Photossdfynthesis Outline

8/9/2019 Photossdfynthesis Outline

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Photosynthesis Outline

Photosynthesis.

I. The material for photosynthesis is CO2from the air and water from the soil.

A. CO2enters through openings in the leaves called stomata.

B. Water is taen up !y the roots and transported to the leaves through the

"ylem

C. #arious parts of the overall e$uation for photosynthesis happen in

different places and at different times.

%. The overall reaction is & CO2' & (2O C&(%2O&' & O2

2. Water is split to produce O2.

). *vidence.

a. In sulfur !acteria+ CO2' (2, C-(2/ ' 2, ' (2O.

!. 0se an isotope of o"ygen to la!el the o"ygen of (2O. 1et

la!eled O2during photosynthesis.

II. The two parts of photosynthesis.

A. 1ather light energy with pigments and use it to mae ATP and A3P(.

B. 0se the A3P( and ATP and the car!on of CO2to mae glucose.

III. 4ight is gathered !y pigments organi5ed on mem!ranes of the chloroplasts.

A. The nature of light -an electromagnetic radiation/.

%. 4ight varies in energy+ wavelength and intensity.

2. We see a small amount of the total range of electromagnetic

radiation. This is the visi!le spectrum.

). Blue most energetic6 red the least so.


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B. The nature of pigments

%. Pigments a!sor! light if the energy of the light is the same as the

energy needed to !oost an electron to a higher energy level.

2. An a!sorption spectrum shows which wavelengths are a!sor!ed!y a pigment.

). An action spectrum shows which wavelengths will mae a

process happen.

7. Action and a!sorption spectra of chlorophyll are similar. This

suggests that chlorophyll is a pigment of photosynthesis.

C. (ow pigments are organi5ed in a chloroplast.

%. An antenna comple" has %8s of pigment molecules.

2. *nergy of a!sor!ed light passed from one pigment to another.

). Photochemical reaction center. Where a small num!er of

molecules convert light energy to chemical energy.

7. Photosystems I and II.

a. On the thylaoid mem!ranes.

!. P, I a!sor!s !est at &9 nm6 P,II a!sor!s !est at : nm

I#. One group of photosynthetic reactions depends on light.

A. Cyclic photophosphorylation.

%. *lectrons of P,II e"cited !y light.

2. Passed along an o"idation;reduction pathway which generates

ATP.

). ATP generation depends on the formation of a proton gradient

across the thylaoid mem!rane.

7. *lectron eventually returns to P,II.


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B. oncyclic photophosphorylation.

%. *lectrons of P,II e"cited !y light.

2. *nergy used to mae A3P(.

#. One group of photosynthetic reactions does not depend on light.

A. Calvin8s e"periments.

%. Added radioactive CO2to photosynthetic algae.

2. Identified the compounds that !ecame radioactive as time went

!y.

B. The fate of CO2< The Calvin Cycle.

%. =i"ation of CO2-%;car!on/ !y >u!isco.

2. CO2and a ?;C molecule &;Car!on molecule 2 );car!on

molecules.

). ,ome of the );C molecules !ecome &;C glucose.

7. The rest of the steps mae a cycle !y regenerating the ?;C

molecule.

#I. The regulation of photosynthesis.

A. (aving enough water.

%. Plants shut stomata when it is hot and dry.

2. If water is not coming up from roots+ neither are minerals.

B. (aving enough CO2.

%. 4ow CO2when stomata closed.

2. Can result in photorespiration.

). Adaptations for eeping CO2high.


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a. C) plants.

i. =irst step of Calvin cycle maes a );Car!on molecule

ii. ot adapted to low humidity.

!. C7 plants.

i. =irst step maes a 7;Car!on compound .

ii. Converted to another 7;Car!on compound which !reas

down to CO2.

iii. Adapted to hot+ dry conditions.

C. (aving enough light.

%. @ust !e the right wavelength.

2. Of sufficient intensity.

). Plants compete for good light conditions.

Chemical Bonding

electronegativityA measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound toattract electrons. How unequally something will share electrons.More electronegativity means more electrons.

chemical bondA mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence

electrons of different atoms that bind the atoms together.Attraction between opposite charges.

ionic bondingChemical bonding that results from the electrical attractionbetween large numbers of cations and anions. Metal is bonded toa nonmetal.


