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The Department of Land Affairs is responsiblefor the following functions:• surveys and mapping• deeds registration • the Surveyor-General• land development planning• land reform (restitution, redistribution and

tenure reform)• the management of State land falling un-

der the jurisdiction of the Minister of Agri-culture and Land Affairs.

Surveys and deeds Surveys and mappingThe Chief Directorate: Surveys and Mapping isresponsible for maintaining the national aerialphotography programme, the integrated sur-vey system, the national mapping programmeand associated geospatial products. The ChiefDirectorate researches and provides informa-tion for land claims, and assists communitieswith the preparation of maps for claims.

The national control network is the uniquenational spatial reference framework onwhich all cadastral surveys, mapping develop-ment projects and navigation are based.

The Chief Directorate has an archive of aer-ial photography covering the entire country.

New photography is acquired annually formap revision, used by other departmentsand/or updating the archive. This archive isused extensively for land resource planningand historical land use research.

Innovative new products for users, such asthe provincial map series and new 1:250 000topographical and aeronautical maps de-signed to optimally cover major metropolitanareas, have been developed.

The Department runs a map awareness andliteracy project to educate people on the useof maps. It aims to donate local topographicmaps to every senior school in the country. In2000, the main achievement was the produc-tion of the MapTrix map-reading tool kit. Thekit will be distributed to 3 000 disadvantagedschools. Other achievements include the pro-duction and publication of orthophoto maps,new edition topographic maps, and aero-nautical map series of different scales.

The Chief Directorate provided StatisticsSouth Africa with geospatial assistance inpreparation for the 2001 Census. The digitalorthophotos produced from this exercise willbe available to all spheres of government touse in their own planning and service-deliveryprojects.

Cadastral surveys The security of title associated with each par-cel of land in South Africa has long provideda basis for the private sector to finance phys-ical development. The great advantage ofSouth Africa's cadastral survey system is thatit accurately identifies the position of eachparcel of land and the extent of rights over it.

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The Department of Land Affairs has revised its LandReform Programme to support sustainable ruraldevelopment policies and interventions. The Programmeis designed to provide grants to previouslydisadvantaged people to access land, specifically foragricultural purposes.

The offices of the four Surveyors-General ex-amine and approve all cadastral surveys forthe registration of ownership of property andreal rights in land.

Cadastral and sectional title surveys and recordsThe offices of the Surveyors-General processsurvey records, including the examination, ap-proval and safe-keeping of all survey records.These include all diagrams, general plans anddraft sectional plans for registration purposes,relating to the provinces under their jurisdic-tion.

General plans depicting thousands of ervensurveyed for the former Department ofDevelopment Aid are being upgraded so thatthey may be registered in deeds registrieswhen required.

Services to State departmentsThe Surveyors-General offices provide servicesfor other State departments. These includethe preparation of documentation for thegranting of tenders to private land surveyorsfor the survey of State land.

Legislative processThe Chief Surveyor-General is participating inthe drafting of a new Land Rights Bill in orderto extend security of ownership.

The Cadastral Information System (CIS)The CIS consists of the Document ImagingSystem, the Alpha-numeric Database and theSpatial Database.

The scanning of historical documents forthe Document Imaging System has beencompleted, and a fully functional system is inoperation.

This System consists of more than two mil-lion diagrams, 36 000 general plans and 25 000 sectional title plans. Access to thedata has been supplied to the various deedsoffices.

The historical capturing of data on dia-grams and general plans started in May 1999and was completed by the end of March2000. The data will be used in the quality

assurance of spatial data. Major developmenthas been done on this component to furtherenhance service-delivery in the offices of theSurveyors-General.

It was decided during 1999 that the dataon informal rural settlements should be in-corporated into the formal spatial cadastraldata. After the normal tender procedureshave been followed, the HELP database waspurchased as well as the mapped villages,with the exception of those of KwaZulu-Natal, which will be purchased during the2001/02 financial year. These mapped vil-lages consist of about a million land parcels,and the data has successfully been importedinto the spatial data at the Chief Surveyor-General.

A website, www.csg.org.za, has beendeveloped for the Chief Surveyor-Generalduring 2000.

The National Spatial InformationFramework (NSIF)The Directorate: NSIF was established in 1997with the aim of developing and maintaining aframework to ensure access to and supportof the utilisation of spatial information by thePublic Service.

Cabinet endorsed the development of theNSIF in April 1999. The Spatial Data DiscoveryFacility was launched, which provides accessto information on more than 14 000 existingspatial data sets through the web (seehttp://www.nsif.org.za).

A technical committee, tasked with thedevelopment of national standards for geo-graphic information through liaison with theSouth African Bureau of Standards, was alsoestablished. Liaison was initiated with othersimilar initiatives in Africa to harmonise stand-ards and practices. This enables the sharing ofspatially-related data across borders to ad-dress environmental and other issues affect-ing more than one country.

