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2016

PHYS101 LAB MANUAL OF ONLINE EXPERIMENTS

Eastern Mediterranean University

Department of Physics

2020

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Dear PHYS101 Students

As you know, in the scope of the measures taken against coronavirus, our university has suspended all face-

to-face educational activities effective from 10 March 2020 and switched to distance education as of 30 March

2020. In this respect, the Physics department exercising its best efforts to support the student's training and

development, so we have decided to initiate a new kind of laboratory analysis as “Virtual Lab” instead, to

compensate for the usual laboratory sessions.

In order to obtain more information on the current method, we kindly ask you to follow the items below,

1. The experiments are associated with the topics of the PHYS101 course which you have studied during the

semester (spring 2020).

2. All the students should attend to the online virtual lab sessions.

3. The experiments in the “Virtual Lab” are not exactly the same as the experiments in our normal

laboratory so the final lab exam will be formed mostly according to the new ones.

4. Each experiment in the PHYS101 Lab Manual provides a basic introduction to the topic under investigation and structure of the experiment, at the conclusion, the student is asked to answer questions to confirm their understanding of the work.

5. At the end of the experiment, every student should submit a report of the data collected for approval by the

assistant. Therefore it is of utmost importance for students to follow each step carefully.

6. Every student is required to submit his own separate report for each experiment. In general, the reports

consist of tables, answers of the questions and graphs (to encourage the students to use computers in analyzing

the data) should be arranged in an excel or word file.

We wish you success and good luck Eastern Mediterranean University

Physics Department Spring 2020

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Experiment 1

Instructions for the Virtual Lab Report of the “Projectile Motion” Purpose This virtual lab will let you determine the relationship between velocity and the gravitational acceleration in projectile motion. Each time you fire the ball with different angle. Your task is to find the area under the displacement in x-direction (range) vs. y-component of velocity graph. This will give you the inverse of gravitational acceleration.

Steps to be followed 1- Go to this website https://www.thephysicsaviary.com/Physics/Programs/Labs/find.php and find the

experiment ‘Projectiles’

2- Press ‘begin’ to start the experiment.

3- When you see this screen, you are ready to start.

4. Set velocity as |𝑣0⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 15𝑚𝑠⁄ and set angle as 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚ respectively by using arrows.

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4- Press fire to start simulation.

5- Record the displacement value in x-direction (range) with the corresponding angle.

Θ 30° 45° 60° 75°

s (distance)(m)

𝑣0(𝑚

𝑠⁄ ) 15 15 15 15

𝑣02𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

6. Based on the equation of the range of the projectile motion, 𝑠 =𝑣0

2sin(2𝜃)

𝑔,

find the gravitational acceleration 𝑔 .

Note: Slope of the graph of 𝑠 versus 𝑣02𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 gives 𝑚 =

1

𝑔

7. Calculate the percent error

gtheoritical = 9.81ms2⁄ gexp = m s2⁄

𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 = ∆=|𝑻 − 𝑬|

𝑻× 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

8. Using the table above, plot the 𝑠(𝑚) versus 𝑣02𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 by using excel program which is ready for your usage.

Once you complete everything explained above, you are expected to write a short report entitled “Virtual Lab Report Projectiles”. Your report should include the following sections: Purpose, Table of Data, Data Analysis (Excel file) and Comments (Final Remarks). In the “Comment” sections, you must explain the nature of the graphs that you have obtained. Answer these two question what is the range if angle𝜃 = 90°? What is the maximum height, h, if angle𝜃 = 90°? Feel beauty of the physics

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

s vs

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Experiment 2

Instruction for the virtual Lab Report of the “Newton’s Law”

Purpose

This virtual lab will let you to calculate the experimental value of the magnitude of gravitational acceleration g by using the Newton’s Second Law.

Steps to be followed

1- To start the experiment, please click on the link

https://www.thephysicsaviary.com/Physics/Programs/Labs/NewtonsLawLab/ which should direct you to the page expressed below.

2- When you are ready to start, click on ‘Begin’. Once you do so, you should see the following:

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3. Click on ‘Masses’. Set the hover puck mass, 𝑚1 = 900𝑔 and hanging mass,𝑚2 = 100𝑔. Then click ‘Return’ and

‘Start’.

