- 1.A Review Of Chemical And Physical Principles For Human
Physiology This review is provided as a basic minimum coverage of
the physical and chemical organization of matter in living
systems
2. The Atomic Theory
- All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms
- Atoms are, in turn, made up of three fundamental particles,
protons, neutrons, and electrons
3. THE CARBON ATOM + - PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON ORBIT OR SHELL
NUCLEUS 4. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
- PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE IN THE NUCLEUS
- ELECTRONSARE IN ORBITS AROUND THE NUCLEUS
- THERE ARE EQUAL NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS
5. THE CARBON ATOM ORBIT OR SHELL NUCLEUS There are 6 protons, 6
electrons, and 6 neutrons in this atom 6. ATOMIC MASS
- PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE FAR MORE HEAVY THAN ELECTRONS
- THE UNIT OF ATOMIC MASS IS THE MASS OF A PROTON OR NEUTRON
- CARBON HAS AN ATOMIC MASS OF 12, THE TOTAL OF PROTONS PLUS
NEUTRONS
7. ATOMIC NUMBER
- ATOMIC NUMBER OF AN ELEMENT IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS N THE
NUCLEUS
- THE ATOMIC NUMBER IDENTIFIES THE ELEMENT AND DISTIGUISHES IT
FROM ALL OTHER ELEMENTS
- THUS CARBON IS THE ELEMENT WITH ATOMIC NUMBER 6
8. THE CARBON ATOM CARBON HAS ATOMIC NUMBER 6 AND ATOMIC WEIGHT
12 ORBIT OR SHELL NUCLEUS There are 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6
neutrons in this atom 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS 10.
Chemical Bonds and Chemical Compounds
- The shells or orbits which contain the electrons have
characteristic occupancy capacity
- The first three are 2, 8, and 8 respectively
- Atoms tend to combine chemically forming either ionic or
covalent bonds so that the outer orbits are complete
11. THE IONIC BOND Na Cl SODIUM HAS AN EXCESS ELECTRON, CHLORINE
LACKS ONE 12. THE IONIC BOND Cl ORBITS BECOME COMPLETE BY DONATION
OF AN ELECTRON POSITIVE ION NEGATIVE ION Na 13. THE COVALENT BOND
ORBITS BECOME COMPLETE BY SHARING ELECTRONS C H H H H = C H H H H
14. CHEMICAL REACTIONS PROCESSES IN WHICH CHEMICAL BONDS ARE FORMED
OR BROKEN ARE CALLED CHEMICAL REACTIONS CH 4+2O 2 CO 2 +2H 2 O 15.
ENZYMES
- ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS
- CATALYSTS MAKE REACTIONS GO FASTER
- THEIR NAMES USUALLY END IN ASE
- EXAMPLES: ATPASE, KINASE, OXIDASE, ETC.
16. MOLECULAR WEIGHTS
- THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT IS THE SUM OF THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE
CONSTITUENTS OF THE MOLECULE
- EXAMPLE: WATER (H 2 O), THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT IS 16 + 1.01
+1.01= 18.02 ATOMIC MASS UNITS
17. THE MOLE
- THE WEIGHT IN GRAMS EQUIVALENT TO THE ATOMIC OR MOLECULAR
WEIGHT IN ATOMIC MASS UNITS
- A MOLE OF WATER HAS A WEIGHT OF 18.02 GRAMS
- A MOLE OF ANY SUBSTANCE CONTAINS AVAGADROS NUMBER OF PARTICLES
(6.02 x 10 23 )
18. SOLUTIONS
- A SOLUTION IS A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
- IT CONTAINS A RELATIVELY LARGE AMMOUNT OF ONE SUBSTANCE, CALLED
THE SOLVENT
- IT MAY CONTAIN ANY NUMBER OF SOLUTES IN A FAR LESSER
QUANTITY
19. WATER AS SOLVENT
- WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL BIOLOGICAL SOLVENT
- WATER HAS UNIQUE PROPERTIES UNEQUALED IN NATURE
- WATER IS A POLAR COMPOUND AND IS A GOOD SOLVENT FOR IONS
- WATER DOES NOT MIX WITH NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES SUCH AS OILS
20. ELECTROLYTESOLUTIONS METAL SALTS FORMIONS UPON DISSOLVING IN
WATER NaClNa + +Cl - CaCl 2Ca + +2Cl - 21. MACROMOLECULES
- LARGE MOLECULES CAN BE FORMED WITH COVALENT BONDS BETWEEN
SMALLER SUBUNITS
- IN CHEMISTRY THESE ARE CALLED POLYMERS
22. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
- HIGH ENERGY BIOMOLECULES (ATP)
23. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE CLASSIFIED IN TERMS OF REACTIVE PARTS OF
THE MOLECULES CALLED FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- ONE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS THE ORGANIC ACID
24. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
- CHEMICAL COMPOUNDSCAN BE PROTON DONORS OR ACCEPTORS
- PROTON ACCEPTORS ARE BASES
- ACIDS AND BASES REACT TO NEUTRALIZE EACH OTHER FORMING
SALTS
25. ACID/BASE REACTIONSHCl+NaOHNaCl+H 2 O ACID+BASESALT+WATER
26. CARBOHYDRATES
- CONTAIN C, H AND O (nCH 2 O)
- SIMPLE SUGARS ARE MONOSACCHARIDES (GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE,
FRUCTOSE)
- SUGARS FORM POLYMERS: STARCH OR GLYCOGEN (USUALLY A STORAGE
FORM)
- SIMPLE SUGARS ARE WATER SOLUABLE
27. LIPIDS
28. PROTEINS
- POLYMERS MADE FROM 20 AMINO ACIDS JOINED IN PEPTIDE BONDS
- MANY IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS INCLUDING ENZYMES
- THE RESULT OF THE GENETIC CODE IN DNA
29. PROTEIN STRUCTURE
- PRIMARY: THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS CODED IN DNA
- SECONDARY: FOLDING INTO HELICAL OR SHEET STRUCTURES DUE TO
HYDROGEN BONDING AND OTHER FACTORS
- TERTIARY: SIDE CHAINS INTERACT
- QUATENARY: AGGREGATES FORM
30. NUCLEIC ACIDS
- DNA: A DOUBLE HELIX FORMED BY TWO POLYMERS OF NUCLEIC
ACIDS
- RNA: A SINGLE POLYMER OF NUCLEIC ACID
- COMPLEMENTARYPAIRS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS ENABLE MOLECULES TO
DUPLICATE OR COPY EACH OTHER, THE BASIS FOR THE GENETIC CODE
31. ENERGY CURRENCY ATP, ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE,IS A HIGH ENERGY
COMPOUNDWHICH STORES AND TRANSFERSENERGY A-P-P-PA-P-P+P+ENERGY