PHP Programming with MySQL Slide 2-1 CHAPTER 2 Getting Started with PHP

PHP Programming with MySQL Slide 2-1

CHAPTER 2Getting Started with PHP


Objectives

Install and configure a Web server Install and configure PHP Install and configure MySQL Create basic PHP scripts


Understanding Installations

Binary format (or binaries) refer to compiled files, such as executable installation programs

Source code is the original programming code in which an application was written

Source code must be compiled, or processed, and assembled into an executable format before it is used

Compiled programs only need to be recompiled when their code changes


Installing and Configuring a Web Server

Apache is the most popular Web server software used on the Internet

Microsoft IIS for Windows is the second most popular server software

In Windows, a service refers to a program that performs a specific function to support other programs


Installing and Running Apache on UNIX and Linux

1. Go to http:/httpd.apache.org/download.cgi

2. Run the gunzip command: gunzip httpd-2.0.52.tar.gz

3. Run the tar command:tar xvf httpd-2.0.52.tar

4. Change to the http-2.0.52 directory:cd httpd-2.0.52

5. Run the configure command:./configure


Installing and Running Apache on UNIX and Linux

6. Compile the Apache source code with the make command

7. Run the make install command in the httpd-2.0.52 directory

8. Start, stop, and restart Apache using the apachectl control script


Installing and Running Apache on Windows

1. Go to http:/httpd.apache.org/download.cgi

2. Download the MSI Installer (installation file) for Win-32 Binary.

3. Navigate to the installation file and from the Welcome screen, click Next

4. Accept the terms of the License Agreement, click Next

5. Read the contents of the Read This First screen, click Next


Installing and Running Apache on Windows

6. Accept the default values, click Next

7. Select a Typical installation, click Next

8. Accept the default Destination Folder directory, click Next

9. Click Back to make changes or click Install to finish

10. Click Finish


Installing and Running Internet Information Services on Windows

1. Open the Control Panel from the Start menu

2. If using Windows XP, select Switch to Classic View

3. Select the Add or Remove Programs icon

4. Click Add/Remove Windows Components

5. Click the check box next to Internet Information Services (IIS), click Next


Installing and Running IIS on Windows

6. After the installation is complete, click Finish

7. If prompted, restart Windows otherwise close the Control Panel


Testing Your Web Server

1. Open your Web browser2. Type http://localhost/ in the Address box, click

Enter

Figure 2-2 Apache’s default Web page


Testing Your Web Server

3. Type http://127.0.0.1/ in the Address box, click Enter

Figure 2-3 Web page informing you that IIS is running


Configuring Apache

To configure ports and other settings you must edit the httpd.conf file

For UNIX/Linux /usr/local/apache2/conf

For Windows C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf

Lines that begin with the pound sign (#) are informational comments

Lines without pound signs contain directives


Configuring Apache

Figure 2-4 httpd.conf


Configuring Apache

Directives define information about how a program should be configured

The DocumentRoot directive identifies the default directory from where Apache serves Web pages

The Alias directive identifies other directories that Apache can use to serve Web pages


Configuring IIS

Figure 2-5 Default Web Site Properties dialog box


Installing PHP on UNIX and Linux Systems Running Apache

1. Go to http://www.php.net/downloads.php

2. Run the gunzip command: gunzip php-5.0.3.tar.gz

3. Run the tar command:tar xvf php-5.0.3.tar

4. Change to the php-5.0.3 directory:cd php-5.0.3

5. Run the configure command:./configure


Installing PHP on UNIX and Linux Systems Running Apache

6. Compile the PHP source code with the make command

7. Run the make install command in the php-5.0.3 directory

8. Specify which configuration file you want to use with PHP:cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/lib/php.ini


