Phycology and Phycology LabPhycology and Phycology Lab Course Course

by by Dr. Mohamed Jawad Al-HaidareyDr. Mohamed Jawad Al-Haidarey

Ecological Biogeochemistry / Ecological Biogeochemistry / PhycologyPhycology

Textbooks: Textbooks: Lectures, required readingLectures, required reading::

•Linda E Graham & Lee W Wilcox (2000) Algae , Prentice-Hall.•Marty Kelly & Richard Telford (2007) Common fresh water diatoms of Britain and Ireland.•Janet R stein (1975) Hand book of phcological methods, culture methods, and growth measurements.سليمان • ادريس نضال و علي حسين السعدي،

الطحالب علم) 2007(• ايان ( ، الطحالب) 1979مورس مقدمة

) وفاء ، والطحالب) 1985بغدادي االشنات البحرية

 

Attendance politics:Attendance politics: Regular attendance of lectures and lab Regular attendance of lectures and lab

classes is expected. It is further expected classes is expected. It is further expected that students show up in time. For both the that students show up in time. For both the lecture and the lab classes, the student who lecture and the lab classes, the student who comes late most will have to bring doughnuts comes late most will have to bring doughnuts or some food for the next lecture or some food for the next lecture

..

Phycology Syllabus Phycology Syllabus · Introduction to phycology · Basics of algal biology · Reproduction in algae · The role of algae in biogeochemistry · Algae in biological associations · The role of algae in aquatic food webs · Taxonomy and Systematics of Algae · Phytoplankton size in ecology ·

The physical environment: temperature, light, turbulence

· Growth of phytoplankton · Losses of phytoplankton · Swimming and bouyancy · Cyanobacteria · The origin of eukaryotic algae · Euglenophytes

· Cryptophytes · Prymensiophytes (Haptophytes) · Dinophytes (Dinoflagellates) · Introduction to the Ochrophytes · Diatoms · Raphidophytes and Chrysophyceans · Synurophyceans, silicoflagellates, pedinelids, tribophyceans · Phaeophytes (Brown algae) · Rhodophytes (Red algae) · Introduction to the Green algae · Prasinophyceans · Ulvophyceans · Trebouxiophyceans · Chlorophyceans · Charophyceans · Ecology of macroalgae and periphyton

INTRODUCTION TO ALGAL INTRODUCTION TO ALGAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CHARACTERISTICS AND

DIVERSITYDIVERSITY

PHYCOLOGY=STUDY OF ALGAEPHYCOLOGY=STUDY OF ALGAEPhycology is the science (gr. logos) of Phycology is the science (gr. logos) of algae (gr. phycos). This discipline deals algae (gr. phycos). This discipline deals with the morphology, taxonomy, with the morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, biology, and ecology of algae phylogeny, biology, and ecology of algae in all ecosystems in all ecosystems

FOSSIL HISTORY OF FOSSIL HISTORY OF ALGAEALGAE

3.5 billion yrs ago3.5 billion yrs ago Cyanobacteria—first algaeCyanobacteria—first algae Prokaryotes—lack membrane bound Prokaryotes—lack membrane bound

organellesorganelles Later eukaryotes evolved—Later eukaryotes evolved—

mitochondria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria, chloroplasts, and chromosomes containing DNA.chromosomes containing DNA.

Where are algae aboundWhere are algae abound

Kelp  forest up to 50 m height Kelp  forest up to 50 m height are the marine equivalent to are the marine equivalent to terrestrial forest; mainly built by terrestrial forest; mainly built by brown algae.brown algae.

Some algae encrustSome algae encrust   with with carbonate, building reef-like carbonate, building reef-like structures; Cyanobacteria can structures; Cyanobacteria can from rock-like structures in from rock-like structures in warm tidal areas: stromatolites.warm tidal areas: stromatolites.

WhereWhere are algae abound are algae abound

ALGAEALGAE

How are algae similar to higher plants?How are algae similar to higher plants?

How are algae different from higher How are algae different from higher plants?plants?

SimilaritiesSimilarities

Presence of cell wall—mostly Presence of cell wall—mostly cellulosic.cellulosic.

Autotrophs/Primary producers—Autotrophs/Primary producers—carry out photosynthesiscarry out photosynthesis

Presence of chlorophyll aPresence of chlorophyll a

DifferencesDifferences

Algae lack the roots, stems, leaves, and other Algae lack the roots, stems, leaves, and other structures typical of true plants. structures typical of true plants.

Algae do not have vascular tissues—non Algae do not have vascular tissues—non vascular plantsvascular plants

Algae do not form embryos within protective Algae do not form embryos within protective coverings—all cells are fertile.coverings—all cells are fertile.

