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PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
What does a plant need to survive?What does a plant need to survive? __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________
Which of the above is organic?____________Which of the above is organic?____________
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert convert inorganic moleculesinorganic molecules into into organic organic moleculesmolecules..
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert convert light energylight energy into into chemical bond energychemical bond energy..
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert convert sunlightsunlight into into glucoseglucose..
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Chloroplasts are the site of Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesisphotosynthesis
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Electron Micrograph of a chloroplastElectron Micrograph of a chloroplast
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Occurs in two phases:Occurs in two phases: Light PhaseLight Phase
Occurs in the Occurs in the GRANAGRANA in the chloroplasts in the chloroplasts
Dark PhaseDark Phase Occurs in the Occurs in the STROMASTROMA in the chloroplasts in the chloroplasts
Light Phase/ReactionLight Phase/Reaction
Occurs only in the presence of lightOccurs only in the presence of light Also called Also called PhotolysisPhotolysis
Sunlight splits water into hydrogen and Sunlight splits water into hydrogen and oxygenoxygen
Also called Also called Light Dependent ReactionLight Dependent Reaction
Dark Phase/ReactionDark Phase/Reaction
In order for the In order for the DARK PHASEDARK PHASE to occur, to occur, HYDROGEN has to be carried from the HYDROGEN has to be carried from the LIGHT PHASE to the DARK PHASE.LIGHT PHASE to the DARK PHASE. This carrier molecule is called NADP.This carrier molecule is called NADP. When NADP is carrying hydrogen, it is When NADP is carrying hydrogen, it is
NADPH.NADPH.
Dark Phase/ReactionDark Phase/Reaction
Also called Also called Light Independent ReactionLight Independent Reaction Also called Also called Carbon FixationCarbon Fixation.. In this phase, CARBON DIOXIDE from In this phase, CARBON DIOXIDE from
the atmosphere combines with the atmosphere combines with HYDROGEN from the light reaction to HYDROGEN from the light reaction to form GLUCOSE.form GLUCOSE.
ATP is diffused from the grana into the ATP is diffused from the grana into the stroma for the dark reaction.stroma for the dark reaction.
Carbon FixationCarbon Fixation
Formula and drawing of Dark Reaction:Formula and drawing of Dark Reaction:
COCO22 + H + H
22 2 PGAL 2 PGAL glucose glucose
Factors Effecting Factors Effecting PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
TemperatureTemperature Light IntensityLight Intensity Availability of WaterAvailability of Water ElevationElevation
CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCELLULAR RESPIRATION
Occurs in plants AND animals.Occurs in plants AND animals. Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA and Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA and
CYTOPLASM.CYTOPLASM.
CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCELLULAR RESPIRATION
The process by which energy in food The process by which energy in food molecules (glucose) is converted to a molecules (glucose) is converted to a form that can be used by the cells (ATP).form that can be used by the cells (ATP).
Can be AEROBIC (uses OCan be AEROBIC (uses O22) or ) or
ANAEROBIC (does NOT use OANAEROBIC (does NOT use O22))
CELLULAR RESPIRATIONCELLULAR RESPIRATION
ATPATP Adenosine Tri-PhosphateAdenosine Tri-Phosphate = ENERGY = ENERGY Comes from chemical bonds breakingComes from chemical bonds breaking The more bonds broken, the more energy The more bonds broken, the more energy
made.made. Energy is stored in Energy is stored in high energy phosphate high energy phosphate
bondsbonds..
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Occurs in the CYTOPLASMOccurs in the CYTOPLASM Makes energy WITHOUT using oxygen.Makes energy WITHOUT using oxygen. Glucose is partially broken down.Glucose is partially broken down. Also called Also called GLYCOLYSIS GLYCOLYSIS or or FERMENTATIONFERMENTATION.. Produces:Produces:
EthylEthyl AlcoholAlcohol ( in yeast) ( in yeast) Lactic Acid Lactic Acid (in bacteria or human muscle cells).(in bacteria or human muscle cells).
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATIONANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Pyruvic AcidPyruvic Acid produced by the breakdown of sugars during produced by the breakdown of sugars during
GLYCOLYSISGLYCOLYSIS
AEROBIC RESPIRATIONAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Making ATP USING oxygen.Making ATP USING oxygen. Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIAOccurs in the MITOCHONDRIA More energy efficient than anaerobic More energy efficient than anaerobic
respiration (releases more energy).respiration (releases more energy). Bonds in glucose are completely broken Bonds in glucose are completely broken
down.down.
AEROBIC RESPIRATIONAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Formula:Formula:CC
66HH
1212OO
66 + 2ATP + 2ATP Pyruvate Pyruvate CO CO
22 + H + H
22O + 38 ATPO + 38 ATP
OO22
Steps of Aerobic Steps of Aerobic RespirationRespiration
1. Glycolysis (Anaerobic Respiration)1. Glycolysis (Anaerobic Respiration)• Makes pyruvic acid, which is then broken downMakes pyruvic acid, which is then broken down• Produces 4 ATP (gross)Produces 4 ATP (gross)
Steps of Aerobic Steps of Aerobic RespirationRespiration
2. Kreb2. Kreb’’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)• Produces citric acid, which is then broken downProduces citric acid, which is then broken down• Bonds in the sugar are completely broken down, Bonds in the sugar are completely broken down,
releasing COreleasing CO22
Steps of Aerobic Steps of Aerobic RespirationRespiration
3. Electron Transport Chain3. Electron Transport Chain• Oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor so Oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor so
glucose bonds can be FULLY broken down.glucose bonds can be FULLY broken down.
• Releases HReleases H22OO