Installing PHP Windows Running Apache or IIS

1. Go to http://www.php.net/downloads.php and download the latest Windows binary installer

2. Navigate to the installation file and from the Welcome screen, click Next

3. In the License Agreement screen, click I Agree

4. Accept the default destination location, click Next


Installing PHP Windows Running Apache or IIS

6. In the Server Type screen, select the type of Web server that you want to use with PHP, click Next

7. From the “Choose Items to Install” screen, select the modules to be installed.

8. In the Ready to Install screen, click Install to begin installation


Configuring Apache for PHP on UNIX/Linux Platforms

1. Open the httpd.conf file from the /usr/local/apache2/conf directory

2. Search for the LoadModule directive:LoadModule php5_module libexec/libphp5.so

3. Add the AddType directive to the end of the file:AddType application/x-httpd-php .php

4. Save and close the httpd.conf file5. Restart Apache with the command:

/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl restart


Configuring Apache for PHP on Windows

1. Click the Start menu and point to All Programs

2. Select the Edit the Apache httpd.config Configuration File command

3. Add the following to the end of the file:ScriptAlias /PHP/ “C:/PHP/”AddType application/x-httpd-php .phpAction application/x-httpd-php “/PHP/php-cgi.exe”

4. Save and close the httpd.conf file5. Restart Apache and select the Restart

command


Configuring PHP

Figure 2-6 The php.ini configuration file


Installing and Configuring MySQL on UNIX and Linux

1. Go to http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/ and download the latest version of MySQL

2. Create a separate group and user named for running MySQL:groupadd mysqluseradd -g mysql mysql

3. Run the gunzip mysql-4.1.9.tar.gz command

4. Run the tar xvf mysql-4.1.9.tar command

5. Change to the mysql-4.1.9 directory


Installing and Configuring MySQL on UNIX and Linux

6. Run the ./configure command

7. Compile the MySQL code with the make command

8. Run the make install command

9. Change to the scripts directory

10. Run the mysql_install_db --user=mysql script

11. Run the ownership commands:chown -R root /usr/local/mysqlchown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/varchgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql


Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows

1. Go to http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/

2. Open Windows Explorer or My Computer and start the MySQL installation

3. In the Welcome screen, click Next to start the installation

4. Accept the default setup type Typical, click Next

5. Click Back to make changes or click Install to continue



6. Create a new account or skip sign-in, click Next

7. In the Wizard Completed screen, click Finish

8. In the first screen of the MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard, click Next

9. In the Configuration Type screen, select Standard Configuration, click Next



10. In the Windows Options screen, accept the default values (do not select the Include Bin Directory in Windows PATH check box), click Next

11. In the Security Options screen, deselect the Modify Security Settings check box, click Next

12. Click Back to change any of the configuration operations or Execute to finish


Testing the MySQL Server

1. Check to see if MySQL is running For UNIX/Linux systems:

/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

For Windows, use the Services window

2. Run the mysqladmin version command For UNIX/Linux systems:

/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin version

For Windows, change to the C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin\ directory and run:

mysqladmin version


Creating Basic PHP Scripts

Embedded scripting languages (JavaScript or PHP) refer to code that is embedded within a Web page (either an HTML or XHTML document)

This code is typed directly into a Web page as a separate section

A Web page document containing PHP code must have an extension of .php

PHP code is never sent to a client’s Web browser


Creating Basic PHP Scripts

The Web page generated from the PHP code, and HTML or XHTML elements found within the PHP file, is returned to the client

A PHP file that does not contain any PHP code should have an .html extension

.php is the default extension that most Web servers use to process PHP scripts


Creating PHP Code Blocks

Code declaration blocks are separate sections within a Web page that are interpreted by the scripting engine

There are four types of code declaration blocks: Standard PHP script delimiters The <script> element Short PHP script delimiters ASP-style script delimiters


Standard PHP Script Delimiters

A delimiter is a character or sequence of characters used to mark the beginning and end of a code segment

The standard method of writing PHP code declaration blocks is to use the <?php and ?> script delimiters

The individual lines of code that make up a PHP script are called statements


The <script> Element

The <script> element identifies a script section in a Web page document

For client-side scripting, the type attribute of the <script> element indicates which scripting language and version is being used

When the <script> element is used with PHP, you do not include the type attribute