The Directorate was also involved in thedevelopment of a departmental intranet-based spatial information system in the formof maps, providing all staff with access to im-mediate information relevant to land reform.

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Interaction with other bodies, departments and provincesThe office of the Chief Surveyor-General is in-volved in various co-operative activities withother government departments and municip-alities. These include the provision of profes-sional advice on cadastral survey matters,assistance with the appointment of land sur-veyors, and administrative support for thesurveying of the country's internationalboundaries.

DeedsRegistration is normally required when acquir-ing ownership of land or rights in land inSouth Africa. An effective registration systemis essential for security of title.

The registration of deeds is performed bythe Department of Land Affairs through itsnine deeds offices, which fall under the super-vision of the Chief Registrar of Deeds. Thecore functions of the deeds office are:• registration of real rights in land• maintenance of land registers• provision of land registration information• preservation of registration records for

archival purposes. The security of title afforded the holder ofregistered real rights in land in South Africa isfurther supported by the accuracy of theSurveyor-General's cadastral survey system,which provides the exact location of the landas well as the extent thereof.

The legal certainty provided by a title deedregistered under the South African registra-tion system is of great significance for phys-ical development and the restitution of landunder the land reform process. It also formsthe security base for investments of millionsof Rands per annum in land delivery projectsaimed primarily at providing land and housingfor previously marginalised sectors of thepopulation.

An integral part of the Deeds RegistrationSystem, and a major source of informationfor the Department's land development ini-tiatives, is the detailed recording of historicalinformation in respect of all registered prop-erties in a computerised land register. These

records are invaluable for the land restitutionprocess, as large numbers of people requirehistorical information for the preparation oftheir claims.

The Chief Directorate: Deeds Registration isin the process of developing an electronicdeeds registration system (e-DRS) to copewith the increase in work volume, when theDepartment's land-delivery initiatives gainmomentum.

It will significantly reduce the deeds regis-tration period and make the system moreaccessible to previously disadvantaged com-munities.

An electronic document-tracking system,by means of which the location of deeds anddocuments lodged in deeds offices can beelectronically monitored, is also being devel-oped. Phase one is in full operation in thePretoria Deeds office. The system will be rolledout in the remaining eight deeds offices.

The Aktex Information System has beenavailable since 1992 to external users such asconveyancers, financial institutions and estateagents to obtain registration informationfrom the Deeds Registration System.

To provide these users with an alternativeto accessing Aktex by means of PC-basedcommunications software developed by thirdparties, the Chief Registrar of Deeds is web-enabling this service by means of the so-called 'DeedsWeb'.

This facility, once operational, will not onlyprovide registered Aktex users with alternativeaccess. It will also allow casual browsers toaccess deeds registration through the Internet.

As the majority of registered Aktex usersare members of the legal fraternity who willeventually make use of the e-DRS, this web-enablement of Aktex will ensure that themuch-needed connectivity backbone for e-DRS is in place well in advance.

Land development

The Department provides support for provin-cial and local governments in implementingthe Development Facilitation Act (DFA), 1995(Act 67 of 1995). It also plays a key role in the

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formulation of national policy on land devel-opment and planning.

With the exception of the Western Capeand Free State, development tribunals havebeen established country-wide. Of the sevenestablished tribunals, only the Northern Capeis not operational; the other six are used on aregular basis. Although most of the applica-tions made to the tribunals are for townshipestablishment in order to fast-track the imple-mentation of housing projects, the tribunalsalso handle rezoning and subdivision applica-tions.

The implementation of Land DevelopmentObjectives (LDOs) has been sustained, and mostof them are being approved. Some municipal-ities have completed the annual revision of theirLDOs after the first year of implementation.With the promulgation of the MunicipalSystems Act, 2000 (Act 32 of 2000), by theDepartment of Provincial and Local Govern-ment, most municipalities have focused on thedrafting of integrated development plans.LDOs have been incorporated into these plans.

When South Africa's first democraticallyelected government assumed office in 1994 itinherited a fragmented, unequal and incoher-ent planning system. To address this situationthe DFA established the Development andPlanning Commission (DPC). At the requestof the Minister of Land Affairs and in consul-tation with the Ministers of Housing andConstitutional Development, the Green Paperon Development and Planning was prepared.The Green Paper, based on extensive researchconducted by the DPC, pointed out an urgentneed for a new policy framework on spatialand land use planning.

The Green Paper on Development andPlanning, tabled in Parliament in August1999, formed the basis for the drafting of theWhite Paper on Spatial Planning and LandUse Management which was prescribed toCabinet in May 2001 for consideration.

The aim of the White Paper is to create anew land use and spatial planning system forthe country. The Department is furthermore inthe process of drafting the Land Use Manage-ment Bill which will provide the legal mechan-

isms for the implementation of the policyframework provided for in the White Paper.

