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• What is physical activity?• A brief history of physical activity and health• Two possible approaches to improving health
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide
The pandemic of physical inactivity should be a public health priority
What is Physical Activity?
• Physical activity is…..• Any bodily movement produced by
skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure
• Exercise is…..• Planned, structured and repetitive
bodily movement done to improve or maintain physical fitness
• Fitness is…..• The ability of circulation and
respiration to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity
A Brief History of Physical Activity and Health
Occupational physical activity and heart attacks
• Jerry Morris – compared heart attack incidence in drivers vs conductors
Morris et al (1953) "Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work". Lancet 265 (6795): 1053–7
The Harvard Alumni Study• 16,936 men who entered Harvard
University between 1916-1950
• Questionnaires: specific physician diagnosed disease; socio-demographic characteristics including physical activity
1962/66
Baseline
1977
Follow-up 1
1985
Follow-up 2
Physical activity measures• Flights of stairs climbed (1
flight = 70 stairs = 28 kcal)• City blocks walked (6
blocks = 0.5 miles = 50 kcal)• Type and amount of sport
(light 5 kcal/min; vigorous 10 kcal/min; mixed 7.5 kcal/min)
• Physical activity index computed as an indicator of energy expenditure
Harvard alumni: physical activity and all-cause mortality
Paffenbarger et al (1986, 1993)
A relatively small increase in energy expenditure (equivalent to approx 30 minutes of walking per day) is associated with ~30% reduced risk of early death
MVPA and prevention of chronic disease
UK activity guidelines (2011)
Physical activity in the UK• Inactive population
– 35% of men and 45% of women do not meet physical activity guidelines
– Only 21% of boys and 16% of girls aged 5-15 meet guidelines for youth
– People in the least prosperous areas are twice as likely to be inactive than those in the most prosperous
– Disabled people are half as likely to be active compared to non-disabled people
Health impact of physical inactivity in the UK (BHF 2013)
• 10.5% of CHD cases• 18.7% of colon cancer cases• 17.9% of breast cancer cases• 13.0% of type 2 diabetes cases• 16.9%of premature all-cause mortality
• 2009/10 estimated cost to PCTs in England >£940 million
• Reducing physical inactivity by just one per cent a year over a five-year period would save the UK economy just under £1.2bn (UK Active 2014)
• “If every local authority was able to reduce inactivity levels by 1% each year over five-years, they would save local taxpayers £44 per household” (UK Active 2014)
Cost of physical inactivity in the UK
Possible Approaches to Improving Health: Reducing
Sedentary Behaviour
The new science of sedentary behaviour• Research over the past 30 years has
focussed on establishing the association between MVPA and health
• Sedentary behaviours (e.g. sitting in a car, watching TV, using the computer) are ubiquitous
• Up to 60% of adult waking time is spent in sedentary behaviours
Sitting time and all-cause mortality
Katzmarzyk (2009) MSSE 41: 998-1005
• 17,013 Canadians, 18-90yrs; 12 year follow up; 1,823 deaths
• Daily sitting time (5 categories) and leisure time physical activity assessed at baseline
• Higher risk of mortality across higher levels of sitting time from all-causes and CVD
Possible Approaches to Improving Health: Increasing
Walking by Active Travel
Contribution of walking to work to daily physical activity
Audrey et al (2014). IJBNPA 11:37
Measure Car Walk p
MVPA (mins/day) 50 (25) 79 (24) <0.001
Sed (mins/day) 599 (61) 580 (76) 0.206
• Children who walk to school are more active than car travellers
• Walking to school contributes about one-third of adolescent MVPA
• Adoption of car travel to school reduces daily MVPA
Physical activity and the school journey
Summary• There is a huge amount of evidence showing the health
impacts of physical activity/inactivity• There are major health and societal gains from
increasing population levels of physical activity, even by a small amount
• There is strong evidence to support active travel for all, and outdoors play for children, as important approaches to increasing physical activity
Thank you!Thank you!
Outdoors & Active:Delivering public health outcomes by increasing
Children’s outdoor play and active travel
Outdoors & Active:Delivering public health outcomes by increasing
Children’s outdoor play and active travel
