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Fg =G M1 M2

r2

gd = g(1- d )

R

gh = g(1- 2h

) R

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Physics formulas for high school

Physics formulas for grade 11, grade 12 and under graduates.

Density is mass per unit volumeDensity = mass / volume

velocity = displacement / time

Force = rate of change of momentum Momentum = mass . velocityPower is rate of work donePower = work / timeUnit of power is watt

Potential energy (P)PE = m.g.hm = massg = acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2)h = height

Kinetic energy (P)P = (1/2).m.v2

m = massv = velocity

Gravity (Force due to gravity)Fg : Force of attraction

G : Gravitational constantM1 : Mass of first object

M2 : Mass of second object

Acceleration due to gravity at a depth 'd'from earth surface is :

Acceleration due to gravity at height 'h'from earth surface is :h is very much smaller than R

Escape velocityEscape velocity from a body of mass M andradius r is

For example if you want to calculate theescape verlocity of sa object from earththen,M is dmass of earthr is radius of earth

OPTICSIndex of refractionn = c/v

n - index of refractionc - velocity of light in a vacuumv - velocity of light in the given material

Under constant acceleration linear motionv = final velocityu = intitial velocitya = accelerationt = time taken to reach velocity v from us = displacement

v = u + a t

s = ut + (1/2)a t 2

s = vt - (1/2)a t 2

v2 = u2 + 2 a s

Friction force (kinetic friction)When the object is moving then Friction isdefined as :Ff = μ FnwhereFf = Friction force, μ= cofficient of

frictionFn = Normal force

Linear MomentumMomentum = mass x velocity

Capillary actionThe height to which the liquid can be liftedis given by:

Simple harmonic motionSimple harmonic motion is defined by:d2x/dt2 = - k x

Formula Sheet for Physics http://www.teacherone.com/education/physics/formula/physics_all_fo...

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f = f0( v

)v + vs

frequency = f = nv

2L

Approximate frequency = f = nv

2Lfrequency = f =

nv

2(L+0.8D)

Approximate frequency = f = nv

4Lfrequency = f =

nv

4(L+0.8D)

intensity of sound = Sound Power

area

intensity of sound in decibel= 10log10 I

I0

h = 2γcosθ

ρgr

γ: liquid-air surface tension(T)(T=energy/area)θ: contact angleρ: density of liquidg: acceleration due to gravityr: is radius of tube

Time period of pendulum Waves

f =1

T

ω =2 π

T

v = f . λ

whereω = Angular frequency, T=Time period, v =Speed of wave, λ=wavelength

Doppler effect Relationship between observedfrequency f and emitted frequency f0:

where,v=velocity of wavevs=velocity of source. It is positive if

source of wave is moving away from observer.It is negative if source of wave is movingtowards observer.

Resonance of a string

where,L: length of the stringn = 1, 2, 3...

Resonance of a open tube of air(approximate)

where,L: length of the cylindern = 1, 2, 3...v = speed of sound

Resonance of a open tube of air(accurate)

where,L: length of the cylindern: 1, 2, 3...v: speed of soundd:diameter of the resonance tube

Resonance of a closed tube ofair(approximate)

where,L: length of the cylindern = 1, 2, 3...v = speed of sound

Resonance of a closed tube ofair(accurate)

where,L: length of the cylindern: 1, 2, 3...v: speed of soundd:diameter of the resonance tube

intensity of sound Bragg's lawnλ = 2d sinθ

wheren = integer (based upon order)λ = wavelengthd = distance between the planesθ = angle between the surface and the ray


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dB = 10log10 I

I0

λ = h =

h

p mv

λ = h

η = 1 - Tc

Th

whereI=intensity of interest in Wm-2

I0=intensity of interest in 10-12Wm-2

de Broglie equation

wherep = momentumλ = wavelengthh = Planck's constantv = velocity

Relation between energy and frequencyE = hνwhereE = Energyh = Planck's constantν = frequency

Davisson and Germer experiment

wheree = charge of electronm = mass of electronV = potential difference between the platesthru which the electron passλ = wavelength

Centripetal Force (F)

F =m v2

= m ω2 rr

Circular motion formulav = ω r

Centripetal acceleration (a) = v2

r

Torque (it measures how the force actingon the object can rotate the object)Torque is cross product of radius andForceTorque = (Force) X (Moment arm) X sin θT = F L sin θwhete θ = angle between force and momentarm

Forces of gravitationF = G (m1.m2)/r

2

where G is constant. G = 6.67E - 11 N m2 /kg2

Stefan-Boltzmann LawThe energy radiated by a blackbodyradiator per second = P

P = AσT4

where,σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constantσ = 5.6703 × 10-8 watt/m2K4

Efficiency of Carnot cycle Ideal gas lawP V = n R TP = Pressure (Pa i.e. Pascal)V = Volume (m3)n = number of of gas (in moles)

R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m3.Pa.K-1mol-1] )T = Temperatue ( in Kelvin [K])

Boyles law (for ideal gas)P1 V1 = P2V2T (temperature is constant)

Charles law (for ideal gas)V1=V2

T1 T2

P (pressure is constant)

Translational kinetic energy K per gasmolecule (average molecular kinetic energy:)

Internal energy of monoatomic gas


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h= 2T

ρrg

R = ρL

A

K =3k T

2

k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant

K =3n R T

2

n = number of of gas (in moles)R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m3.Pa.K-1mol-1] )

Root mean square speed of gas

V2rms =3 k T

m

k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constantm = mass of gas

Ratio of specific heat (γ)

γ =Cp

Cv

Cp = specific heat capacity of the gas in

a constant pressure processCv = specific heat capacity of the gas in

a constant volume process

Internal entergy of ideal gasInternal entergy of ideal gas (U) = cv nRT

In Adiabatic process no heat is gained orlost by the system.Under adiabetic condition

PVγ = ConstantTVγ-1 = Constantwhere γ is ratio of specific heat.

