Physical Behavior of MatterPhases of Matter

2 Forms of Energy

Kinetic Energy• Energy of motion• Temperature is the

measurement of the average K.E.

• Higher Temp = Higher K.E.• Heat is a form of energy

Potential Energy• Stored Energy

Phases of Matter (H2O)

Solid (0 ‘C) Liquid (50 ‘C)

• More distance• More KE• Still an intermolecular force of attraction b/w molecules• Hydrogen bonds

•Fixed regular geometric pattern w/ “Vibratory” motion• little distance b/w molecules• Little KE *** see the temp?•Less Randomness• (Entropy S)

Gas (100 ‘C)

• Greatest distance• Most KE• No IMF of attraction present• Random motion

Phases of Matter (H2O)

Solid (0 ‘C) Liquid (50 ‘C) Gas (100 ‘C)

Solid Liquid Gas

Definite Shape Yes No, it takes the shape of the container, not

entire

No, it takes the shape of the

entire container

Definite Volume

Yes Yes No

If you have Gas, that’s a no no !

Calibration of a Thermometer

2 Fixed PointsBoiling (Condensation) Point 100 C and 373 KMelting (freezing) Point 0 C and 273K

Melting Pt / Freezing Pt.

0 C / 273 K

100 C / 373 K

Boiling Pt / Condensation Pt

100 ‘ change

0 ‘KAbsolute ZeroNo Particle Motion

Two Kinds of Reactions Endothermic• Absorb Energy• Heat + AB A +B• Heat is a reactant• Break Bonds• + H

Exothermic• Release Energy• A + B AB + Heat• Heat is a product = Stability• Bond formation• - H

Heating Curve

A= Heating the Solid KE / 0 PE B = Phase Change 0 KE / PE C = Heating the Liquid KE/ 0 PE Melting pt. (1st see a liquid) (Hf fusion)E = Heating the Gas KE / 0 PED = Phase Change Freezing (1st see the solid) (Solidification)

Boiling pt (1st see the gas) (Vaporization)

Condensation (1st see the liquid)

A

C

E

B

D

S GLHf Heat of Fusion

Condensation Solidification

HV Heat of Vaporization

Deposition

Sublimation

Remember, there is no increase in KE because all energy is being used for the Phase change!

Heat Calculations (Q) Q=mc TQ=mHf Q=mHv (Ref Table)

Q=mc T

Q=mc T

Q=mc T

Q=mHf

Q=mHv

C = Specific heat capacity

This is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 ‘C

Heat Calculations

Vapor Pressure Is the amount of pressure that a vapor

Exerts on the walls of a sealed container.

STP = Standard Temperature Pressure0 ‘C 1atm273 ‘K 101.3 kpa

When Vapor Pressure = atmospheric pressureBOILING OCCURS

Weakest IMF

Strongest IMF

Standard Pressure101.3 kpa

Gases: Ideal vs RealKinetic Molecular Theory

• Gases travel in straight line motion

• When they collide, transfer energy between particles

• Collisions are elastic• Volume of a gas is negligible• These describe the

characteristics of an IDEAL GAS

Real gas• All characteristics are the

same except• No Elastic Collisions • There is a slight IMF of

attraction between gas particles

So, How can we make:1. a real gas act like an ideal gas2. an ideal gas act like a real gas

What conditions of temperature and pressure favor these gasses?

What is your IDEAL vacation?

Watch this!