Physical education and sport in Physical education and sport in schools and collegesschools and colleges

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NURSERY GRADES 1-6 HIGH SCHOOL GRADES 7-12 UNIVERSITIES  

KINDERGARTENELEMENTARY

SCHOOL JUNIOR HIGH SENIOR HIGH TEACHERS’ COLLEGES

      4 YEAR HIGH SCHOOL      

VOLUNTARY COMPULSORY     VOLUNTARY      

The organisation of sport in The organisation of sport in the USAthe USA• The organisation in America is The organisation in America is

decentralised and it is organised by decentralised and it is organised by many governing bodies.many governing bodies.

• Professional sport is prominent with Professional sport is prominent with much support from the public and much support from the public and companies.companies.

• A great deal of sponsorship from A great deal of sponsorship from companies and mediacompanies and media – the private – the private sector is very important.sector is very important.

Federal Government

Departmentof Education

Department ofFish and Game

Parks and Recreation CommissionNational Olympic Committee

National Federation of SHSAA

Governing Bodies of the Different Sports

Regional Conferences

High School Athletic Associations

Regional Associations of theDifferent Sports

College Athletic Associations Local

subdivisions

The historical development of The historical development of sportsport• Following the pattern in Europe, American Following the pattern in Europe, American

schools ignored the physical side of pupil schools ignored the physical side of pupil welfare.welfare.

• The curriculum was strictly classical, and The curriculum was strictly classical, and not until the 19th century did physical not until the 19th century did physical exercise, usually Gymnastics, come to be exercise, usually Gymnastics, come to be considered an important aspect of considered an important aspect of Education.Education.

• Round Hill School, Massachusetts, was an Round Hill School, Massachusetts, was an early example of adopting a ‘European early example of adopting a ‘European School’ approach to physical education, School’ approach to physical education, with particular respect for German with particular respect for German gymnastics.gymnastics.

• Boys were taught to ride, skate and swim Boys were taught to ride, skate and swim in addition to baseball and football.in addition to baseball and football.

Early German GymnasticsEarly German Gymnastics

• In 1825 Monitoral School in Boston In 1825 Monitoral School in Boston formally introduced German formally introduced German gymnastics, including marching, gymnastics, including marching, running, jumping and weight lifting.running, jumping and weight lifting.

• CatherineCatherine Beecher’s 30-minute daily Beecher’s 30-minute daily workout of light exercise was known asworkout of light exercise was known as Calisthenics.Calisthenics.

• Later the Boston Normal School of Later the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics developed the Swedish Gymnastics developed the Swedish style of gymnastics as the way forward style of gymnastics as the way forward rather than the German method.rather than the German method.

• ’’The word "The word "calisthenics"calisthenics" comes from comes from the Greek words 'kallos' meaning the Greek words 'kallos' meaning beauty and 'thenos' meaning strength. beauty and 'thenos' meaning strength. The components of the sport aim to The components of the sport aim to achieve those physical attributes, but achieve those physical attributes, but the sport also influences the emotional the sport also influences the emotional and social development of girls through and social development of girls through friendship and teamwork.’ (Girl.com.au, friendship and teamwork.’ (Girl.com.au, 2005)2005)

• By 1885 the providing school in the public By 1885 the providing school in the public schools was expanding, especially in the schools was expanding, especially in the North and expanded throughout the whole North and expanded throughout the whole country before the First World War.country before the First World War.

• The trend at this time was a reduction in the The trend at this time was a reduction in the use of gymnastics and an increased interest use of gymnastics and an increased interest in games.in games.

German Gymnastics

Swedish Gymnastics British/American Games

Growth of the popularity of gamesand a decline in gymnastics

• Girls started to play basketball and Girls started to play basketball and football.football.

• As in Europe, there was opposition As in Europe, there was opposition from individuals who held from individuals who held conventional ideas.conventional ideas.

Basketball for girls at College Smith, Massachusetts:girls started playing in 1981, the same year as men.

•By the end of the decade By the end of the decade and the beginning of the and the beginning of the 20th century, sport 20th century, sport increased in popularity and increased in popularity and high school athletes and high school athletes and college stars became college stars became prominent in the American prominent in the American education system.education system.

Sport in high schoolsSport in high schools

• These trends still exist today, where These trends still exist today, where sport is considered more important sport is considered more important than physical education.than physical education.