Short PHP Script Delimiters

The syntax for the short PHP script delimiters is

<? statements; ?> Short delimiters can be disabled in a Web server’s

php.ini configuration file PHP scripts will not work if your Web site ISP does

not support short PHP script delimiters Short delimiters can be used in XHTML documents,

but not in XML documents


ASP-Style Script Delimiters

The syntax for the ASP-style script delimiters is

<% statements; %> ASP-style script delimiters can be used in XHTML

documents, but not in XML documents ASP-style script delimiters can be enabled or

disabled in the php.ini configuration file To enable or disable ASP-style script delimiters,

assign a value of “On” or “Off ” to the asp_tags directive in the php.ini configuration file


Understanding Functions

A function refers to a procedure that performs a specific task

To execute a function, you must invoke, or call, it from somewhere in the script

A function call is the function name followed by any data that the function needs

The data (in parentheses following the function name) are called arguments or actual parameters

Sending data to a called function is called passing arguments


Displaying Script Results

To return to the client the results of any processing that occurs within a PHP code block, you must use an echo() statement or the print() statement

The echo() and print() statements create new text on a Web page that is returned as a response to a client



Figure 2-13 PHP Diagnostic Information Web page

Figure 2-13 PHP Diagnostic Information Web page



The echo() and print() statements are language constructs of the PHP programming language

A programming language construct refers to a built-in feature of a programming language

The echo() and print() statements are virtually identical except: The print() statement returns a value of 1 if

it is successful It returns a value of 0 if it is not successful



Use the echo() and print() statements to return the results of a PHP script within a Web page that is returned to a client

A text string, or literal string, is text that is contained within double or single quotation marks

To pass multiple arguments to the echo() and print() statements, separate them with commas like arguments passed to a function


Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks

For multiple script sections in a document, include a separate code declaration block for each section

...</head><body><h1>Multiple Script Sections</h1><h2>First Script Section</h2><?php echo “<p>Output from the first script section.</p>”;?><h2>Second Script Section</h2><?php echo “<p>Output from the second script section.</p>”;?></body></html>



PHP code declaration blocks execute on a Web server before a Web page is sent to a client

...

</head>

<body>

<h1>Multiple Script Sections</h1>

<h2>First Script Section</h2>

<p>Output from the first script section.</p>

<h2>Second Script Section</h2>

<p>Output from the second script section.</p>

</body>

</html>



Figure 2-17 Output of a document with two PHP script sections


Case Sensitivity in PHP

Programming language constructs in PHP are mostly case insensitive

<?php

echo “<p>Explore <strong>Africa</strong>, <br />”;

Echo “<strong>South America</strong>, <br />”;

ECHO “ and <strong>Australia</strong>!</p>”;

?>


Adding Comments to a PHP Script

Comments are nonprinting lines placed in code such as: The name of the script Your name and the date you created the program Notes to yourself Instructions to future programmers who might

need to modify your work



Line comments hide a single line of code Add // or # before the text

Block comments hide multiple lines of code Add /* to the first line of code And */ after the last character in the code



<?php/*This line is part of the block comment.This line is also part of the block comment.*/echo “<h1>Comments Example</h1>”; // Line comments can followcode statements// This line comment takes up an entire line.# This is another way of creating a line comment./* This is another way of creating a block comment. */?>


Summary

Binary format (or “binaries”) refers to files that can be in the form of executable installation programs

Source code is the original programming code in which an application was written

Directives define information about how a program should be configured

JavaScript and PHP are both referred to as embedded scripting languages


Summary

You write PHP scripts within code declaration blocks, which are separate sections within a Web page that are interpreted by the scripting engine

The individual lines of code that make up a PHP script are called statements

The term function refers to a procedure (or individual statements grouped into a logical unit) that perform a specific task


Summary

The term programming language construct refers to a built-in feature of a programming language

Programming language constructs in PHP are mostly case insensitive, although there are some exceptions

Comments are nonprinting lines that you place in code to contain various types of remarks

Documents

PHP Programming with MySQL Slide 2-1 CHAPTER 2 Getting Started with PHP