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covalent bondingBetween 2 nuclei. Results from the sharing of electron pairsbetween two atoms. Between 2 nonmetals.

nonpolarcovalentA covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are sharedequally by the bonded atoms! resulting in a balanced distributionof electrical charge.

polarcovalentA covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequalattraction for the shared electrons. "pposite end# one endbecomes positive! the other negative.

ionic compound$s composed of positive and negative ions that are combined sothat the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal.%sually fills octet for each ion.

lattice energy&he energy released when one mole of an ionic crystallinecompound is formed from gaseous ions. 'egative value because

energy is released.

polyatomic ionA charged group of covalently bonded atoms.

metallic bonding&he chemical bonding that results from the attraction betweenmetal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons. Metals sharevalence electrons with neighbors.

moleculeA neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalentbonds. (haring of electrons.

molecular compoundA chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules.

chemical formula


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$ndicates the relative numbers of atoms of each )ind in achemical compound by using atomic symbols and numericalsubscripts.

molecular formula

(hows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a singlemolecule of a molecular compound.

diatomic moleculeA molecule containing only 2 atoms.

bond lengththe distance between two bonded atoms at their minimumpotential energy! that is! the average distance between twobonded atoms.

bond energy

&he energy required to brea) a chemical bond and form neutralisolated atoms. *ositive because you must put energy in.

octet ruleChemical compounds tend to form so that each atom! by gaining!losing! or sharing electrons! has an octet of electrons in itshighest occupied level.

resonanceRefers to bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be correctlyrepresented by a single +ewis structure.

molecular polaritythe uneven distribution of molecular charge.

,(-*R theorystates that repulsion between the sets of valencelevel electronssurrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apartas possible.

intermolecular forcesthe forces of attraction between molecules.

dipoledipole forcesthe forces of attraction between polar molecules.

hydrogen bondingthe intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that isbonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to anunshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearbymolecule.


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london dispersion forcesthe intermolecular attractions resulting from the constantmotion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles.

"I'm Not The Only One"

You and me, we made a vowFor better or for worse

I can't believe you let me downBut the proof's in the way it hurts

For months on end I've had my doubtsDenying every tear

I wish this would be over now

But I know that I still need you here

[Chorus:]You say I'm crazy

'ause you don't think I know what you've doneBut when you call me baby

I know I'm not the only one

You've been so unavailable!ow sadly I know why

Your heart is unobtainable"ven though #ord knows you kept mine

[Chorus:]You say I'm crazy

'ause you don't think I know what you've done

But when you call me babyI know I'm not the only one

I have loved you for many years$aybe I am %ust not enough

You've made me realize my deepest fear

By lying and tearing us up

[Chorus 2x:]You say I'm crazy

'ause you don't think I know what you've done

But when you call me baby


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I know I'm not the only one

I know I'm not the only oneI know I'm not the only one

&nd I knowI know I'm not the only one

"Ehu Girl"

[Verse 1](aid it happened last night about ten to eleven when I first layed eyes on you,

(tanding in line, into lub )riple *, it was %ust like heaven and a dream come true,+ere standing at the right place at the right time,

+hen you, this ehu girl, caused the crime

[Chorus]Youre my pretty little ehu girl who made me a fool in love,

You got my heart all in a whirl and now it needs cooling off,

You set my heart on fire and now I dont know what to do,You set my heart on fire and now Im so in love with you my ehu girl

[Verse 2](aid Im feeling it now, something Ive never felt,

$y hearts so hot I think Im gonna melt,(omehow, I want to see you again

$y love, sent from above&nd beautiful girls yes Ive seen a few,

but out of all the beauty in the world theres no one -uite like you

[Chorus]

$y ehu girl

[Bridge])he way your ehu hair flows in the air,

)he way your shining eyes reflect the sky,

)he way your smile burns up my flame,But I dont know your name and I guess Ill call you my

[Chorus]


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I need to surf'ause it's killing me

!o one to hurt#ove is leavin' me

I'd rather sing than be cryin'/ver you

I never felt this blue

You are my fifth, fourth or third seconds not the word

You are my first my first true love(ad to say to this very day

Your still the one I'm thinking of'ause your my first true love

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Photossdfynthesis Outline