BCA TH CaH MgH Ca Mg Chl Ph TP OP N BOD COD

NANDNI

MANUABHAN TEKRI

BARKHEDA SALAM

MUNGALIYA CHHAP

VAN VIHAR

BHAURI

BARKHEDA NATHU

JAMONIVACHHIR

KAJLAS

BORKHEDI

NEELBAD

KODIYA

MEERPUR

KHORI

BAKANIYA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

TA CA BCA TH CaH MgH Ca Mg Chl Ph TP OP N BOD COD

NANDNI

MANUABHAN TEKRI

BARKHEDA SALAM

MUNGALIYA CHHAP

VAN VIHAR

BHAURI

BARKHEDA NATHU

JAMONIVACHHIR

KAJLAS

BORKHEDI

NEELBAD

KODIYA

MEERPUR

KHORI

BAKANIYA


Tab

le 3

. P

ears

on

Corr

elati

on

Matr

ix f

or

pre

- m

on

soo

n

T

A

CA

B

CA

T

H

CaH

M

gH

Ca

Mg

Chl

P

h T

P

OP

N

B

OD

C

OD

TA

1

CA

-0

.016

0453

1

BC

A

0.90

5251

7 -0

.373

9948

1

TH

0.

7286

406

-0.2

7467

81

0.86

9544

6 1

CaH

0.

9046

326

-0.1

9795

09

0.95

2460

9 0.

9151

487

1

MgH

0.

0840

914

-0.3

0665

79

0.35

7596

3 0.

6730

776

0.33

8233

7 1

Ca

0.91

2897

8 -0

.186

9764

0.

9482

552

0.89

8913

6 0.

9968

854

0.30

5613

6 1

Mg

0.12

2673

5 -0

.351

645

0.39

9721

8 0.

6798

455

0.35

2831

0.

9851

379

0.31

8330

8 1

Chl

0.

6346

641

-0.3

0318

69

0.77

9109

3 0.

9280

089

0.86

6523

9 0.

5475

342

0.84

2675

3 0.

5480

842

1

Ph

0.66

9423

2 -0

.311

5018

0.

8284

732

0.89

1692

1 0.

8731

204

0.53

7428

5 0.

8496

413

0.52

6100

1 0.

8695

32

1

TP

0.

7019

727

-0.1

8879

7 0.

8398

944

0.86

0035

9 0.

8237

723

0.63

6125

7 0.

8155

34

0.63

9039

5 0.

6891

33

0.83

7150

2 1

OP

0.

1119

57

0.14

9544

6 0.

1075

048

0.02

6332

6 -0

.010

8274

0.

2480

265

0.01

3293

5 0.

2681

301

-0.2

5950

86

-0.1

7336

55

0.38

9370

9 1

N

-0.0

2485

54

-0.0

7787

55

0.01

8903

3 0.

0138

048

-0.1

6439

08

0.40

3373

4 -0

.158

7013

0.

4520

69

-0.2

8233

37

-0.1

5319

73

0.18

5438

4 0.

6342

27

1

BO

D

-0.5

8172

18

-0.1

4165

63

-0.4

1403

36

-0.1

3577

68

-0.4

2890

07

0.44

3010

1 -0

.446

0755

0.

3962

853

-0.0

6173

26

-0.1

3872

5 -0

.230

7159

-0

.169

939

0.24

0543

6 1

CO

D

0.41

3867

-0

.515

6491

0.

6540

989

0.81

378

0.67

3003

9 0.

6263

326

0.65

1726

4 0.

6578

089

0.86

1090

1 0.

6692

504

0.54

4184

5 -0

.178

6449

-0

.060

4702

0.

1557

295

1


Tab

le 4

. P

ears

on

Corr

elati

on

Matr

ix f

or

post

-moo

nso

on

T

A

CA

B

CA

T

H

CaH

M

gH

Ca

Mg

Chl

P

h T

P

OP

N

B

OD

C

OD

TA

1

CA

-0

.016

0453

1

BC

A

0.90

5251

7 -0

.373

9948

1

TH

0.

7286

406

-0.2

7467

81

0.86

9544

6 1

CaH

0.

9046

326

-0.1

9795

09

0.95

2460

9 0.

9151

487

1

MgH

0.

0840

914

-0.3

0665

79

0.35

7596

3 0.

6730

776

0.33

8233

7 1

Ca

0.91

2897

8 -0

.186

9764

0.

9482

552

0.89

8913

6 0.

9968

854

0.30

5613

6 1

Mg

0.12

2673

5 -0

.351

645

0.39

9721

8 0.