Variations in pigments.Variations in pigments. Variations in cell structure—unicellular, colonial Variations in cell structure—unicellular, colonial

and multicellular forms.and multicellular forms.

PROKARYOTIC VS PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC ALGAEEUKARYOTIC ALGAE

ProkaryotesProkaryotes---No nuclear region and ---No nuclear region and

complex organelles—complex organelles—chloroplasts, mitochondria, chloroplasts, mitochondria, golgi bodies, and golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticula.endoplasmic reticula.

-- -- Cyanobacteria. Chlorophylls Cyanobacteria. Chlorophylls are on internal membranes of are on internal membranes of flattened vesicles called flattened vesicles called thylakoids-contain thylakoids-contain photosynthetic pigments. photosynthetic pigments. Phycobiliproteins occur in Phycobiliproteins occur in granular structures called granular structures called phycobilisomes.phycobilisomes.

Prokaryote algal cellProkaryote algal cell

Source: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/Cyanobacteria/Cyanobacteria.htm

Prokaryotic and Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic AlgaeEukaryotic Algae

EukaryotesEukaryotes

---Distinct chlorplast, nuclear ---Distinct chlorplast, nuclear region and complex organelles.region and complex organelles.

--- Thylakoids are grouped into --- Thylakoids are grouped into grana grana

pyrenoidspyrenoids are centers of carbon dioxide are centers of carbon dioxide fixation within the chloroplasts of algae and fixation within the chloroplasts of algae and hornworts. Pyrenoids are not membrane-hornworts. Pyrenoids are not membrane-bound organelles, but specialized areas of bound organelles, but specialized areas of the plastid that contain high levels of the plastid that contain high levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenasecarboxylase/oxygenase

granum with aStack of thylakoids

pyrenoid

DIVERSITY IN ALGAEDIVERSITY IN ALGAE

BODY OF AN BODY OF AN ALGA=THALLUSALGA=THALLUS

DIVERSITY IN DIVERSITY IN MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

----MICROSCOPIC----MICROSCOPIC

Unicellular, Colonial Unicellular, Colonial and Filamentous and Filamentous forms.forms.

Source: http://images.google.com/images

CELLULAR CELLULAR ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

Flagella=organs of Flagella=organs of locomotion.locomotion.

Chloroplast=site of Chloroplast=site of photosynthesis. Thylakoids photosynthesis. Thylakoids are present in the chloroplast. are present in the chloroplast. The pigments are present in The pigments are present in the thylakoids.the thylakoids.

Pyrenoid-structure associated Pyrenoid-structure associated with chloroplast. Contains with chloroplast. Contains ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase, proteins and Carboxylase, proteins and carbohydrates.carbohydrates.

Eye-spot=part of chloroplast. Eye-spot=part of chloroplast. Directs the cell towards light.Directs the cell towards light.

Source: A Biology of the AlgaeBy Philip Sze, third edition, WCB MCGraw-Hill

DIVERSITY IN ALGAEDIVERSITY IN ALGAE

Photos are by Dr. Mitra’s Research Group. These pictures are not to be used for any purpose without Dr. Mitra’s approval.

MACROALGAE

Variations in the pigment Variations in the pigment constitutionconstitution

Chlorophylls (green)Chlorophylls (green) Carotenoids (brown, yellow or red)Carotenoids (brown, yellow or red) Phycobilins (red pigment-phycoerythrinPhycobilins (red pigment-phycoerythrin

blue pigment –blue pigment –phycocyanin)phycocyanin)

REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

VegetativeCell divisions/Fragmentation=part of the filamentbreaks off from the rest and forms a new one.

Asexual ReproductionZoospores after losing their flagella,form new filaments. No sexual fusion.

Sexual-Gametes

SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION ISOGAMYISOGAMY-Both gametes have flagella and similar in size and morphology.-Both gametes have flagella and similar in size and morphology.

ANISOGAMYANISOGAMY-Gametes have flagella but are dissimilar in shape and size. One -Gametes have flagella but are dissimilar in shape and size. One gamete is distinctly smaller than the other one.gamete is distinctly smaller than the other one.

OOGAMYOOGAMY-gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses with a larger, non flagellated -gamete with flagella (sperm) fuses with a larger, non flagellated gamete (egg).gamete (egg).

ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITYECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

LAND---WATERLAND---WATER FRESH WATER---MARINE HABITATSFRESH WATER---MARINE HABITATS FLOATING (PLANKTONIC)—BENTHIC FLOATING (PLANKTONIC)—BENTHIC

(BOTTOM DWELLERS)(BOTTOM DWELLERS) EPIPHYTESEPIPHYTES