Physical Science EOCT Etowah High School. DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table Atoms – Protons (+) (nucleus) – Neutrons

Physical Science EOCTEtowah High School

DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table

•Atoms–Protons (+) (nucleus)–Neutrons (no charge) (nucleus)–Electrons (-) (electron cloud)

•Electron Cloud – energy levels (2n2) •Valence Electrons (outermost electrons) (max is 8)

FRONT 1


•Atomic Number - # of protons•Isotopes – same # protons, different # of NEUTRONS•Atomic Mass – average of the isotopes

BACK 1


CLICK HERE FOR THE ANSWER



•Chemical Bonds – valence electrons–Ionic (transfer of electrons) – metal & nonmetal, called a formula unit

FRONT 2


–Covalent (share electrons) – 2 nonmetals, called a molecule

BACK 2


•Radioactivity – 3 types1. Alpha – He atoms, stopped

by paper2. Beta – electrons, wooden

board stops them3. Gamma – more powerful

than xrays, stopped by concrete

FRONT 3


•Half-Life – time required for half the atoms to decay.

•Fission – process of splitting, nucleus splits in 2 (like fissure)

23592U + 1

0n → 9038Sr + 143

54Xe + 310n

•Fusion – collide and combine, 2 nuclei join

11H + 2

1H → 32He

BACK 3

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-nuclear-energy.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-nuclear-energy.html





•Periodic Table–Metals – shiny, conduct electricity–Nonmetal – don’t conduct electricity–Metalloid - semiconductors

FRONT 4


•Representative Elements – groups 1-2 and 13-18

•Group # = Valence Electrons

•Alkali Metals – Group 1

•Alkaline Earth Metals – Group 2

• Halogens – Group 17

• Noble Gases – Group 18

BACK 4


FRONT 5

• Plasmas – gases that are highly energized, ex. – solar flare


BACK 5

PV = nRTP = pressure, V = volume, n = # of moles, T = temperature

* This formula shows the relationship between the pressure, temperature and volume of gases

P ↓ V ↑ T ↑ V ↑ T ↑ P ↑

DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter

FRONT 6

•Matter – anything that has mass & volume•D = m VD = densitym = massV = volume


BACK 6


FRONT 7

•Binary Ionic Compounds – 2 ions chemically combined– Ex. Mg 2+ and N 3-

– Criss cross the charges down to make Mg3N2

– Name the cation first, anion second with

-ide* Magnesium nitride


BACK 7

•Binary Covalent Compounds – 2 elements sharing electrons– Ex. C and O– No charges to criss cross!– Name the cation first, anion second with -ide, but you also need to use PREFIXES!!!


FRONT 8

•Law of Conservation of Mass – mass is neither created nor destroyed•Reactants Products•Mass of the products = Mass of the reactants•This law is used to BALANCE chemical equations•___H2 + ___O2 ___H2O


FRONT 8

•Law of Conservation of Mass – mass is neither created nor destroyed•Reactants Products•Mass of the products = Mass of the reactants•This law is used to BALANCE chemical equations•_2_H2 + ___O2 _2_H2O


BACK 8

•Types of Reactions – – Synthesis: A + B AB– Decomposition: AB A + B– Single Replacement: A + BC AC + B– Double Replacement: AB + CD AD + CB


FRONT 9

•Solution - homogenous mixture made of a solute (one being dissolved) and a solvent (doing the dissolving)•Solubility – ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent


BACK 9

•Solubility Curves – shows how the amount of dissolved solute changes with temperature


FRONT 10

•Factors that affect rate of solubility:– Stirring– Inc. surface area – grind the solute into smaller particles– Inc. the temperature


BACK 10

•Conductivity – solution’s ability to conduct electricity•Strong electrolytes – high conductivity, dissolved ionic compounds, ex. – NaCl, HCl, AlCl3

•Weak electrolytes – low conductivity, weak acids or bases, ex. – NH3

•Nonelectrolytes – can’t carry electrical charges, covalent compounds





FRONT 11


BACK 11

•pH Scale – –7 is neutral–Below 7 ACIDIC–Above 7 BASIC•All compounds that give off H+ ions are acidic




DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion

FRONT 12

•Law of Conservation of Energy – energy cannot be created nor destroyed•Types of Energy – –Electrical–Thermal–Chemical–Mechanical•Kinetic (movement)•Potential (stored)


BACK 12

•The most common source of energy is coal.


