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Physical Availability: What is It and How Can We Address It. Traci L. Toomey, PhD Division of Epidemiology & Community Health University of Minnesota. Rates and Patterns of Consumption. Alcohol-related Problems. Availability. Policy/ Program. Availability. Physical Economic Legal. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Physical Availability: What is It and How Can We Address It
Traci L. Toomey, PhDDivision of Epidemiology &
Community HealthUniversity of Minnesota
Policy/Program
Alcohol-related
ProblemsAvailability
Rates andPatterns of
Consumption
Availability• Physical• Economic• Legal
Place: Physical Availability• Density of alcohol establishments• Types of licensed alcohol establishments
& other venues• Alcohol service at licensed venues• Days & hours of sale• Non-licensed locations
Density of Alcohol Establishments• Number of establishments per:
–Population–Roadway mile–Geographic area (including around
campuses)• Density important at smaller geographic
units than community or state
Density of Alcohol Establishments
• Higher density associated with more:– Violence– Property crime– Other crime– Public drunkeness– Noise– Negative health outcomes (e.g., sexually
transmitted diseases)
Potential Strategies• Use local and state policies to restrict total
number of alcohol establishments• Use licensing and zoning laws to limit density
in specific areas• Promote other types of economic development
Types of Licensed Alcohol Venues
• On-premise (e.g., bars, restaurants)• Off-premise (e.g., liquor & grocery stores)• Community events (e.g., festivals)• Stadiums (e.g., professional, college)
Alcohol Service at Licensed Venues
• Sales to underage• Over-service of alcohol• Promotion of heavy drinking
–Drink specials–Promotion of drinking games
Propensity of Sales to Underage
18%23%
50% 50%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Rat
e of
Sal
e (%
)
Festivals Early 2000s
Bars/restaurants Early 1990s
Bars/restaurantsLate 1990s
StadiumsMid 2000s
Propensity of Sales to Intoxicated
74%
89%79%
65%
0
20
40
60
80
100R
ate
of S
ale
(%)
Festivals Early 2000s
Bars/restaurants Early 1990s
Bars/restaurantsEarly 2000s
Stadiums Mid 2000s
Over Service Contributes to Problems
• Drinking and driving• Violence in and
around establishments
Intervention
•Compliance•Deterrence
Server/ClerkBehavior
•Confiscate false ID•Refuse sales to youth
Internal MerchantPolicies
• ID Checking• Server Training• Monitoring System
Alcohol SaleLaws
ReduceAvailability
Prevent Illegal Alcohol Sales
ReduceConsumption
&Related
Problems
Potential Strategies: Training• Server/manager training• Less promising for preventing sales to
underage• More promising for preventing over service
– May reduce BAC levels of patrons– May prevent sales to obviously intoxicated patrons
• May have short-term effects
Potential Strategies: Enforcement• Compliance checks effective for preventing
sales to underage – Need to conduct more than once or twice per year– Need to check all establishments
• Enforcement for over-service is more complex– Need more research to evaluate
Potential Strategies: Dram Shop Liability
• State law or case law allows lawsuits targeting establishment owner or server for illegal alcohol service–Potential limitations: (1) compensation caps,
(2) imposed statue of limitations, (3) evidence required
–RBS training should not negate dram shop liability
Days & Hours of Sale
• More days of sale = more problems• A few more hours of sale = shift in timing of
problems• Greater than few hours of sale = more
problems
Potential Strategies
• Use state & local policies:–Maintain current restrictions on days of sale–Maintain or reduce hours of sale
Non-licensed Locations
• Parties and other social events at:–Tailgating events –Parks–Houses–Hotels–Residence halls–Etc.
Tailgating
Odds of BAC > 0.08 4.7 times higher if tailgated
Parties • Parties are a common
source of alcohol for underage youth
• Parties occur in many different locations
Potential Strategies• Institutional policies
– Restrictions on room rentals– Alcohol/keg bans on campuses
• Local/State policies– Restrictions on use of alcohol in parks– Keg registration– Social host laws– Noisy assembly laws– Ban tailgating
• Increased enforcement
www.epi.umn.edu/alcoholUniversity of Minnesota