Upload
anne-davidson
View
221
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Physical Physical ScienceScience
Chapter 12Chapter 12Forces and Forces and
Newton’s Laws of Newton’s Laws of MotionMotion
The Nature of ForceThe Nature of Force By definition, a By definition, a ForceForce is a is a pushpush or a or a pullpull..
Just like Velocity & Acceleration Forces have
both magnitude and direction
components
Just like Velocity & Acceleration Forces have
both magnitude and direction
components
ForcesForces
A force causes an A force causes an object to move, object to move, accelerate, change accelerate, change speed, or directionspeed, or direction
Forces are Forces are represented by:represented by: ArrowsArrows Direction Direction StrengthStrength
represented by the represented by the length of the arrowlength of the arrow
Balanced & Balanced & Unbalanced ForcesUnbalanced Forces
Balanced forces – opposite and equal forces acting on the same object
result in NO motion of the object
Unbalanced forces Unbalanced forces – two – two or more forces of or more forces of unequal strength or unequal strength or direction acting upon direction acting upon on an objecton an object results in motion of the results in motion of the
objectobject
Force/Free body Force/Free body diagrams diagrams
(to show forces)(to show forces) used to show the relative magnitude used to show the relative magnitude
and direction of all forces acting and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation. upon an object in a given situation.
a special example of vector diagrama special example of vector diagram size of the arrow represents size of the arrow represents
amount of forceamount of force
Force / Free-body Force / Free-body DiagramsDiagrams
direction of the arrow shows the direction of the arrow shows the direction which the force is actingdirection which the force is acting
each force arrow is labeled each force arrow is labeled The object is usually represented by a The object is usually represented by a
box. Force arrows are drawn from the box. Force arrows are drawn from the center of the box outward in the center of the box outward in the direction which the force is acting.direction which the force is acting.
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/newtlaws/u2l2c.cfm#1 (look at types of forces also) (look at types of forces also)
Combining ForcesCombining Forces
Net force: All Net force: All forces are added or forces are added or subtracted to create subtracted to create one total forceone total force
If net force is Zero If net force is Zero then there is no then there is no change in motion.change in motion.
If there is a net If there is a net force there is an force there is an accelerationacceleration
Newton’s 1Newton’s 1stst Law of Law of Motion(cMotion(cont.)ont.)
If you roll a ball across the floor, why does If you roll a ball across the floor, why does it eventually come to a stop.it eventually come to a stop. Is there a force acting against it?Is there a force acting against it? If so, what is it?If so, what is it?
Friction—force that opposes motion.Friction—force that opposes motion. Always acts in the direction opposite of motion.Always acts in the direction opposite of motion.
Anything slowing this Coke as it slides across the bar?
Newton’s 2Newton’s 2ndnd Law of Law of MotionMotion
called the called the “Law of Acceleration”.“Law of Acceleration”. Relates force, mass, and Relates force, mass, and
acceleration.acceleration.
Force and acceleration directly Force and acceleration directly related.related.
Mass and acceleration inversely Mass and acceleration inversely related.related.
Where:Where:F = force in Newton’s(N)F = force in Newton’s(N)m = mass in kilograms(kg)m = mass in kilograms(kg)a = acceleration in m/sa = acceleration in m/s22
Newton’s 2Newton’s 2ndnd Law of Law of Motion(cont.)Motion(cont.)
Uses this Formula: F = m a
F = m aF = 1500kg(1.5 m/s/s)F = 2250 N
Ex. What force is required to accelerate a 1500 kg car by a rate of 1.5 m/s/s?
Given:m = 1500 kga = 1.5 m/s/sF = ?
F = m a
a = 14.5 m/s2
Ex. A force of 290 N is applied to a 20 kg rock. At what rate will the rock accelerate?
Given:m = 20 kga = ?F = 290 N
Given:F = 140 Na = 3 m/s2
m = ?
Ex. A force of 140 N is applied to a mover’s dolly to accelerate a load of Cokes across the grocery store at 3 m/s2. What is the mass of the load of Cokes?