FRONT 13

•Heat Transfer–Conduction – between materials that are in direct contact with each other–Convection – transfer of heat energy by the mass movement of fluids contained heated particles–Radiation – transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves


BACK 13

•Specific Heat Capacity – amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 kg by 1 C

•Q= mcΔTQ = heat energym = massc = specific heat ΔT = change in temp




FRONT 14

•Phase Diagram


BACK 14

•Force – a physical quantity that can change the motion of an object.–The unit is the Newton (N)–Balanced Forces – do NOT change the motion of an object–Unbalanced Forces – change the motion of an object


FRONT 15

•Speed – distance an object moves per unit of time•Velocity – speed PLUS its direction•Acceleration – has magnitude and direction


BACK 15

•Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion – –Newton’s 1st Law: object at rest/motion stays at rest/motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force (INERTIA)–Newton’s 2nd Law: F = ma–Newton’s 3rd Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction


FRONT 16

•Weight and Mass – •An object has mass no matter what•Weight changes depending on the influence of gravity•W = mg•g = 9.80 m/s2


BACK 16

•Types of Forces – –Frictional Forces – •Sliding friction•Rolling friction•Static friction (touch but do not move)





FRONT 17

•Work – transfer of energy when an applied force moves an object over a distance•W = fd

W = workf = forced = distance


BACK 17

•Work can be made easier by using Simple Machines•Mechanical Advantage – the # of times a machine multiplies the effort force


•Example –

•If a 15N force is applied to the handle of a screwdriver to lift with a resistance of 150N, then what is the mechanical advantage of the screwdriver?

10 ANSWER


•Example –

•If a 15N force is applied to the handle of a screwdriver to lift with a resistance of 150N, then what is the mechanical advantage of the screwdriver?

10

DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism

FRONT 18

•Waves – disturbances that repeat the same cycle of motion and transfer energy

•Mechanical Waves – water waves, sound waves

•Electromagnetic Waves – light


BACK 18

•Differences between the 2:–Sound waves need a medium–Sound travels through everything, light is absorbed by opaque materials–Sound travels SLOW, light travels FAST•Sound Waves travel by vibrating from particle to particle

•They travel faster through solids and liquids than they do through gases…why?


FRONT 19

•Waves undergo 4 interactions:

•Reflection – bounces off the object

•Refraction – bends, passes from one medium to another

•Diffraction – passes thru a hole and spreads out behind the hole

•Interference – 2 waves arrive at the same point/same time, combine to produce one wave

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=wlpCPDj_L_-WZM&tbnid=GyvO3Ta3is1ojM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmyphysicswebschool.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F07%2Freflection-of-light.html&ei=EIlrU6vgEOKi8AGJjoCwDw&bvm=bv.66330100,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNEOdCutO-vAK-QB2pMDZn9I7UKCeA&ust=1399642757994273







BACK 19

•Doppler Effect - when a sound source moves towards a listener the pitch inc., when it moves away the pitch dec.

•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn35SB1_NYI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn35SB1_NYI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn35SB1_NYI



FRONT 20

•Electricity – energy associated with electrons as they move

•Like charges REPEL, opposite charges ATTRACT

•Static Electricity – buildup of electric charges, caused by:–Friction – rubbing two objects together–Conduction – electrons flow thru direct contact–Induction – electrons are rearranged, no contact is necessary








BACK 20

•Electric Current (I) - movement of charged particles, measured in Amperes (A)•Voltage (V) – potential difference in electrical potential energy, measure in volts (V)•Resistance (R) – opposition to current, measured in ohms (Ω)•Ohm’s Law – V = IR



FRONT 21

•Circuit – complete, closed path for electron flow•DC – direct current, current flowing in the same

direction•AC – alternating current, current moving back

and forth in cycles


BACK 21

•Series – one path, Xmas lights

•Parallel – multiple paths, used in homes


FRONT 22

•Magnetic Field – region around a magnet or current carrying wires where magnetic forces can be measured•Magnets have a north pole and south pole•Like poles REPEL, opposite poles ATTRACT


BACK 22

•Electromagnet – an electric current is used to produce a magnetic field in a coil of wire•A rotating electromagnet is used in electric motors, converts electrical energy to mechanical energy•Generator – converts mechanical energy to

electrical energy, uses electromagnetic induction




Documents

Physical Science EOCT Etowah High School. DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table Atoms – Protons (+) (nucleus) – Neutrons