Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1RC – Ispra
Physical Characteristics of PM from 2-Stroke and 4-Stroke Motorcycle Engines
G. Martini, P. Bonnel, C. Astorga-LLorens, A. KrasenbrinkInstitute of Environment and Sustainability
European Commission – Joint Research CentreISPRA (Italy)
Vehicle Emissions Laboratory (VELA) - Institute for Environment and Sustainability
2RC – Ispra
Background and objectives of the study:
• Background:– Amendment of the European Directive 97/24/EC– EURO3 stage for two and three-wheelers from 2006– Reduction of particulate emissions
• Main Objectives:– To evaluate particulate measurement techniques– To determine particulate mass emissions from 2-stroke engines– To assess particulate emissions for big four-stroke engines to
check if they diverge significantly from passenger cars with similar engine sizes
3RC – Ispra
Test Fleet:Motos Eng. (cc) 2S 4S Remarks
MT001-50 50 X Pre Euro1 Moped – No Cat MT002-50 50 X Direct Injection – No Cat MT003-50 50 X Conventional 2-stroke – With OxCat
MT004-125 125 X Carburetor MT005-125 125 X Controlled TWC MT006-200 200 X Carburetor MT007-500 500 X SAI MT008-1150 1150 X Controlled TWC MT009-1200 1200 X Controlled TWC
EFI = Electronic InjectionSAI = Secondary Air InjectionOC = Oxidation CatalystTWC= Three Way Catalyst
4RC – Ispra
Test Matrix:
Motos EURO2 EURO3 WMTC ECE47 ECE 40 6UDC 6UDC+EUDC (*)
MT001-50 X X X MT002-50 X X X X MT003-50 X X X
MT004-125 X X X MT005-125 X X MT006-200 X X MT007-500 X X X MT008-1150 X X MT009-1200 X X
(*) Worldwide Motorcycle Test Cycle
5RC – Ispra
Test Procedure: 1a. ECE 47 Test Cycle (Mopeds only)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0Time [s]
Spee
d [k
m/h
]
"COLD" PHASE "HOT" PHASE
6RC – Ispra
Test Procedure: 1b. EURO 2 Test Cycle
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101Time [s]
Spee
d [k
m/h
]
SAMPLINGNO SAMPLING
Conditionning2 phases ECE15 (UDC) of 195 s = 390 skm 1.013*2 phases = 2.026 kmMax. Speed: 50 km/hAverage Speed: 19 km/h
Measurement4 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 780 skm 1.013*4 phases = 4.052 kmMax. Speed 50 km/hAverage Speed: 19 km/h
7RC – Ispra
Test Procedure: 1c. EURO 3 Test Cycle (<=150 cc)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101Time [s]
Spee
d [k
m/h
]
UDC Cycle - 6 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 1170 skm 1.013*6 phases= 6.078 kmMax. Speed: 50 km/hAverage Speed: 19 km/h
SAMPLING
8RC – Ispra
Test Procedure: 1d. EURO 3 Test Cycle (>150 cc)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
1 101 201 301 401 501 601 701 801 901 1001 1101 1201 1301 1401 1501Time [s]
Spee
d [k
m/h
]
Part One Part Two
EUDC Cycle of 400 skm 6.955Max. Speed: 120 km/hAverage Speed: 62.6 km/h
UDC Cycle - 6 phases ECE15 of 195 s = 1170 skm 1.013*6 phases= 6.078 kmMax. Speed: 50 km/hAverage Speed: 19 km/h
SAMPLING
9RC – Ispra
Test Procedure: 2. Test Set-up
• Carried out at the JRC-VELA1 emissions test facility• Roller bench 48” suitable for testing small two wheelers • Conventional CVS system + dilution tunnel
10RC – Ispra
Particulate Emissions Characterisation:
• Measurement of particulate total mass– The legislative procedure prescribed for Diesel was used to
measure particulate total mass– In addition, a cyclone was used to avoid contaminating the
sampling system and the analysers with very large droplets of lubricant
• Particulate physical properties:– Number/size distribution (TSI – SMPS)– Mass/size distribution (LPI)
11RC – Ispra
Particulate physical properties:
• Number/size distribution (TSI – SMPS)– Constant speed (40 km/h)– Sampling: from dilution tunnel