A force is applied to A force is applied to accelerate a 50 kg mass at accelerate a 50 kg mass at a rate of 2.5 m/s/s. What a rate of 2.5 m/s/s. What force is required?force is required?A.A. 20 N20 N
B.B. 25 N 25 N
C.C. 120 N 120 N
D.D. 125 N125 N
A 250 N force is applied to a A 250 N force is applied to a 12 kg mass. At what rate 12 kg mass. At what rate will the object accelerate?will the object accelerate?
A.A. 3000 3000 m/s/sm/s/s
B.B. 240 m/s/s240 m/s/s
C.C. 20.8 20.8 m/s/sm/s/s
D.D. .05 m/s/s.05 m/s/s
Newton’s 3Newton’s 3rdrd Law Law For every action, there is an equal For every action, there is an equal
but opposite reaction.but opposite reaction.Forces always occur in pairs!!
Which of the following Which of the following scenarios does scenarios does notnot represent represent
Newton’s 3Newton’s 3rdrd Law? Law?
A.A. A rocket being launched into A rocket being launched into space.space.
B.B. A book resting on a desk.A book resting on a desk.
C.C. A person paddling a canoe.A person paddling a canoe.
D.D. A large force pushing on a A large force pushing on a small mass, causing it to small mass, causing it to accelerate.accelerate.
Force ProblemForce Problem
What is the net force on an object What is the net force on an object being pulled toward the west with a being pulled toward the west with a force of 30N and another force force of 30N and another force pulling the object toward the east pulling the object toward the east with a force of 75N? with a force of 75N?
Types of Types of FrictionFriction a force that opposes the a force that opposes the
motion of objects that motion of objects that touch as they move past touch as they move past each othereach other
acts at the surface where acts at the surface where objects are in contactobjects are in contact
All moving objects All moving objects encounter frictionencounter friction
Without it most motion Without it most motion would be impossiblewould be impossible
4 types, static, sliding, 4 types, static, sliding, rolling, fluidrolling, fluid
Static FrictionStatic Friction
The force that keeps an object from The force that keeps an object from movingmoving
It is the largest frictional forceIt is the largest frictional force Always opposite direction of the Always opposite direction of the
applied forceapplied force Pushing a CarPushing a Car WalkingWalking
Sliding FrictionSliding Friction
Once the object is in motion it Once the object is in motion it experiences sliding frictionexperiences sliding friction
Opposite direction from applied Opposite direction from applied forceforce
Less than static friction so less force Less than static friction so less force is needed to keep it in motionis needed to keep it in motion
Rolling FrictionRolling Friction As something rolls, the As something rolls, the
object and floor bend object and floor bend slightlyslightly
This bend causes rolling This bend causes rolling frictionfriction
It is a much smaller force It is a much smaller force than static frictionthan static friction As much as 1000 times As much as 1000 times
smallersmaller Allows you to move heavy Allows you to move heavy
objectsobjects Ball bearings reduce Ball bearings reduce
frictionfriction
Fluid FrictionFluid Friction It opposes the It opposes the
motion in the liquidmotion in the liquid Like swimming, it is Like swimming, it is
hard to movehard to move If you are in the air, If you are in the air,
fluid friction is fluid friction is called air resistancecalled air resistance
At higher speeds it At higher speeds it is very noticeableis very noticeable
Force of GravityForce of Gravity a force that acts between two objectsa force that acts between two objects an attractive force, pulls objects togetheran attractive force, pulls objects together causes objects to accelerate downwardcauses objects to accelerate downward Falling objects, gravity pulls down, What Falling objects, gravity pulls down, What
pushes up?pushes up? air resistance acts in opposite air resistance acts in opposite
directiondirection Terminal Velocity- when Gravity and air Terminal Velocity- when Gravity and air
resistance cancel each other out (velocity resistance cancel each other out (velocity of falling body becomes constant)of falling body becomes constant)
Skydiving and falcons Forces Montage
Terminal VelocityTerminal Velocity
See elephant problem on page 10 and 11 of Netwon’s laws Smart Notebook file!!
Projectile MotionProjectile Motion When an object not only goes up and down When an object not only goes up and down
but out.but out. It is a curved pathIt is a curved path Air resistance and gravity are the only forces Air resistance and gravity are the only forces
acting on a projectileacting on a projectile What falls faster, an object that falls straight What falls faster, an object that falls straight
down, or one that has a horizontal velocity? down, or one that has a horizontal velocity? See VideosSee Videos
They are very good….They are very good…. Myth busters bullet #2 This one shows the end?
