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Physical Geology
Chapter 1
Earth Science
• Study of the earth and its place in the universe
• Causes of natural events can be discovered through observation and/or experimentation
• Chinese earthquakes in 780 BCE
• Greek rocks in 200 BCE
• Mayan celestial observations (calendar)
Branches
• Oceanography
• Meteorology
• Astronomy
• Environmental Science
• GEOLOGY
Oceanography
• Study waves, tides, currents, floor and water itself
• ¾ of surface• Relatively new
Meteorology
• A study of Atmospheric conditions ,i.e., weather
• Relatively new• Relatively accurate
Astronomy
• The universe beyond the earth of which it is a part
• Practical results• Ancient study
– Calendars– Zodiac– Other constellations
Environmental Science
• Study of how humans interact with their environment, especially the abiotic
• Practical (helps us to survive)
Geology
• Study of origin, history, processes, and structure of the earth
• Ancient study• Very practical
– Equipment– Resources– Prediction
Geology Impacts
• Past environments
• Availability of resources
• Understand and interact properly and safely with environment– Roads, buildings, other structures– Conservation and preservation
• Natural forces– Volcanoes and earthquakes
Goal of Science
• Explain natural phenomena
• Use observation, based upon predictability of nature
• Use experimentation
• Pure science vs. applied science
• Improve quality of life
<Ask a question?
Go together<
Go together<
Whether conclusion is right or wrong
Observations lead to questions
Research may help
A hypothesis is a tentative answer
Experiments test hypotheses
Experimental components
• Variable – something that changes in a controlled experiment
• Independent variable – controlled by you• Dependent variable – change as a result• Control – standard for comparison with no
variables• Experiment – control plus a variable• Data/observations – information or results
collected from experimentation
Draw a conclusion based upon your results
If successful, results should be repeatable.
If not successful, a new hypothesis may be necessary, with testing and conclusion to
follow
<Ask a question?
Go together<
Go together<
Whether conclusion is right or wrong
Metrics – How the world measures
• Except U.S. and Burkina-Faso
• Current form is the S.I. (Systeme Internationale
• Easier than Imperial or English
• Based on units of 10
Measurement Vocabulary
• Accuracy – how close measurement is to true value
• Precision – exactness of value• Error – amount of imprecision or variation• % Error – (accepted value minus
experimental value divided by accepted value) multiplied by 100
• Confidence interval – range of values for a set % of measurements
Models• To simulate conditions in the natural world
• A description, representation, or imitation of an object, system, process, or concept
• Give an example of a– Physical model– Graphical model– Conceptual model– Mathematical model– Computer model
Scientific Conclusions
• Published or presented
• Peer review
• Development of theory (a consistent explanation that is repeatable)
• Support from other disciplines?