PhotographyPijush Dutta

History of photographyPrinting is the process of manufacturing multiple copies of graphic images. Although most people think ofr printing as ink on papeer, printing is not limited to any particular materials or inks.The word photography, which is derived from the Greek words for light and writing, was first used by Sir John Herschel in 1839, the year the invention of the photographic process was made public. During the previous decades perhaps as many as ten individuals had tried to make a photograph. At least four were successful: Joseph Nicephore NIEPCE, Louis J. M. DAGUERRE, and Hippolyte BAYARD in France, and William Henry TALBOT in England.

History of photographyPrinting is the process of manufacturing multiple copies of graphic images. Although most people think ofr printing as ink on papeer, printing is not limited to any particular materials or inks.The first of these techniques was optical. Since the 16th century artists and scientists had made use of the fact that light passing through a small hole in one wall of a dark room, or CAMERA OBSCURA, projects an inverted image on the opposite wall. The hole was soon replaced with a lens, which made the image brighter and sharper. By the 18th century the room had been replaced by a portable box, which artists used as a sketching aid.

History of photographyPrinting is the process of manufacturing multiple copies of graphic images. Although most people think ofr printing as ink on papeer, printing is not limited to any particular materials or inks.The second technique was chemical. In 1727, Johann Heinrich Schulze had discovered that certain chemicals, especially silver halides, turn dark when exposed to light. The first attempt to use such chemicals to record the image of the camera obscura was made--unsuccessfully--by Thomas WEDGWOOD about 1800.

History of photographyPrinting is the process of manufacturing multiple copies of graphic images. Although most people think ofr printing as ink on papeer, printing is not limited to any particular materials or inks.Talbot's invention (1840), the CALOTYPE, produced a negative picture on paper; the lights of the image were recorded as darks, the darks as lights

History of photographyA positive was made on another sheet of chemically sensitized paper, exposed to light through the negative. Because an infinite number of positives could be made from a single negative, Talbot's invention and refinements of it soon predominated. The photograph's capacity to repeat itself exactly and infinitely through the negative-to-positive process was one side of its radical character. is not limited to any particular materials or inks.

PhotographyPhotography is the technique of recording, by chemical, mechanical or digital means, a permanent image on a layer of material sensitive to light exposure. The word comes from the Greek words f?? phos ("light"), and ??af?? graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or ??af? graph, together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation by means of lines", "drawing".

CameraA camera is a device used to take photographs either singly or in sequence. The name is derived from camera obscura Latin for "dark chamber", an early mechanism for projecting images in which an entire room functioned much as the internal workings of a modern photographic camera, except there was no way at this time to record the image short of manually tracing it.

Camera consists ofEvery camera consists of some kind of enclosed chamber, with an opening or aperture at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other end. This aperture is often controlled by an irisshutter controls the length of time that the light hits the film. For example, in lower light situations, the shutter speed should be slower to allow the film to capture what little light is present. Traditional cameras capture light onto photographic film

Other formats of cameraVideo and digital cameras use electronics , usually a charge coupled device (CCD) to capture images which can be transferred or stored in tape or computer memory /RAM> inside the camera for later playback or processing /Digital_image_processing>. Cameras that capture many images in sequence are known as movie cameras those designed for single images are still cameras However these categories overlap, as still cameras are often used to capture moving images in special effects work and modern digital cameras are often able to trivially switch between still and motion recording modes.

3D cameraCameras that take 3D photographs are known as Stereo Cameras. Stereo cameras for making 3D prints or slides have two lenses side by side. Stereo cameras for making lenticular prints have 3, 4, 5 or even more lenses Some film cameras have a date imprinting device that can print a date on the negative itself.

Controls Of Still CameraThe controls include: Focus Aperture of the lens Duration of exposure (or shutter speed) Focal length of the lens(Telescopic, zoom, or wide angle) Sensitivity of the film The controls are usually inter-related, for example brightness is aperture multiplied by shutter speed, and varying the focal length of the lens will allow greater control over the depth of field

Photographic lens informationA photographic lens (or more correctly, objective) is an integrated system comprising one or more simple optical lens elements, used for a camera. It may be fixed to the camera body, or interchangeable. There will usually be an aperture selection mechanism for adjusting the amount of light through the lens, and a focusing mechanism. Depending on type of camera, there may also be an integrated shutterThe maximum aperture opening will normally be specified, as the f-number The lower the number, the more light is admitted through the lens. On lenses for SLR Single-lens_reflex_camera> cameras, there is usually an auto mechanism, where by the aperture is held fully open while focusing, but closes to its preset value when an image is taken.

LensesThe most important characteristic is the focal length which is usually measured in mm up to around 1960 , and which places the lens in one of three categories: Normal lens Telephoto lens Wide-angle_lensDepending on whether the lens can or can not zoom, the photographic lens is also categorized as either a zoom lens or prime lens -- the latter have a fixed focal length as opposed to the former in which that parameter can be changed in order to achieve a zoom in/zoom out effect.

