Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration-0

8/17/2019 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration-0

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Photos!nthesis and Cellular

#espirationPhotos!nthesis and respiration are complementar!

processes in the li$ing %orld. Photos!nthesis uses

the energ! of sunlight to produce sugars and otherorganic molecules.&hese molecules in turn ser$e as food for other

organisms that carr! out respiration to obtain the

chemical bond' a process that uses O ( to form CO ( from the same carbon atoms that had been takenup as CO ( and con$erted into sugars b!

photos!nthesis.


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CO ( ) * ( O O ( ) C +* ,( O++ + + ,P*O&O - &*" I/ LI0*&

C*LO#OPL1 &


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C+* ,( O+ ) O ( * ( O ) CO ( ) 1&P++ +,#" PI#1&IO

2I&OC*O D#I1


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3hat came first' photos!nthesis

or respiration4&he first cells on the earth are thought to ha$e been

capable of neither photos!nthesis nor respiration.

*o%e$er' photos!nthesis must ha$e precededrespiration on the earth' since there is stronge$idence that billions of !ears of photos!nthesis%ere re5uired before O ( had been released in

sufficient 5uantit! to create an atmosphere rich inthis gas. 6&he earth7s atmosphere presentl!contains (89 O ( .:


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Introduction to photos!nthesis• ;rom the 0reek

P*O&O < produced b! light- &*" I < a %hole made of parts put

together.

Definition= PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the process

%hereb! plants' algae' some bacteria'use the energ! of the sun to s!nthesi>e organiccompounds 6 sugars : from inorganic compounds6CO 2 and water :.


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3*- I P*O&O - &*" I O

I2PO#&1 &4P*O&O - &*" I is one of the mostimportant biological process on earth?• Pro$ides the o@!gen %e breathe

• Consumes much of the CO (

• ;ood• "nerg!• ;ibers and materials


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0" "#1L ;O#2/L1 ;O#

P*O&O - &*" Ilight

+ CO( ) ,( *

(O AAAAAAAAAB C

+*

,(O

+ ) + O

( ) + *

(O

pigments' en>!mes

• O@!gen on earth allo%ed for the e$olution of aerobic

respiration and higher lifeAforms.

• #espiration= e@tracting energ! from compounds 6sugars:

C+* ,( O+ ) O ( + CO ( ) 1&P


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P#OP"#&I" O; LI0*&Virtuall! all life depends on it?

• Light mo$es in %a$es' in energ! unitscalled P*O&O

• "nerg! of a P*O&O in$ersel! proportional to its %a$elength

• Visible light 6bet%een /V and I#: occurs ina spectrum of colors


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Light is absorbed b! pigments

• &he primar! pigment for photos!nthesis ischlorophyll a

• It absorbs blue and red light' not green 6green

light is reflected back?:

1bsorption spectrumof chlorophyll a


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Chlorophyll a is the primar!

photos!nthetic pigment that dri$es photos!nthesis.

A essory pigments absorb atdifferent %a$elengths'e@tending the range of lightuseful for photos!nthesis.


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• A!sorption spe trum of chlorophyll a =EL/" F #"D

• A tion spe trum of photos!nthesis closel!matches absorption spectrum ofchlorophyll a ' but not perfectl! 6due to

accessor! pigments:


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Chloroplast structure

• ;ootball shaped• Double membrane• troma• &h!lakoid

membrane• 0rana 6stacks:• Lumen

6inside th!lakoid:

stroma

0rana

th!lakoids

"umen


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Chloroplast structure and function=

solar chemical factor!


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Chloroplast 2embrane tructure

• &he th!lakoid is the structural unit of photos!nthesis containing photos!ntheticchemicals.

• &h!lakoids are stacked like pancakes instacks kno%n collecti$el! as grana . &heareas bet%een grana are referred to as

stroma .• 3hile the mitochondrion has two membrane s!stems' the chloroplast hasthree ' forming three compartments.

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossT.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossG.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossG.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossT.html


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Inside a Chloroplast

• #emember= tructure correlates to function?


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O$er$ie% of photos!nthesis= ote= &he Light and “Dark”or Carbonreactions happen at different sites in thechloroplast

#I$HTREACTIONS%Thy"a&oids'

()AR*+ or CAR,ONREACTIONS

%Stroma'light

1&P

1DP*

6" "#0-:

* ( O

O (6OH-0" 01 :

CO (

C+* ,( O+60L/CO ":


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&he“Dark” or Carbon #eactions

,. Light independent 6can occur in light or darkKsome en>!mes re5uire acti$ation b! light:

(. Occur in the stroma of chloroplastsJ. /se the hemi a" energy produced in Light

#eactions 61&PK 1DP*: to reduce CO ( to

carboh!drate 6sugar:.

. CO ( is con$erted to sugar b! entering the

Cal$in C!cle


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"fficienc! F Photos!nthesis

• Photos!nthesis is not perfect.• Depending upon the plant t!pe' it ranges

from being onl! , A 9 efficient to ha$ing9 efficienc!


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ummar! of Photos!nthesis=

,. Light energ! absorbed b! chlorophyll a dri$es the reactions of photos!nthesis.

(. Con$erts light energ! into chemicalenerg! to make organic compounds.

J. CO ( and * ( O used to produceC+* ,( O+ 6glucose: and O ( 6gas:.


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. Light #eactions occur in th!lakoids of the

chloroplastsK 1&P and 1DP* are formedK%ater is split to O ( 6gas: and protons.

M. Carbon #eactions occur in stroma G Cal$in

C!cle fi@es CO ( to produce C +* ,( O+ 6glucose:.

+. Lo% efficienc!' about ,A 9

. e$ertheless' P*O&O - &*" I is stillthe most important biological process onearth?