• More provision, money and staffing More provision, money and staffing are offered.are offered.

• Many games are played in front of Many games are played in front of large audiences.large audiences.

• This brings much money to the This brings much money to the school. school.

                                                                                

• Many American school principals see Physical Many American school principals see Physical Education as something that can be discarded Education as something that can be discarded and many local councils agree with this.and many local councils agree with this.

• There is wide variation in the total curriculum There is wide variation in the total curriculum time physical education gets in the timetable in time physical education gets in the timetable in the high schools.the high schools.

• Over the last 25 years not one state has changed Over the last 25 years not one state has changed the time given to physical education.the time given to physical education.

• Only the state of Illinois provides physical Only the state of Illinois provides physical education for all ages - from Grade 1 (6 years old) education for all ages - from Grade 1 (6 years old) to Gradeto Grade 12 (18 years old)12 (18 years old)

• More commonly schools have 2/3 of a 30-minute More commonly schools have 2/3 of a 30-minute lesson during their infant period and then lesson during their infant period and then complete 1 term in the high school.complete 1 term in the high school.

• In some states physical education is measured in In some states physical education is measured in terms of minutes per week, so playtime is terms of minutes per week, so playtime is counted in some schools.counted in some schools.

• Because of this inconsistency organisations have Because of this inconsistency organisations have expressed concern.expressed concern.

• The National Association for Sport and Physical The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) notes that an individual who Education (NASPE) notes that an individual who participates in physical education shows 4 participates in physical education shows 4 characteristics:characteristics:

• Exhibits practical skillsExhibits practical skills• Is fitIs fit• Takes part oftenTakes part often• Has the knowledge to create an exercise Has the knowledge to create an exercise

programme for keeping fit throughout his/her life.programme for keeping fit throughout his/her life.

• Another organisation, the Centers for Another organisation, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), claims that 50% of Disease Control (CDC), claims that 50% of a physical education lesson should include a physical education lesson should include medium to high intensity exercise.medium to high intensity exercise.

• This has led to many lessons changing This has led to many lessons changing from developing skills to improving fitness.from developing skills to improving fitness.

• In some schools the lesson has changed In some schools the lesson has changed fully to be long-term education on how to fully to be long-term education on how to keep fitness and construct programmes.keep fitness and construct programmes.

• In the past sport was part of the physical In the past sport was part of the physical education department, but now it has its education department, but now it has its own department – The Department of own department – The Department of Athletics.Athletics.

• Coaches rather than teachers are Coaches rather than teachers are employed.employed.

• Their aim is to create a successful Their aim is to create a successful department, that is, a department that department, that is, a department that wins.wins.

• In many situations the Director of Athletics In many situations the Director of Athletics has control over P.E. and sport.has control over P.E. and sport.

• A head coach is employed in each sport, A head coach is employed in each sport, and they often get more money than and they often get more money than teachers!!!!teachers!!!!

A simplified structure of sport and physical education in A simplified structure of sport and physical education in American schoolsAmerican schools

State sport bodyState sport body

College headCollege head

Director of athleticsDirector of athletics

Head of coaching Head of Head of coaching Head of

physical physical educationeducation

Coaching staff Physical Coaching staff Physical

education staffeducation staff

Student bodyStudent bodyCollege teams ‘Varsity teams’ College teams ‘Varsity teams’ Physical Education Programme Physical Education Programme

The strain put on coachesThe strain put on coachesDirector

of athletics

Department and students

media

supporters

Administrative staff

Fellow coaches

The school’s administrative

work

State and national

athletic union

parents

players

coach

TaskTask

Compare the role of a Compare the role of a sports coach with the role sports coach with the role of a physical education of a physical education teacher in teacher in AmericaAmerica

• Sport in American high schools is driven Sport in American high schools is driven by the culture it lives in – mainly one for by the culture it lives in – mainly one for Winners.Winners.

• Schools gain credit and prestige from Schools gain credit and prestige from the successess, and pupils build up the successess, and pupils build up scholarships – winning profile.scholarships – winning profile.

• In the collegiate system athletic In the collegiate system athletic departments develop future stars.departments develop future stars.

• In the high schools physical education is In the high schools physical education is being renamed Kinesiology or Movement being renamed Kinesiology or Movement to try and strengthen the educational to try and strengthen the educational link rather than sport.link rather than sport.