4. You should tabulate your results into an Excel file as stated below. Do not forget to write time in seconds and

position in meters.

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m1=0.9 kg and m2=0.1 kg

𝒙(𝒎) 𝒕(𝒔) 𝒕𝟐(𝒔𝟐)

5. Analyze the data by drawing the following graph.

For data table, draw the graph of 𝑥(𝑠) versus 𝑡2(𝑠2) by using excel program.

Find the slope of the least square line of 𝑥(𝑠) versus 𝑡2(𝑠2) graph and calculate the associated acceleration.

(Hint: Recall that 𝑑 =1

2𝑎𝑡2)

𝑚2𝑔 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2)𝑎 By using the above equation find the experimental value of the magnitude of gravitational acceleration𝑔𝑒𝑥𝑝.

If the theoretical value of𝑔𝑡ℎ = 9.81𝑚 𝑠2⁄ , find the percentage error of measurement made for the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration.

Recall that ∆= 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =|𝑇−𝐸|

𝑇× 100

6. Comment on the graph that you have drawn. 7. Once you complete everything explained above, you are expected to write a short report entitled “Virtual Lab

Report of the Newton’s Law Experiment”. Your report should include the following sections: Purpose, Table of Data, Data Analysis and Comments (Final Remarks). In the “Comments” section, you must explain if we increase the hanging mass (m2) but keep the total mass (m1+m2) same what will happen. Will acceleration increase or decrease? And why?

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EXPERIMENT 3

Instruction for the Virtual Lab Report of the “Work to PEe Lab” Purpose This virtual lab will let you determine the relationship between the amount you stretch your spring and the energy you have given to the spring which is formulated as

𝑤 =1

2𝑘𝑥2

Where 𝑘 is spring constant and 𝑥 is the displacement of the spring. In this experiment we have defferent kinds of spring, which it means different 𝑘 and 𝑥 for each. Your task is to find the area under the line of force versus stretch

graph with considering 𝑤 = ∫𝐹 . 𝑑𝑥 . This will give you the energy you added to the spring.

Steps to be Followed 1. To start the experiment, please click on the link. http://www.thephysicsaviary.com/Physics/Programs/Labs/WorkToPEeLab/ which should direct you to the page expressed below

2. When you are ready to start, click on ‘Begin’. Once you do so, you should see the following:

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3. As can be seen from the diagram above, you will be able to control only one variable: the spring number. The range for the spring number is 1-7.

4. Once you set the spring number, you are expected to click on the box that says “Start”. The recording will stop

automatically and you will see a graph which will be drawn accordingly by the simulation itself.

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Take a screenshot of your graph and copy it into a Word file that you will create for your Lab

Report. Do not forget to express which spring number you have used for each graph.

5. You are suggested to do at least 5 different stretches and tabulate your results as stated below. (Convert strech values into meters while calculating the area!).

Hint: 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ =1

2𝐹𝑥, where x represents the amount of strech in meters.

Spring

No

𝒌[𝑵/𝒎] = 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑾𝑨[𝑵.𝒎] = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑾 =

𝟏

𝟐𝒌𝒙𝟐[𝑵.𝒎] 𝒌 =

𝟐𝒘

𝒙𝟐[𝑵/𝒎]

6. Comment on the graphs that you have drawn.

Once you complete everything explained above, you are expected to write a short report entitled “Virtual Lab Report of the Work to PEe Lab”. Your report should include the following sections: Purpose, Table of Data, Data Analysis and Comments (Final Remarks). In the “Comments” section, you must explain the nature of the graphs that you have obtained, which will enable one to see the relationship between the strech number and the force. Please make sure to answer the following questions and add the answers to the comments section:

What do the graphs tell you about the relation between F and x? Can you name the law which states this

relation?

What do the areas that you have found represent physically? What is the SI unit of the area of the graph?

Does the equation seem familiar comparing with any equations you have seen in the class? Please explain in

your own words.

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Experiment 4

Instructions for the Virtual Lab Report of the “curling stone collision”

Purpose In this lab, we are going to verify the momentum and kinetic energy conservation using curling stones.