Single-lens reflex camera informationThe single-lens reflex camera more commonly known by the abbreviation SLR, uses a mirror placed between the lens and the film to project the image seen through the lens to a matte focusing screen. Most SLRs use a pentaprism to observe the image via an eyepiece, but there are also other finder arrangements, such as the waist-level finder

The pros of SLR camera are:Absence of parallax Exact focusing, esp. important for macro and telephoto photography Ability to check the depth of field (a feature often omitted on low-end SLRs) Vast range of interchangeable lenses (this feature is generally available also on high end rangefinder cameras , but the SLR concept is perfect for it)

The cons of SLR camera are:Due to mechanical complexity and the bulky finder, the SLR camera is larger than a rangefinder camera for a given film size. Latency; the mirror needs time to move before the film is exposed. On modern SLRs, latency is generally increased by autofocus, and can be a real inconvenience. Noise and vibrations, mainly due to the mirror movement. This is reduced in modern SLRs by allowing the mirror to lock in the up position before the shutter is pressed. Dark viewfinder when using low aperture lenses. Limited exposure times when used with electronic flash units. Difficulty in constructing wide-angle lenses because of the space-consuming mirror movement.

Twin-lens reflex camera informationThe twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is characterized by having two objective lenses of the same focal length One is the actual photographic objectivesingle-lens reflex cameras in several respects. First, unlike most SLRs, TLRs provide a continuous image on the finder screen. The view does not black out during exposure. Additionally, models with leaf shutters rather than focal-plane shutters can synchronize with flash at higher speeds than can SLRs. However, because the photographer views through one lens but takes the photograph through another, parallax error makes the photograph different from the view on the screen. This difference is negligible when the subject is far away, but is critical for nearby subjects.

Single-lens reflex camera informationFor accuracy in tabletop photography, in which the subject might be within a foot (30 cm) of the camera, devices are available that move the camera upwards so that the taking lens goes to the exact position that the viewing lens occupied. The typical TLR is medium format , using 120_mm film> roll film with square 6 x 6 cm images. Presently, the Chinese Seagull and the German RolleiMamiya , Minolta and Yashicaja:???????pl:Lustrzanka dwuobiektywowa

Digital photography informationDigital photography as opposed to Photographic_film photography, uses an electronic Sensor to record the image as a piece of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film.

Advantages of digitalThe advantages of digital photography over traditional film include: Instant review of pictures, with no wait for the film to be developed: if there's a problem with a picture, you find out immediately and can correct the problem and take another picture. You only pay for the printing of successful pictures. Permanent storage on digital media is considerably cheaper than film. There's no need to scan the picture before using it in a computer. Digital cameras can be smaller and lighter than film cameras of equivalent quality.

Advantages of filmBatteries last longer in film cameras and are usually of a standard type that is inexpensive and widely available. Manual film cameras require no batteries and being mechanically simple are able to operate in extreme environments. A digital camera's LCD may become unusable in very bright light.

Equivalent featuresImage noise / grain: film grain is equivalent to image noise, at high ISO levels (film speed) the grain / noise becomes more apparent in the final image. Although film ISO levels can be lower than digital ISO levels (25 and 50 respectively), digital settings can be changed quickly according to requirements whilst film must be physically replaced. Additionally image noise reduction techniques can be used to remove noise from digital images whilst film grain is fixed. From an artistic point of view, film grain and image noise may be desirable when creating a specific mood for an image. Speed of use: Current digital and film cameras can be switched on and take images instantly. Saving images to disk takes no longer than winding on the film (see Frames per second).

Equivalent featuresFrames per second: The maximum number of frames per second (frame/s) achievable on digital and film cameras is 8 frame/s (Nikon D2H digital SLR, Nikon F5 35 mm film SLR). The F5 is limited to 36 continuous frames (the length of the film) whilst the D2H is able to take 40 images before its buffer must be cleared and the remaining space on the storage media can be used. Image longevity: Although digital image data does not degrade (whilst film stock can fade), the media on which the digital images are stored can decay or become corrupt, leading to a loss of image integrity. Both formats should be stored under archival conditions for maxium longevity.

Equivalent featuresColour reproduction: Colour reproduction (gamut ) is dependent on the type of film / sensor used and the quality of the capture media, lens group and processing. Different films and sensors are sensitive to differing subsets of colour whilst the photographer needs to have an understanding of the light conditions and the media used to ensure accurate colour reproduction.

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Showcase of Photography

Glamour

Erotic fashhion

People

AssignmentsObjective: Create a Characterization of IndiaSMP: Black White

AssignmentsAssignments: Shoot Portrait of any peopleOrShoot Every day situation

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