6798

455

0.35

2831

0.

9851

379

0.31

8330

8 1

Chl

0.

6346

641

-0.3

0318

69

0.77

9109

3 0.

9280

089

0.86

6523

9 0.

5475

342

0.84

2675

3 0.

5480

842

1

Ph

0.66

9423

2 -0

.311

5018

0.

8284

732

0.89

1692

1 0.

8731

204

0.53

7428

5 0.

8496

413

0.52

6100

1 0.

8695

32

1

TP

0.

7019

727

-0.1

8879

7 0.

8398

944

0.86

0035

9 0.

8237

723

0.63

6125

7 0.

8155

34

0.63

9039

5 0.

6891

33

0.83

7150

2 1

OP

0.

1119

57

0.14

9544

6 0.

1075

048

0.02

6332

6 -0

.010

8274

0.

2480

265

0.01

3293

5 0.

2681

301

-0.2

5950

86

-0.1

7336

55

0.38

9370

9 1

N

-0.0

2485

54

-0.0

7787

55

0.01

8903

3 0.

0138

048

-0.1

6439

08

0.40

3373

4 -0

.158

7013

0.

4520

69

-0.2

8233

37

-0.1

5319

73

0.18

5438

4 0.

6342

27

1

BO

D

-0.5

8172

18

-0.1

4165

63

-0.4

1403

36

-0.1

3577

68

-0.4

2890

07

0.44

3010

1 -0

.446

0755

0.

3962

853

-0.0

6173

26

-0.1

3872

5 -0

.230

7159

-0

.169

939

0.24

0543

6 1

CO

D

0.41

3867

-0

.515

6491

0.

6540

989

0.81

378

0.67

3003

9 0.

6263

326

0.65

1726

4 0.

6578

089

0.86

1090

1 0.

6692

504

0.54

4184

5 -0

.178

6449

-0

.060

4702

0.

1557

295

1

TA

: T

ota

l A

lkal

init

y,

CA

: C

arb

onat

e A

lkal

init

y,

BC

A:

Bi-

Car

bon

ate

Alk

alin

ity,

TH

: T

ota

l H

ard

nes

s,

CaH

: C

a H

ardn

ess,

M

gH

: M

g H

ardn

ess,

C

a: C

a C

on

tent,

M

g:

Mg C

on

tent,

C

hl:

Ch

lori

de,

P

h:

Ph

osp

hat

e,

TP

: T

ota

l P

hosp

hora

s, O

P:

Org

anic

Ph

osp

hora

s,

N:

Nit

rate

, B

OD

: B

iolo

gic

al O

xig

en D

eman

d, C

OD

: C

hem

ical

Oxig

en D

eman

d.


Ta

ble

5. A

nal

ysi

s th

e D

ata

usi

ng tw

o w

ay A

nova(P

rem

oon

soon

)

SU

MM

AR

Y

Co

un

t S

um

A

vera

ge

Var

ian

ce

BA

KA

NIY

A

15

346.

784

23.1

1893

333

561.

2309

788

KH

OR

I 15

34

7.46

6 23

.164

4 57

7.95

3866

4

ME

ER

PU

R

15

356.

348

23.7

5653

333

560.

4031

403

KO

DIY

A

15

330.

122

22.0

0813

333

494.

2416

076

NE

ELB

AD

15

33

9.07

4 22

.604

9333

3 51

9.83

1570

2

BO

RK

HE

DI

15

340.

35

22.6

9 53

0.42

5634

9

KA

JLA

S

15

355.

361

23.6

9073

333

623.

6432

309

JAM

ON

IVA

CH

HIR

15

39

3.60

4 26

.240

2666

7 79

4.65

2475

9

BA

RK

HE

DA

NA

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224


CONCLUSIONS

In general water quality of upper lake region is not harmful to human beings. Most of

parameters showed analogous trend in seasonal variation. The values are

comparatively high in post monsoon. It indicates that the extent of pollution occurred

due to mining, industrial discharge, domestic discharge and other anthropogenic.

There is postive co-relationship between the physico-chemical attributes. The

physico-chemical attributes are independent to each other and these vary according to

locations.

Conflicts of Interest: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest

regarding the publication of this article.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author is very thankful to Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, KSA, and Zip

Code: 11673 for valuable suggestion where at present the author is working.

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http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/ASI-205

Documents

Physico-Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Upper Lake ...Mohammad Faisal Khan College of Science & Theoretical Studies Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, KSA. ABSTRACT Lake Water