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PHYSICAL SCIENCE(chapter 1)• What is science? A method of studying the natural world• Latin word scientia• 3 major categories:
• Each are interconnected
The Scientific Method• An organized set of investigative procedures• 6 common steps:
State the problem• Remember, it’s not a survey
• What is the 2nd graders favorite color?• …this is not a good problem.
Research the problem• You will become an expert in your field from your
research.
Form your hypothesis• It’s not just a guess, but an informed, educated guess.• Never try to prove it correct, but rather incorrect!
Test the hypothesis• Variables – dependent (y) and independent (x)• Think of the dependent as your results.• Often, the independent is labeled as “time”.• Constants – things that don’t change in you experiment• Control – something you compare your results to
Analyze data• The best way is in a graph, chart, or table.
Line graphs, bar graph, and pie charts
• Line graphs show changes usually over time.
• Bar graphs are good for comparing data collected from counting.
• Pie charts represent a percentage.
Draw conclusions• That’s it! Your done!• Just remember…
• Avoid biases• Make sure your project is repeatable
Models represent and idea, event, or object
Theories explain, but cannot be witnessed directly
Laws are regular occurrences in nature
• Laws of Motion and Law of Gravity
Are surveys science?
• No. They are informative, but do not follow the scientific methods.
Technology – the application of science
• How has technology affected you?
Standards of measurement• “Standards” are exact quantities that never change• SI or metric system (French creation)
• Based on powers of 10• Used just about everywhere…but here!
SI prefixes and converting one into another
• kilo- hecto- deka- [unit] deci- centi- milli-
Measuring distance• Use meter sticks or rulers• SI unit is the meter (m)
Measuring Volume• cm3 and mL each appropriate labels• 1 L = 1 dm3
• Graduated cylinders and the meniscus• Read the bottom of the meniscus curve
Measuring Matter and Density• Mass is the amount of matter in an object
• The instrument for measuring is the balance.• It is measured in grams (g).
• Density equals mass/volume (g/cm3).• The label is unique. It is called a “derived unit”.
Measuring Time and Temperature• Si units for each are the second and Kelvin, though we
usually use Celsius.• Kelvin = C + 273• There are no “degrees” preceding Kelvin.