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Phylogenetics
Chapter 26
Slide 2 of 17
Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny
Ontogeny – development from embryo to adult
Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a species or group of species
Taxonomy – ordered classification of organisms based on a set of characteristics
Systematics – classification of organisms by their evolutionary relationships Basis of phylogeny
Slide 3 of 17
Binomial Nomenclature
Each species is assigned a 2-word name Developed by C. Linnaeus
First word is the genus & second word is species Example: Canis familiaris Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)
Slide 4 of 17
Phylogenetic Trees
Slide 5 of 17
Homologous Structures
How do we determine phylogenetic relationships? Morphological similarities due to common ancestry Insert diagram of homologous structures
Slide 6 of 17
Analogous Structures
Similarities that are NOT due to common ancestry
Indicate similar solutions to a common problem
Usually due to convergent evolution When 2 organisms develop similarities as they adapted
to similar environmental challenges
Slide 7 of 17
Molecular Systematics
DNA or other molecular characteristics are used to determine evolutionary relationships
More similar DNA sequences, closer their evolutionary relationship
Ribosomal RNA is used for investigating distant relationships (hundreds of millions of years ago)
Mitochondrial DNA evolves rapidly Used for investigating recent evolutionary trends
Slide 8 of 17
Cladograms
Visually depicts a phylogenetic tree between groups
Highlights the patterns of shared characteristics
Homologous characteristics or molecular similarities
Clade Group of species that include an ancestral species and
all of its descendents
Slide 9 of 17
Slide 10 of 17
7 Levels of Order
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Slide 11 of 17
Kingdoms or Domains
Old taxonomy
Kingdoms – **Monera – Bacteria Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae
Slide 12 of 17
Slide 13 of 17
Domains (Kingdoms)
In this model, K. Monera is split into 2 kingdoms
K. Monera is separated into: Domain Archaebacteria Domain Eubacteria
Other Domain: Eukarya Consists of K. Fungi, K. Plantae, K. Animalia
Also, much of K. Protista has been classified into 1 of the other 3 kingdoms What are the other 3 kingdoms called?
Slide 14 of 17
Prokaryotic Domains
1. Archea Extremeophiles Halophiles Thermophiles Methanogens
2. Bacteria (Eubacteria) Proteobacteria Gram-Positive Chlamydia Cyanobacteria Spirochetes
Slide 15 of 17
Domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes
Superkingdom - incorporates 4 of the kingdoms from the kingdom model Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Slide 16 of 17
3 Domains Compared
Feature Archae Bacteria Eukarya
Membrane-bound organelles
Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls
Introns
Antibiotic Sensitivity
Slide 17 of 17
Questions
In the Kingdom classification, how many kingdoms are there?
What are the names of the Kingdoms?
In the Domain classification, how many Domains are there and what are they?