γ =Cp

Cv

Boltzmann constant (k)

k =R

Na

R = gas constantNa = Avogadro's number.

Speed of the sound in gas

R = gas constant(8.314 J/mol K)T = the absolute temperatureM = the molecular weight of the gas(kg/mol)γ = adiabatic constant = cp/cv

Capillary actionThe height to which the liquid can be liftedis given byh=height of the liquid liftedT=surface tensionr=radius of capillary tube

Resistance of a wire

ρ = rsistivityL = length of the wireA = cross-sectional area of the wire

Ohm's lawV = I . RV = voltage appliedR = ResistanceI = current

Electric power (P) = (voltage applied) x(current)P = V . I = I2 . RV = voltage appliedR = ResistanceI = current

Resistor combinationIf resistors are in series then equivalentresistance will beReq = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . . . . . + RnIf resistors are in parallel thenequivalent resistance will be1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . . . . . +

1/Rn

In AC circuit average power is :Pavg = VrmsIrms cosφ

where,Pavg = Average Power

Vrms = rms value of voltage

Irms = rms value of current

In AC circuit Instantaneous power is :PInstantaneous = VmIm sinωt sin(ωt-φ)

where,PInstantaneous = Instantaneous Power

Vm = Instantaneous voltage

Im = Instantaneous current

CapacitorsQ = C.VwhereQ = charge on the capacitorC = capacitance of the capacitor

Total capacitance (Ceq) for PARALLELCapacitor Combinations:Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . . + CnTotal capacitance (Ceq) for SERIESCapacitor Combinations:


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V = voltage applied to the capacitor 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + . . . . . . +

1/Cn

Parallel Plate Capacitor

C = κ ε0 A

d

whereC = [Farad (F)]κ = dielectric constantA = Area of plated = distance between the plateε0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X

10-12 C2/N m2)

Cylindrical Capacitor

C = 2 π κ ε0

L

ln (b/a)

whereC = [Farad (F)]κ = dielectric constantL = length of cylinder [m]a = outer radius of conductor [m]b = inner radius of conductor [m]ε0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X

10-12 C2/N m2)

Spherical Capacitor

C = 4 π κ ε0

a b

b - a

whereC = [Farad (F)]κ = dielectric constanta = outer radius of conductor [m]b = inner radius of conductor [m]ε0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X

10-12 C2/N m2)

Magnetic force acting on a charge q movingwith velocity vF = q v B sin θwhereF = force acting on charge q (Newton)q = charge (C)v = velocity (m/sec2)B = magnetic fieldθ = angle between V (velocity) and B(magnetic field)

Force on a wire in magnetic field (B)F = B I l sin θwhereF = force acting on wire (Newton)I = Current (Ampere)l = length of wire (m)B = magnetic fieldθ = angle between I (current) and B(magnetic field)

In an RC circuit (Resistor-Capacitor), thetime constant (in seconds) is:τ = RCR = Resistance in ΩC = Capacitance in in farads.

In an RL circuit (Resistor-inductor ), thetime constant (in seconds) is:τ = L/RR = Resistance in ΩC = Inductance in henries

Self inductance of a solenoid = L = μn2LAn = number of turns per unit lengthL = length of the solenoid.

Mutual inductance of two solenoid two longthin solenoids, one wound on top of theotherM = μ0N1N2LA

N1 = total number of turns per unit length

for first solenoidN2 = number of turns per unit length for

second solenoidA = cross-sectional areaL = length of the solenoid.

Energy stored in capacitor

E =1C V 2

2

Coulomb's LawLike charges repel, unlike charges attract.F = k (q1 . q2)/r

2

where k is constant. k = 1/(4 π ε0) ≈ 9 x

109 N.m2/C2

q1 = charge on one body

q2 = charge on the other body

r = distance between them

Calculator based upon Coulomb's Law

Ohm's lawV = IRwhereV = voltageI = currentR = Resistence

Electric Field around a point charge (q)E = k ( q/r2 )where k is constant. k = 1/(4 π ε0) ≈ 9 x

109 N.m2/C2

q = point charger = distance from point charge (q)

Electric field due to thin infinite sheet

E =σ

2 ε0

whereE = Electric field (N/C)σ = charge per unit area C/m2


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Ephoton = E0( 1 -

1 )

n12 n2

2

t1/2 = ln(2)

λ

τ = 1

λ

ε0 = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2

Electric field due to thick infinite sheet

E =σ

ε0

where

E = Electric field (N/C)

σ = charge per unit area C/m2

ε0 = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2

Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r isgreater than the radius of the wire.

B =μ0 I

2 π r

whereI = currentr = distance from wireand r ≥ Radius of the wire

Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r isless than the radius of the wire.

B =μ0 I r

2 π R2

whereI = currentR = radius of wirer = distance from wireand r ≤ Radius of the wire (R)

Magnetic Field At the center of an arc

B =μ0 I φ

4 π r

whereI = currentr = radius from the center of the wire

Bohr's model

L = nh

2 π

whereL = angular momentumn = principal quantum number = 1,2,3,...nh = Planck's constant.

Emitting Photons(Rydberg Formula)

wheren1 < n2E0 = 13.6 eV

Half life of radioactive element Average life of radioactive element


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