Theory The abrupt change to the path of a moving body (or bodies) due to its interaction with other body (or bodies) is called

collision. The magnitude and direction of the velocity of the colliding bodies may change in a collision. We come across many examples of collision daily. Collision of billiard balls or collision between two automobiles in a road accident etc. are examples of collision. The Conservation Laws applied here are:

1. Law of conservation of linear momentum: Total linear momentum of a system of particle is

conserved if no external force acts on the system. i.e., total linear momentum before collision is equal to total linear momentum after collision, if no external force acts on the system.

Total momentum before = total momentum after

𝒎𝑨𝒗𝑨 + 𝒎𝑩𝒗𝑩 = 𝒎𝑨𝒗 𝑨 + 𝒎𝑩𝒗 𝑩

If we have angle dependence (2D), then our momentum equation becomes

𝒎𝑨�⃗⃗� 𝑨 + 𝒎𝑩�⃗⃗� 𝑩 = 𝒎𝑨𝒗 𝑨(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽�̂� + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽�̂�) + 𝒎𝑩𝒗 𝑩(𝐜𝐨𝐬∅ �̂� + 𝐬𝐢𝐧∅ �̂�)

Law of conservation of kinetic energy (for elastic collision): Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

But can be converted from one form to other.

Total kinetic energy before = total kinetic energy after

𝟏

𝟐𝒎𝑨𝒗𝑨

𝟐 +𝟏

𝟐𝒎𝑩𝒗𝑩

𝟐 =𝟏

𝟐𝒎𝑨𝒗 𝑨

𝟐 +𝟏

𝟐𝒎𝑩𝒗 𝑩

𝟐

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Steps to be followed

1- To start the experiment, please click on the link

http://www.thephysicsaviary.com/Physics/Programs/Labs/CurlingStoneMomentumLab/ which should direct you to the page

2. When you are ready to start, click on ‘Begin’. Once you do so, you should see the following:

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3. As can be seen from the diagram above, technically you would be able to control four variables: masses of Red

and Yellow Stones, Initial speed of Red stone and vertical distance between stones. You are suggested to do this experiment in 2 parts. 1st part is in ONE DIMENSION (vertical distance is 0 cm) and 2nd part is in 2 DIMENSION (any distances accepted, except 0). In this case, there will be only three variables in one dimension; mass of both Stones and Initial speed of Red stone and four variables in 2 dimension.

In addition, you are suggested to show your conservation equations by using

1. mass of Red stone > mass of Yellow stone 2. mass of Red stone < mass of Yellow stone

3 .mass of Red stone = mass of Yellow stone

4. Once you set the variables in accordance with your choice and, you are expected to click on Red stone to start the

collision. 5. Create a data table and provide data for at least three trials for 1 Dimension and 2 Dimensions stated below.

1D

Red Mass (kg)

Yellow Mass (kg)

Inıtial velocity of Red (m/s)

Initial velocity of

Yellow (m/s)

Final Velocity of Red

(m/s)

Final velocity of Yellow (m/s)

1.

2.

3.

2D Red Mass

(kg)

Yellow Mass (kg)

Inıtial velocity of Red (m/s)

Initial velocity of Yellow

(m/s)

Final Velocity of

Red (m/s)

𝜃1

Final velocity of

Yellow (m/s)

𝜃2

1.

2.

3.

6- By using conservation equations, show that Kinetic Energy and Momentum conserved or not. 7- Show that the collisions are elastic or inelastic collision.

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Once you complete everything explained above, you are expected to write a short report entitled “Virtual Lab Report of the Curling Stones Collisions”. Your report should include the following sections: Purpose, Table of Data, Data Analysis and Comments (Final Remarks). In the “Comments” section, you must explain for one-dimensional and two-dimesnsional collision, how does increasing the mass of the red stone greater than yellow stone impact the final velocity and direction of the red stone? The final velocity and direction of the yellow stone? For one-dimensional and two-dimesnsional collision how does increasing the mass of the yellow stone greater than red stone impact the final velocity and direction of the red stone? The final velocity and direction of the yellow stone? For one-dimensional and two-dimesnsional collision, how does making the masses of red and yellow stones equal impact the final velocity and direction of the red stone? The final velocity and direrction of the yellow stone?

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