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Aspects of Physiological Development
Bodily Growth and Change In early childhood (3 to 6 years),
children slim down and shoot up Muscular and skeletal growth makes
children stronger Growth changes promote development
of a wide range of motor skills
Aspects of Physiological Development
Nutrition: Preventing Overweight Overweight increase is
greatest among children in low-income families
Preschoolers need fewer calories in proportion to their weight, but eating patterns become more environmentally influenced as they age
Aspects of Physiological Development
Nutrition: Preventing Overweight What children eat is as
important as how much they eat Prevention of overweight is
critical, as long-term treatment success for obesity is limited
Overweight children tend to be overweight adults
Aspects of Physiological Development
Sleep Patterns and Problems Walking and talking during sleep are
fairly common in early childhood Occasional nightmares: not cause for
alarm Sleep (or night) terror: awakens in a state
of panic
Aspects of Physiological Development
Sleep Patterns and Problems Enuresis (bed-wetting) is repeated urination,
especially at night Enuresis runs in families; tends to be more
concordant in identical twins than fraternal twins
Usually, enuresis is common, not serious, and has effective treatments available
Motor Development Motor Skills
Gross motor skills involve the large muscles
Fine motor skills--manipulative eye-hand and small-muscle coordination in skills
Video
Motor Skill Development in Early Childhood
Gross Motor Skills Walking, running smoother Catching, throwing,
swinging, riding Fine Motor Skills
Self-help: dressing, eating Drawing
Motor Development Artistic Development
Children's early pictures show energy and freedom; later, they show care and accuracy
Progression of Drawing Skills
Scribbles: during 2nd year First Representational Forms
Label already-made drawings:
around age 3 Draw boundaries and people:
3–4 years More Realistic Drawings: preschool
to school age Early Printing: Ages 3–5
Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect Maltreatment: Facts and Figures
Highest rates are for children 3 and under
American Indian, Alaska Native, and African American children have the highest rates
Physical aggression occurs at least 1-2x a year in nearly 9 out of 10 households
Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect Contributing Factors: An Ecological View
Maltreatment by parents is aggravated by other family problems
A disproportionate number of abused and neglected children are in large, poor, or single-parent families
Characteristics of abusive parents and families
Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect Contributing Factors: An Ecological View
Characteristics of neglectful parents and families
Abuse and neglect often happen in the same household
Two cultural values associated with child abuse are societal violence and physical punishment of children
Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect Effects of Maltreatment
Effects include physical, emotional, cognitive, and social consequences
Behavior problems in school Often have disorganized-disoriented
attachments to their parents and negative, distorted self-concepts