PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Involves the Use Of light Involves the Use Of light Energy to convert Energy to convert Water Water (H(H220)0) and and Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide (CO(CO22)) into into Oxygen (OOxygen (O22)) and and High Energy CarbohydratesHigh Energy Carbohydrates (sugars, e.g. Glucose) & (sugars, e.g. Glucose) & StarchesStarches

3

The Photosynthesis The Photosynthesis EquationEquation

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS

= sac-like photosynthetic = stack of thylakoidsmembranes inside chloroplast

THYLAKOIDSGRANUM (pl. grana)

SPACESTHYLAKOIDSPACE

STROMA

cytoplasm

Gel-filled spaceInside the thylakoid

sac

Gel-filled space inside

chloroplast surroundin

gthylakoid

sac

Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS

Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane organize

________________________________ into clusters called

_____________________PHOTOSYSTEMSLight absorbing PIGMENTS

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PigmentsPigments

•In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments

•Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs

•Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts

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Light and Light and PigmentsPigments

Light Contains A Mixture Of Wavelengths

Different Wavelengths Have Different Colors

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Light & PigmentsLight & Pigments

Different pigmentsDifferent pigments absorb absorb different different wavelengthswavelengths of light of light

Energy from light Energy from light ““excitesexcites”” electrons in the plantelectrons in the plant’’s s pigmentspigments

Excited electrons carry the Excited electrons carry the absorbed energyabsorbed energy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light-Dependent Reaction

Light-Independent

Reactions

Light & Water

Oxygen

ATP

NADPH

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

PHOTOSYSTEM II

ATP SYNTHASE

↓ ↓

PHOTOSYSTEM I

ELECTRON TRANSPORTSYSTEM

↓INSIDE THYLAKOID SPACE

OUTSIDE THYLAKOID IN STROMA

PHOTOSYSTEM II

It was discovered and named 1st

↓

↓

PHOTOSYSTEM I

WHY DOES PHOTOSYSTEM II COME BEFORE PHOTOSYSTEM I?

Molecules moveautomatically fromwhere there’s A LOT to where there’s NOT

REMEMBER DIFFUSION?

Diffusion happens anytime there is a difference in concentration in one place compared to another

= ________________________CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS

SEE A MOVIEATP SYNTHASEIN ACTION

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

Requires ______________

Pigments that absorb light are part of ____________________________

Made up of ____________________________

connected by ______________________________

& ___________________

Uses light energy to create

_______ and

_________

Breaks apart ______ molecules and releases _____________

LIGHT

ATP

THYLAKOID membranesPHOTOSYSTEMS II & I

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

NADPHH20

oxygen

ATP SYNTHASE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Light-Dependent Reaction

Light-IndependentReactions

CALVIN CYCLE

Light & Water

Oxygen

ATP

NADPH

Carbon Dioxide (CH2O)n

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW

Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Prentice Hall

Click the image to play the video segment.

Calvin Cycle (8E)

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated

Sugars and other compounds

6-Carbon SugarProduced

Calvin Cycle

See Calvin cycleanimation

CALVIN CYCLE (also called _________________________)

____________ require ____________

Happens in the _________ between thylakoidsNADPH donates ________________________

ATP donates _________________

CO2 donates ____________________ to make __________

LIGHT

LIGHT INDEPENDENT

ENERGY

STROMAHydrogen + electrons

Carbon & oxygenGLUCOSE

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html

DOES NOT

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis____________________Water is one of the raw materials needed, so

A shortage of water can ________________

photosynthesis

AMOUNT OF WATER

http://www.hononegah.org/departments/Anderson/cactus.JPG

Desert plants and conifers that live in dry conditions have a waxy coating on their leaves to prevent water loss.

slow or stop

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis enzymes function best between 0° C - 35° C

At temperatures above or below

this range, photosynthesis will slow or stop

Conifers in winter may carry outphotosynthesis only occasionally

TEMPERATURE

http://www.sustland.umn.edu/maint/images/evergreen10.jpg

Enzymes work BEST at a certain ___ and __________.

Conditions that are TOO ACIDIC

or TOO HOT cause proteins to unwind or _________

pH temperature

DENATURE

http://www.desktopfotos.de/Downloads/melt_cd.jpghttp://www.nealbrownstudio.com/adm/photo/163_nb_fried_egg.jpg

REMEMBER CELL BIO

Denaturing changes the shape of the enzyme making it not work

Image from:http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html

HOMEOSTASIS (keeping pH and temperature constant) is important for maintaining enzyme function.

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

____________________

More light increases rate of photosynthesis

up to a certain level until plant reaches its

maximum rate of photosynthesis

LIGHT INTENSITY

See effect of light experiment

http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

http://www.teachnet.ie/foneill/exper.htm

THE BIG PICTUREPHOTOSYNTHESIS provides

the _____________ we breathe

and the __________

heterotrophs (like us)

consume to survive

_____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

Carbondioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen

OXYGENsugars

Photosynthesis

includes

of

take place intakes place in uses

to produce to produce

use

Section 8-3

Concept Map

Photosynthesis

includes

of

take place intakes place in uses

to produce to produce

use

Light-dependentreactions

Calvin cycle

Thylakoidmembranes Stroma NADPHATPEnergy from

sunlight

ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energysugars

Section 8-3

Concept Map

SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS

Chapter 8 - Photosynthesis:

The students will be able to: explain the biochemical processes that a plant

uses in photosynthesis explain the role ADP-ATP cycle has within the

chloroplast of the cell (9-12.L.1.1) explain the light reaction (9-12.L.1.1) explain the steps of photophosphorylation and

the Calvin Cycle (9-12.L.1.1)

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS

9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

Photosynthesis and respiration ATP-ADP energy cycle

Role of enzymesMitochondriaChloroplasts

LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors

High school students performing at the

ADVANCED level:

explain the steps of photophosphorylation and the Calvin Cycle;

analyze chemical reaction and chemical processes involved in the Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle;

predict the function of a given structure;

predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems

High school students performing at the

PROFICIENT level:

describe and give examples of chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);

describe the relationship between structure and function

explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;

predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment;

High school students performing at the

BASIC level

name chemical reactions required to sustain life (hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ADP/ATP, role of enzymes);

recognize that different structures perform different functions;

define homeostasis;

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS

9-12.L.1.1A. Students are able to explain the physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration and their importance to plant and animal life. (SYNTHESIS)

Examples: photosystems, photophosphorylation, Calvin Cycle and Krebs Cycle

LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.

Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things.

9-12.L.1.2A. (Synthesis) Describe how living systems use biofeedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.

9-12.L.1.4A. (Application) Identify factors that change the rates of enzyme catalyzed reactions.

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED STANDARDS

LIFE SCIENCE