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Photosynthesis & Respiration
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX787d585f475a015b5c7c06&t=Photosynthesis Intro Video:
Cell Energy
(Photosynthesis and Respiration)
Energy:•Energy for living things comes from food. Originally, the energy in food comes from the sun.
• Organisms that use light energy from the sun to produce food—autotrophs (auto = self)Ex: plants and some microorganisms (some bacteria and protists)
• Organisms that CANNOT use the sun’s energy to make food—heterotrophs - must eat their foodEx: animals and most microorganisms
Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Cell Energy:•Cells usable source of energy is called ATP•ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate
Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups
• All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy
• When the cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP
• ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes.
Photosynthesis:•Photosynthesis is the process by which the energy of sunlight is converted into the chemical energy of glucose
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plants
• Light absorbing compound is a pigment• pigments absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect
others• the color our eyes see is the color that the pigment
reflects
• Chlorophyll is the pigment inside the chloroplast the absorbs light for photosynthesis
As the chlorophyll in leaves decays in the autumn, the green color fades and is replaced by the oranges and reds of carotenoids.
•General formula for photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
sunlight
sunlight
•Diagram Reactants
Products
LightH2O CO2
O2C6H12O6
Glucose
Chloroplast
LightDependent
Reaction
Calvin Cycle
NADP
ADP + P
ATPNADPH
Light ReactionTakes place in the thylakoid membrane (contains chlorophyll)
Reactants needed for the light reaction:Water, Light, ADP, NADP
Products made from light reaction and USED in dark reaction: ATP energy to make sugar
NADPH supplies e- and H to make C6H12O6
Oxygen is released into the air
Dark Reaction - Calvin CycleTakes place in the stroma
Reactants needed for the dark reaction:CO2, ATP, NADPH
Products made from the dark reaction used in light reaction are:ADP returned to the light reaction to make more ATPNADPreturns to the light reaction to pick up more electrons and Hydrogens
Glucose is made in the dark reaction for use throughout the
organism.
Summary:
•Light Reaction—H2O is broken down and light energy is stored temporarily in ATP and NADPH. Oxygen released.
•Calvin Cycle—energy is transferred from ATP and NADPH to the organic compound glucose
Location Reactants Products Release
Light Reaction
thylakoid H2O
Light
ADP and NADP from dark reaction
ATP – energy to make sugar
NADPH – electrons and Hydrogen to make glucose
O2 to the air
Dark Reaction – Calvin Cycle
stroma
CO2
ATP and NADPH from light reaction
ADP and NADP back to light reaction
GLUCOSE
Video - photosynthesis
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Movie_Clips/05%20Nutrition/Photosynthesis%20Review.wmv
Cellular Respiration•Process where energy of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life processes (movement, breathing, blood circulation, etc…)
• Respiration occurs in ALL cells • Takes place in the mitochondria• Can take place either with or without oxygen present.
Glucose
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
ATP
Fermentation (anaerobic)
Aerobic Respiration
ATPLactic AcidEthyl
Alcohol
NoOxygen
Oxygen
Aerobic Respiration: Makes 38 ATP-requires oxygen-- makes 38 ATP
•FormulaC6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
Human cells contain a specialized structure – the
mitochondrion – that generates energy.
Intro video - respiration
http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Movie_Clips/07%20Respiration/Aerobic%20Review.wmv
STEP 1: Glycolysis
-First pathway of respiration - ALL organisms perform this
-Takes place in the cytoplasm on enzymes
-Splits glucose in half to form pyruvic acid or pyrates
-Gives off enough energy to make 2 ATP
STEP 2: Krebs Cycle-pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide
-Occurs in matrix of mitochondria
STEP 3: Electron Transport Chain
-electrons from Krebs Cycle converts ADP into ATP
-Occurs along inner membrane of mitochondria
• Diagram - Cellular Respiration
Glucose GlycolysisElectron
Transport Chain
2
Krebs Cycle
Mitochondria
In Cytoplasm
2 34
Electrons carried in NADH
electrons carried in
NADH
Video on aerobic respiration:
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29543-assignment-discovery-cellular-respiration-video.htm
Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation: - pathway organisms use when no oxygen is available to the cell - Mostly unicellular organisms (low energy requirement)-Goes through glycolysis and makes 2 ATP (in cytoplasm)- 2 kinds: Alcoholic and Lactic Acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation
pyruvic acid lactic acid+carbon dioxide
•Performed by muscle cells
Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues—causes burning sensation in muscles
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcohol fermentation
Pyruvic ethyl alcohol+carbon dioxideacid
-occurs in bacteria and yeast
-Process used by baking and brewing industry
-yeast produces CO2 gas during fermentation to make dough rise and gives bread its holes
Products of one reaction are the reactants of the other (and vice versa)
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Energy Flow: Producers photosynthesize and provide glucose for consumers
Carbon Cycle: Producers remove CO2 from atmosphere while consumer replaces CO2 during respiration
Water Cycle: Producers take water out of ecosystem and consumers produce water during respiration (also O2 removed by producer and returned by consumer)
Importance of ATP!
1. ALL organisms release ATP from break down of glucose during cellular respiration
2. ATP powers the activities of the cell and allows living things to do work
3. ATP/ADP is cycle that releases/stores energy for cell processes
4. ATP is used to actively transport material across the cell membrane
• Cells require a constant source of energy for life processes but keep only a small amount of ATP on hand.
• Cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy stored in foods like glucose.
• The energy stored in glucose by photosynthesis is released by cellular respiration and repackaged into the energy of ATP.