May the “forces”be with May the “forces”be with you and not against you!! you and not against you!!
haha haha
Forces Webquest: Do if I Forces Webquest: Do if I tell you. Depends on Time.. tell you. Depends on Time..
Log on to Log on to www.sascurriculumpathways.com www.sascurriculumpathways.com
Click on Subscriber Logon at the top right.Click on Subscriber Logon at the top right. For the student username, type For the student username, type
“hickoryridge”“hickoryridge” In the “Quick Launch” box, type “44” and In the “Quick Launch” box, type “44” and
hit enter.hit enter. By the way, the first site you use By the way, the first site you use
(www. physicsclassroom.com) is a GREAT (www. physicsclassroom.com) is a GREAT site to seek extra help on physics material!site to seek extra help on physics material!
Class Activity- You will do Class Activity- You will do later.later.
Balanced and Unbalanced Balanced and Unbalanced Forces Forces
1.Two tugboats are moving a barge. 1.Two tugboats are moving a barge.
Tugboat A exerts a force of 3000 newtons Tugboat A exerts a force of 3000 newtons on the barge. Tugboat B exerts a force of on the barge. Tugboat B exerts a force of 5000 newtons in the same direction. What 5000 newtons in the same direction. What is the combined force on the barge? is the combined force on the barge?
2.Draw arrows showing the individual and 2.Draw arrows showing the individual and combined forces of the tugboats in #1. combined forces of the tugboats in #1.
3.Now suppose that Tugboat A exerts a 3.Now suppose that Tugboat A exerts a force of 2000 newtons on the barge and force of 2000 newtons on the barge and Tugboat B exerts a force of 4000 newtons Tugboat B exerts a force of 4000 newtons in the opposite direction. What is the in the opposite direction. What is the combined force on the barge? combined force on the barge?
4.Draw arrows showing the individual 4.Draw arrows showing the individual and combined forces of the tugboats in and combined forces of the tugboats in #3. #3.
5.Could there ever be a case when 5.Could there ever be a case when Tugboat A and Tugboat B are both Tugboat A and Tugboat B are both exerting a force on the barge but the exerting a force on the barge but the barge doesn't move? Draw arrows showing barge doesn't move? Draw arrows showing the individual and combined forces in such the individual and combined forces in such a situation. a situation.
Ck KEYS… for Feedback.. Ck KEYS… for Feedback..
Great ScientistsGreat Scientists Aristotle- Incorrectly Aristotle- Incorrectly
said force was required said force was required to keep an object in to keep an object in constant motionconstant motion
Galileo- with no Galileo- with no resistance objects resistance objects would move indefinitelywould move indefinitely
Newton- based on Newton- based on Galileo’s findings he Galileo’s findings he came up with his law’s came up with his law’s of motionof motion
SASinschools SASinschools interactivityinteractivity
Do if I Tell you.. Or skip Do if I Tell you.. Or skip Free Fall #1196Free Fall #1196
Just show video clip at beginningJust show video clip at beginning
Newton’s 1Newton’s 1stst Law of Law of MotionMotion
AKA AKA The Law of Inertia The Law of Inertia Inertia-Inertia- an objects tendency to resist an objects tendency to resist
changes in motionchanges in motion an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain
in motion at a constant velocity until acted on by another force.in motion at a constant velocity until acted on by another force.
Remember: The greater the mass of an object the greater the inertia
Check your Check your Understanding on Understanding on Newton’s first lawNewton’s first law
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/newtlaws/u2l1b.cfmClass/newtlaws/u2l1b.cfm
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/newtlaws/u2l1d.cfmClass/newtlaws/u2l1d.cfm
You need to remember this about Inertia!!!