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#" PI#1&IO• Process of making energ! of food a$ailable in

the cellN• In$ol$es breaking do%n

• Complicated molecules into simple molecules 6C+* ,( O+ ' sugars: 6CO ( ' %ater:


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Chloroplast G$sA 2itochondria

• Eoth are surrounded b! a double membrane%ith an intermembrane space.

• Eoth ha$e their o%n D 1 .• Eoth are in$ol$ed in energ! metabolism.• Eoth ha$e membrane reticulations filling

their inner space to increase the surface areaon %hich reactions %ith membraneAbound proteins can take place.

http://www.mit.edu:8001/afs/athena/course/other/esgbio/www/lm/nucleicacids/nucleicacids.htmlhttp://www.mit.edu:8001/afs/athena/course/other/esgbio/www/lm/nucleicacids/nucleicacids.html


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2itochondria tructure

• &he outer membrane to protect the organelle• &he intramembranous space of the

mitochondria 6the space bet%een the innerand outer membranes:• &he inner membrane is folded into a series

cristae or long folds that greatl! increase thesurface area of the inner membrane allo%ingmore area for energ! production.


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#" PI#1&IO

&he energ! held b! complicated molecules is heldtemporaril! as 1&P 6energ! currenc!:

C+* ,( O+ ) + O ( +CO ( ) + * ( O ) J+ 1&P6glucose: 6energ!:

#espiration occurs mainl! in2itochondria and C!toplasm


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tages of #espiration

Cellular #espiration has three main stages=• 0l!col!sis

• rebs C!cle• "lectron transport s!stem


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J tages of cellular respiration• $"y o"ysis = plitting of glucose G ( net 1&P generated

• *re!s Cy "e = "nerg! of glucose molecule is har$estedas 1&P 6(: G it occurs in the mitochondria 6matri@:

• E"e tron Transport System = also happens in themitochondria' more 1&P are generated 6J(:.

• ;or each glucose molecule' total 1&P < J+• Onl! J 9 efficient' rest is lost as heat.


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Photos!nthesis #espiration

• Rea tion2 CO ( )* ( O)sun C+* ,( O+)O ( )*(O C +* ,( O+)O ( CO ( )* ( O) J+ 1&P• Rea tants2 Carbon dio@ide' %ater' sun 0lucose' o@!gen• Produ ts2 0lucose "nerg!• ,y3produ ts2 O@!gen Carbon dio@ide' %ater • Ce""u"ar "o ation2 Chloroplasts C!toplasm' mitochondria• Energeti s2 #e5uires energ! #eleases energ!

• Chemi a" paths2 Light reactions F 0l!col!sis' rebs c!cle Cal$in c!cle F "lectron &ransport !st.• Summary2 ugar s!nthesi>ed using "nerg! released from

energ! from the sun sugar breakdo%n


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Photos!nthesis and respiration

• Photos!nthesis and respiration arecomplimentar! reactionsN


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P*O&O - &*" I #" PI#1&IO

CO ( ) * ( O O ( ) /01# /01# ) O ( * ( O ) CO (

PL1 & 'PL1 & '1L01"'1L01"'

E1C&"#I1E1C&"#I12O & LIVI 0O#01 I 2

* ( O * ( O

O (O (CO (

CO (

/01#

unlightenerg!

/ ";/L C*"2IC1L/ ";/L C*"2IC1L" "#0- 61&P:" "#0- 61&P:


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#espiration' "nerg! F Carbon C!cle• Energy• 4irtua""y a"" organisms re5uire energy o6 6ood 6or =• 2aking chemicals

6proteins' carbs' etc.:

• 2o$ement• Cell di$ision• *eat' electricit! and light production

• &he %a! li$ing organisms obtain energ! is throughCell respiration


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" "#0-= abilit! to do %ork

e%tonQs ;irst La% of &hermod!namics=

(Energy annot !e reated or destroyed0 itan on"y !e trans6ormed 6rom one 6orm

to another+

• Once a cell has used energ! to do %ork' it cannot be used again b! an! organism.

6, 8,:


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" "#0-" "#0- ;LO3 I LI "1#

un "arth Producers , o consumers ( o consum heat resp' heat resp' heat resp' heat

"nerg! flo%s into ecos!stem from the sun"nerg! tra$els in a straight line b! %a! of

food chains.


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" "#0-*o%e$er' much energ! is lost as heat along the

%a! G as a result of respiration.1ppro@imatel! 89 energ! is lost on each step?

• e%tonQs econd La% of&hermod!namics=

(In any trans6er o6 energy there is a"ways a"oss o6 use6u" energy to the system0 usua""y in

the 6orm o6 heat+


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;ood Chains;ood chains demonstrate linear nature of energ!

• Produ ers are the base of the food chain' the!include photos!nthetic organisms like=

• Plants

• 1lgae• Certain bacteria


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;ood chains• Primary

onsumers Gall plant eaters6herbi$ores:.

Se ondaryonsumers G

"at primar!

consumers'6carni$ores:


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;ood chains

• )e omposers G obtain energ! b! breakingdo%n remaining organic material of theother members of the food chain.

• ;ungi and bacteria.


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2atter

• 1ll important elements mo$e in c!clesK

"n$ironment Organisms

C!cles called !iogeo hemi a" c!cles=3ater c!cleCarbon c!cle

itrogen c!cle


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Carbon C!cle• Carbon mo$es from atmosphere to plants to

animals and back to atmosphere.


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“Look deep into nature'and then !ou %illunderstand e$er!thing

better.”

1lbert "instein


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• http=RR%%%.biologie.uniAhamburg.deRbAonlineRlibrar!RfalkRCell tructureRcell tructu

re.htm

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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration-0