• Mass/size distribution (Low Pressure Impactor)– 11+1 stages– Volume flow rate: 25 l/min– Measuring range: 0.0085 µm-16 µm– Constant speed (40 km/h) and ECE 47 cycle– Sampling: from dilution tunnel
12RC – Ispra
13RC – Ispra
Total Mass
14RC – Ispra
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds - Total MassECE 47 Cycle
0.000
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.175
0.200
0.225
MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50Motorcycle
Tota
l Mas
s, (g
/km
)
Cold Phase (1-2-3-4)Hot Phase (5-6-7-8)
Moped - 2-strokePre-Euro 1
Moped - 2 strokeDirect Injection
Moped - 2 strokeOxycat
15RC – Ispra
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles - Total MassEuro 2 Cycle (ECE 40)
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
MT001-50 MT002-50 MT003-50 MT004-125 MT007-500Motorcycle
Tota
l Mas
s, (g
/km
)
Cold Phase (UDC 1-2)Hot Part (UDC 3-4-5-6)Complete Cycle
Moped - 2 strokePre-Euro 1
Moped - 2 strokeOxycatMoped - 2 stroke
Direct Injection
4-stroke motorcycles
16RC – Ispra
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles - Total Mass (Filter)Complete Euro 3 Cycle (6 Urban Driving Cycles)
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
MT001-50 MT002-50 MT003-50 MT004-125 MT005-125 MT006-200 MT007-500Motorcycle
Tota
l Mas
s, (g
/km
)
0.20Moped - 2 strokePre-Euro 1
Moped - 2 strokeOxycat
Moped - 2 strokeDirect Injection
4-stroke Motorcycles
EURO4 Diesel Passenger cars = 0,025 g/km
17RC – Ispra
Mass/Size Distribution
18RC – Ispra
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds ECE 47 Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages)
0.00E+00
2.00E-02
4.00E-02
6.00E-02
8.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.20E-01
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
dM/d
LogD
(g/k
m)
MT001-M-50 (Min)
MT002-M-50 (Min)
MT003-M-50 (Min)
Diesel passenger car
Pre-Euro 1 Moped
Euro 1 - Oxycat
Euro 1 - Direct Inj.
19RC – Ispra
Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - Measurement Repeatibility ECE 47 (Cold Phase + Hot Phase)
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
dM/d
LogD
, (g/
km)
MT001-M-50MT001-M-50MT002-M-50MT002-M-50MT003-M-50MT003-M-50
20RC – Ispra
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds - Total Mass - LPI vs Filter ECE 47 Cycle (Cold Phase + Hot Phase)
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.200
MT001-M-50 MT002-M-50 MT003-M-50Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
dM/d
LogD
, (g/
km)
FilterLPI
91%
75%
88%
21RC – Ispra
Particulate Emissions from Mopeds and Motorcycles Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - EURO2 (Cold+ Hot Phase) Cycle
0.000
0.010
0.020
0.030
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
dM/d
LogD
, (g/
km)
MT001-M-50MT002-M-50MT003-M-50MT006-C2-200*
* 6 UDC_Euro 3 Cycle (no 40 s idling)
22RC – Ispra
MT007-C2-500 Mass/Size Distribution (LPI 11 stages) - WMTC 1-2-3
0.00E+00
5.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.50E-04
2.00E-04
2.50E-04
3.00E-04
3.50E-04
4.00E-04
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000Aerodynamic Diameter (nm)
dM/d
LogD
, (g/
km)
WMTC 1_2_3
23RC – Ispra
Number/Size Distribution
24RC – Ispra
Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed 20 km/hEngine Technology Effect
0
1E+13
2E+13
3E+13
4E+13
5E+13
6E+13
7E+13
10 100 1000Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm)
[dN/
dlog
Dp]
/km
MT001-M-50 (Day 1)MT002-M-50 (Day 1)MT003-M-50 (Day 1)
Moped - 2 strokesPre - Euro 1
Moped - 2 strokesEuro 1 - Direct Inj.