Mass is the measure of inertia of an object!!! Remember: The greater Remember: The greater the mass of the mass of an object the greater the inertia an object the greater the inertia
So, which would have more inertia? Bowling ball
0.1 kg baseball traveling at 20 m/s 5 kg bowling ball traveling at 3 m/s 10 kg sled traveling at 0 m/s 0.001 kg bumblebee traveling at 2 m/s
Which would have the least? 0.001 kg bumblebee traveling at 2 m/s
Newton’s 2Newton’s 2ndnd Law Law The acceleration of an object is equal to the net The acceleration of an object is equal to the net
force acting on it divided by the objects massforce acting on it divided by the objects mass
A= F/m so A= F/m so F=maF=ma Acceleration is always in the same direction of Acceleration is always in the same direction of
the net forcethe net force An object will have greater acceleration if a An object will have greater acceleration if a
greater force is appliedgreater force is applied
Force = mass x accelerationForce = mass x acceleration F=ma ; a= F/m ; m= F/aF=ma ; a= F/m ; m= F/a
What is the basic unit for mass? What is the basic unit for mass? KilogramKilogram
What is the basic unit for acceleration? What is the basic unit for acceleration? Meter/sec/secMeter/sec/sec
Therefore the basic unit for Force is Therefore the basic unit for Force is
(kilogram)( meter/sec/sec)(kilogram)( meter/sec/sec) An object with a mass of 1 kg accelerating at 1 m/s/s has a An object with a mass of 1 kg accelerating at 1 m/s/s has a
force of 1 Newton force of 1 Newton
Newton’s Second Law of Motion Newton’s Second Law of Motion F=maF=ma
Newton’s 2Newton’s 2ndnd Law & Force of Law & Force of GravityGravity
Have you heard of the FORCE of gravity?Have you heard of the FORCE of gravity? Gravity: the force that pulls objects towards each otherGravity: the force that pulls objects towards each other Since gravity is a force it also obeys Newton’s second lawSince gravity is a force it also obeys Newton’s second law
F=maF=ma
With this experiment, Galileo proved Aristotle wrong
Since objects fall at the same speed, their
acceleration is the same.All objects accelerate at
the rate. Here on Earth the rate is:
Ag=9.8 m/s2
OrAg=32 ft/s2
With this experiment, Apollo 15 astronauts proved Galileo right.(link to You Tube)
Air resistance keeps things from falling equally
Weight and MassWeight and Mass
Weight is the force of gravity acting on Weight is the force of gravity acting on an objectan object
Weight (N) = mass (g) x acceleration of Weight (N) = mass (g) x acceleration of gravity (m/sgravity (m/s22))
Note: just a version of F=ma, F = mass x Note: just a version of F=ma, F = mass x gravity gravity
FYI:FYI: 1 pound = 4.448 Newtons1 pound = 4.448 Newtons so 1/4 lb is slightly more that 1 Nso 1/4 lb is slightly more that 1 N so a 1/4 lb burger is a "Newton" burgerso a 1/4 lb burger is a "Newton" burger
F=maF=ma So, weight is a type of ForceSo, weight is a type of Force The formula for weight: Weight = mass x AThe formula for weight: Weight = mass x Agg
SinceSince A Agg= 9.8 m/s= 9.8 m/s2 2 then then
Weight = mass x 9.8 m/sWeight = mass x 9.8 m/s22
Newton’s 2Newton’s 2ndnd Law & Weight Law & Weight
Remember:1 newton = 0.22 pounds
Your weight on other planetsYour weight on other planets& 3 different types of stars& 3 different types of stars
PRACTICE:PRACTICE: Look thru Text Ch 12 Look thru Text Ch 12
Assessment p.385 in text Questions Assessment p.385 in text Questions #1-20#1-20
Also p. 387 #1-6Also p. 387 #1-6
Answers p385 1-23Answers p385 1-23 1. C1. C 2. A2. A 3. A3. A 4. D4. D 5. A5. A 6. C6. C 7. B7. B 8. A8. A 9. D9. D 10. B10. B
11. The Net Force is zero.. Crate doesn’t 11. The Net Force is zero.. Crate doesn’t movemove
12 . 8 N12 . 8 N 13. Yes, all of the forces can cancel one 13. Yes, all of the forces can cancel one
anotheranother 14. It Accelerates14. It Accelerates 15. Static Friction15. Static Friction 17. Air Resistance also increases pushing 17. Air Resistance also increases pushing
up. Obj will reach terminal velocity.up. Obj will reach terminal velocity. 18. Weight is the FORCE of Gravity. Mass 18. Weight is the FORCE of Gravity. Mass
is amount of MATTER AN OBJ CONTAINS.is amount of MATTER AN OBJ CONTAINS. 20. The MASS of each vehicle. 20. The MASS of each vehicle. pp = mv = mv
F= ma Math Practice F= ma Math Practice p.367 & 369p.367 & 369
A boy pushes forward a cart of groceries with a total mass of 40.0 kg. What is the acceleration of the cart if the net force on the cart is 60.0 N?
What is the upward acceleration of a helicopter with a mass of 5000 kg if a force of 10,000 N acts on it in an upward direction?
F= m a formula problems… An automobile with a mass of 1200 kg accelerates at a rate of 3.0 m/s2 in the forward direction. What is the net force acting on the automobile?
A 25-N force accelerates a boy in a wheelchair at 0.5 m/s2 What is the mass of the boy and the wheelchair?
During a test crash, an air bag During a test crash, an air bag inflates to stop a dummy’s forward inflates to stop a dummy’s forward motion. The dummy’s mass is 75 kg. motion. The dummy’s mass is 75 kg. If the net force on the dummy is 825 If the net force on the dummy is 825 N toward the rear of the car, what is N toward the rear of the car, what is the dummy’s deceleration?the dummy’s deceleration?
A bicycle takes 8.0 seconds to accelerate at a constant rate from rest to a speed of 4.0 m/s. If the mass of the bicycle and rider together is 85 kg, what is the net force acting on the bicycle? (Hint: First calculate the acceleration.)
a=(vf-vi)/t = (4.0 m/s) / 8.0 s = 0.50 m/s2
F=ma = 85 kg x 0.50 m/s2
= 43 N
For every action there is an equal & opposite reaction.For every action there is an equal & opposite reaction.
This means every time a force is applied in one direction an equal force is applied in the This means every time a force is applied in one direction an equal force is applied in the opposite direction.opposite direction.
If an object is not in motion, then all forces acting on it are balanced and the net force is If an object is not in motion, then all forces acting on it are balanced and the net force is zero!zero!
Newton’s 3Newton’s 3rdrd Law of Law of MotionMotion::
Action-Reaction ForcesAction-Reaction Forces
If you push against a If you push against a wall it pushes backwall it pushes back
These forces can These forces can cause motion, like a cause motion, like a swimmerswimmer
They do not cancel They do not cancel each other out, each other out, because they act on because they act on different objects.different objects.
2 ice skaters2 ice skaters
Rocket man video clip (stop after Rocket man video clip (stop after balloon)balloon)
Space WalkSpace Walk
Momentum is sm p. Momentum is sm p. pp = mv= mv The product of an object’s mass x velocityThe product of an object’s mass x velocity
Influences how easily an object can be stoppedInfluences how easily an object can be stopped High velocity or high mass cause a high momentumHigh velocity or high mass cause a high momentum For some reason, maybe because mass is designated as For some reason, maybe because mass is designated as
“m” in formulas, momentum is designated as ““m” in formulas, momentum is designated as “pp”. ”.
Therefore: Therefore: pp = mv = mv The unit for The unit for mass is kgmass is kg, the unit for , the unit for velocity is velocity is
meter/secondmeter/second, therefore the unit for , therefore the unit for momentum is kg m/secmomentum is kg m/sec
Which has more Which has more momentum?momentum?
pp = mv = mv
a 0.046 kg golf ball with a speed of 60.0 m/s
a 7.0 kg bowling ball with a speed of 6.0 m/s
.046 kg x 60.0 m/s = 2.8 kg m/s 7.0 kg x 6.0 = 42 kg m/s
Conservation of Conservation of MomentumMomentum::
When two or more objects interact (collide) the When two or more objects interact (collide) the total momentum before the collision is equal to total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collisionthe total momentum after the collision
If no net force acts on a system, then the total If no net force acts on a system, then the total momentum of the system does not changemomentum of the system does not change
In a closed system, loss of momentum of one In a closed system, loss of momentum of one object equals the gain in momentum of another object equals the gain in momentum of another objectobject
Momentum – 2 moving Momentum – 2 moving objectsobjects During this collision the speed of both box cars During this collision the speed of both box cars
changes. The total momentum remains constant changes. The total momentum remains constant before & after the collision. The masses of both cars before & after the collision. The masses of both cars is the same so the velocity of the red car is is the same so the velocity of the red car is transferred to the blue car.transferred to the blue car.