Moped - 2 strokesEuro 1 - Oxycat
25RC – Ispra
Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/hEngine Technology Effect
0
1E+13
2E+13
3E+13
4E+13
5E+13
6E+13
7E+13
8E+13
9E+13
10 100 1000
Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm)
[dN/
dlog
Dp]
/km
MT001-M-50 (Day 1)MT002-M-50 (Day 1)MT003-M-50 (Day 1)
Moped - 2 strokesEuro 1 - Direct Inj.
Moped - 2 strokesPre - Euro 1
Moped - 2 strokesEuro 1 - Oxycat
26RC – Ispra
MT001-M-50 (Pre Euro1 2-stroke Moped) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 20 km/h
5 consecutive scans
0.00E+00
1.00E+13
2.00E+13
3.00E+13
4.00E+13
5.00E+13
6.00E+13
7.00E+13
8.00E+13
1 10 100 1000Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm)
[dN
/dlo
g Dp
]/km
Scan 1Scan 2Scan 3Scan 4Scan 5
27RC – Ispra
MT002-M-50 (2-stroke Moped - 50 cc Direct Injection) Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h
5 consecutive scans
0.00E+005.00E+12
1.00E+131.50E+13
2.00E+132.50E+13
3.00E+133.50E+13
4.00E+134.50E+13
5.00E+13
1 10 100 1000Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm)
[dN
/dlo
g Dp
]/km
Scan 1Scan 2Scan 3Scan 4Scan 5
28RC – Ispra
MT001-M-50Number/Size Distribution - 20 km/h
Day to Day Repeatability Each curve is the average of 5 daily scans
0
1E+13
2E+13
3E+13
4E+13
5E+13
6E+13
7E+13
1 10 100 1000Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm
[dN
/dlo
g Dp
]/km
MT001-M-50 (Day 1)MT001-M-50 (Day 2)MT001-M-50 (Day 3)MT001-M-50 (Day 4)
29RC – Ispra
MT006-C2-200 (4 strokes) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 20 km/h
10 consecutive scans
0.00E+00
5.00E+11
1.00E+12
1.50E+12
2.00E+12
2.50E+12
3.00E+12
3.50E+12
4.00E+12
1 10 100 1000
Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm)
[dN
/dlo
g D
p]/k
m
Scan 1Scan 2Scan 3Scan 4Scan 5Scan 6Scan 7Scan 8Scan 9Scan 10
30RC – Ispra
MT006-C2-200 (4 strokes) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h
4 consecutive scans
0.00E+00
1.00E+11
2.00E+11
3.00E+11
4.00E+11
5.00E+11
6.00E+11
7.00E+11
1 10 100 1000Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm)
[dN
/dlo
g D
p]/k
m
Scan 1Scan 2Scan 3Scan 4
31RC – Ispra
MT002-M-50 (2 strokes- Dir. inj) SMPS Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h
Effect of Thermodenuder - 6 consecutive scans
0.00E+00
2.00E+13
4.00E+13
6.00E+13
8.00E+13
1.00E+14
1.20E+14
1.40E+14
1.60E+14
1 10 100 1000
Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm)
[dN
/dlo
g D
p]/k
m Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5Series6
32RC – Ispra
Effect of Thermodenuder - MT002-M-50 (2 strokes - Injection) Number/Size Distribution - Constant Speed: 40 km/h
0
1E+12
2E+12
3E+12
4E+12
5E+12
6E+12
7E+12
8E+12
9E+12
1 10 100 1000Electrical Mobility Diameter (nm)
[dN
/dlo
g D
p]/k
m
Without ThermodenuderThermodenuder Switched OffThermodenuder Switched OnDilution air
33RC – Ispra
Conclusions:
• The engine technology has a huge effect on particulate emissionsfrom mopeds
• Pre-Euro1 conventional 2-stroke engines emit high masses and numbers of particulate matter.
• There is some potential to reduce these levels using 2-stroke engines with direct injection and/or catalytic converters technologies.
• All 4 stroke engines, even the less modern ones, emit masses of particulate matter comparable to those observed for gasoline passenger cars
• On going works now focusing on:• 1. Toxicity of PM (also for passenger cars), performing chemical
analysis of the PM emissions• 2. Limits of the instruments (Repeatability from test bench to test
bench, Detection limits)