Momentum – 1 moving Momentum – 1 moving objectobject During this collision the speed red car is transferred During this collision the speed red car is transferred
to the blue car. The total momentum remains to the blue car. The total momentum remains constant before & after the collision. The masses of constant before & after the collision. The masses of both cars is the same so the velocity of the red car is both cars is the same so the velocity of the red car is transferred to the blue car.transferred to the blue car.
Momentum – 2 Momentum – 2 connected objectsconnected objects After this collision, the coupled cars make one object After this collision, the coupled cars make one object
w/ a total mass of 60,000 kg. Since the momentum w/ a total mass of 60,000 kg. Since the momentum after the collision must equal the momentum before, after the collision must equal the momentum before, the velocity must change. In this case the velocity is the velocity must change. In this case the velocity is reduced from 10 m/sec. to 5 m/sec. reduced from 10 m/sec. to 5 m/sec.
Momentum VideosMomentum Videos
Bill Nye – MomentumBill Nye – Momentum Momentum and collisions video clipMomentum and collisions video clip
Universal ForcesUniversal Forces
Forces that can be found Forces that can be found anywhere in the universeanywhere in the universe
Electromagnetic ForceElectromagnetic Force Electric and Magnetic Electric and Magnetic
Forces are the only Forces are the only forces that can both forces that can both attract and repelattract and repel
Electric forces- Electric forces- between charged between charged particle, positive particle, positive attracted to negativeattracted to negative
Clothes in a dryerClothes in a dryer Magnetic forces- N and Magnetic forces- N and
S poles, opposites S poles, opposites attract, likes repelattract, likes repel
Nuclear ForcesNuclear Forces Two forces- a strong Two forces- a strong
and a weak force hold and a weak force hold an atom togetheran atom together
The strong nuclear The strong nuclear force overcomes the force overcomes the protons repulsion forceprotons repulsion force
This force is over 100x This force is over 100x stronger than electric stronger than electric forcesforces
The weak force is The weak force is involved in radioactive involved in radioactive processesprocesses
Gravitational ForceGravitational Force Attractive force between Attractive force between
any two massesany two masses This force is very small This force is very small
compared to all the restcompared to all the rest Newton came up with Newton came up with
the Law of Universal the Law of Universal Gravitation, which Gravitation, which explains how we can explains how we can find the gravitational find the gravitational force of any objectforce of any object
A large mass is required A large mass is required for gravity to be feltfor gravity to be felt
Gravity is relational to Gravity is relational to distancedistance
The further apart The further apart two objects are the two objects are the less the gravitational less the gravitational forceforce
Gravity still has pull Gravity still has pull over millions and over millions and millions of miles millions of miles apartapart
As distance doubles As distance doubles the force gets the force gets quarteredquartered
The Earth Moon SystemThe Earth Moon System The moon stays in The moon stays in
orbit because of orbit because of Earth’s gravityEarth’s gravity
It works very similar to It works very similar to a centripetal forcea centripetal force
It pulls in on an objectIt pulls in on an object So as the moon follows So as the moon follows
this circular path, it’s this circular path, it’s gravitational force has gravitational force has an affect on Earth.an affect on Earth.
SatellitesSatellites
Satellites stay in orbit with Satellites stay in orbit with centripetal force of gravitycentripetal force of gravity
If it were to slow down it would lose If it were to slow down it would lose altitudealtitude
Newton’s Laws TutorialNewton’s Laws Tutorial
Having problems? Try doing this Having problems? Try doing this tutorial:tutorial:
http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/science/sciber00/8th/forces/sciber/science/sciber00/8th/forces/sciber/newtons.htmnewtons.htm
Video Clips on Newton’s Video Clips on Newton’s Laws in case you need Laws in case you need
more!!! more!!!
Newton’s Laws of MotionNewton’s Laws of Motion
Another Newton’s Laws of Motion Another Newton’s Laws of Motion VideoVideo