Land reform

Land reform was introduced by the Govern-ment in 1994, and is derived from Section 25of the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (Act108 of 1996), which determines that• a person or community dispossessed after

19 June 1913 as a result of past racially dis-criminatory laws or practices is entitled torestitution of the property or to equitableredress

• the Government must take reasonable le-gislative and other steps, within its avail-able resources, to enable citizens to gainaccess to land on an equitable basis

• a person or community whose tenure ofland is legally insecure as a result of pastracially discriminatory laws or practices isentitled to tenure which is legally secure orto comparable redress.

The objectives of the land reform policy are to• redress the injustices of apartheid• foster national reconciliation and stability• underpin economic growth• improve household welfare and alleviate

poverty.The Land Reform Programme consists of• land restitution, which usually involves

returning land lost because of racially dis-criminatory laws, although it can also beeffected through compensation.

• land redistribution, which enables disad-vantaged people to buy land with the helpof a settlement or land acquisition grant.

• land tenure reform, which aims to bring allpeople occupying land under one legal sys-tem of landholding. It will provide fordiverse and secure forms of tenure, helpresolve tenure disputes, and provide altern-atives for people who are displaced in theprocess.

The Department has revised its Land ReformProgramme to support sustainable ruraldevelopment policies and interventions. Itsfocus will shift over the medium term to theimplementation of an integrated programme

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of land redistribution and agricultural dev-elopment. The Programme is designed to provide grants to previously disadvantaged people to access land, specifically for agri-cutural purposes. The strategic objectives

of the Programme include:• facilitating the transfer of a targeted 30% of

the country's agricultural land over 15 years• improving nutrition and income of the rural

poor who want to farm on any scale• expanding opportunities for women and

young people who stay in rural areas.The revised Programme is more flexible thanprevious interventions as it does not limit beneficiaries to a small range of products.Beneficiaries might want to access the Pro-gramme to achieve varying objectives, suchas food safety net projects, commonage pro-jects, equity schemes and productions formarkets. They can tailor the assistance totheir own needs, and can access grants ran-ging from R20 000 to R100 000, dependingon their own contribution in kind, labourand/or cash. Beneficiaries must provide anown contribution of at least R5 000.

Land tenure reform Tenure reform refers to changes in the termsand conditions under which land is held, usedand transacted.

A fundamental goal of tenure reform is toprovide people with security of tenure. This isnecessary to avoid the suffering and social in-stability caused by arbitrary or unfair evictions.

Tenure reform is also essential if people areto invest in the land and use it in a sustainablemanner.

Over the past seven years, laws have beenintroduced to protect the interests of farmworkers and labour tenants living on otherpeople's land.

The Interim Protection of Informal LandRights Act, 1996 (Act 31 of 1996), was ex-tended until the end of 1999. The Act was aninterim measure to secure the position ofpeople with 'informal' land rights, mainly inthe former homeland areas, while more com-prehensive legislation was being prepared.The Act ensured that holders of informal landrights were recognised as stakeholders in landtransactions and development projects on theland they occupy.

The Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act,1996 (Act 3 of 1996), and the Extension of

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Total number of restitution claims received

Region Number of claims received

KwaZulu-Natal 14 808Western Cape 11 938Eastern Cape 9 292Free State and Northern Cape 4 715Gauteng and North-West 15 843Mpumalanga 6 473Northern Province 5 809Total number of claims received (please refer to note) 68 878

A total number of 63 455 claim forms have been lodged withthe Commission on Restitution of Land Rights. However, thevalidation process that is currently under way has indicatedthat, while some of the claim forms do not represent validrestitution claims, in other cases more than one claim is infact represented per claim form. The total number of 63 455claims is in fact subject to change, hence the current numberof 68 878 claims. Once the validation process has beencompleted it will be possible to determine the exact numberof valid restitution claims received by the Commission.

Settled restitution claims

Claims settled as at 1 October 2001. These claims represent 9 666claim forms lodged with the Commission on Restitution of LandRights.

Land RestorationHouseholds awarded land 19 199Land cost R 221,381,840Hectares of land restored(Land Claims Court) 173 805Hectares of land restored(Ministerial approval) 136 253Total beneficiaries receiving land 115 194

Financial CompensationHouseholds awarded compensation 16 074Financial compensation awarded(Land Claims Court) R 21,860,330Financial compensation awarded(Ministerial approval) R 319,240,028. 10

Restitution TotalClaims settled 12 676Total households 35 071Total restitution beneficiaries 207 164Total restitution award cost R 562,482,198. 10

Source: Department of Land Affairs website

Security of Tenure Act (ESTA), 1997 (Act 62 of1997), were passed to protect farm workersand labour tenants from arbitrary evictionsand to provide mechanisms for the acquisi-tion of long-term tenure security.

The Department of Land Affairs is respons-ible for implementing the Communal Pro-perty Associations (CPAs) Act, 1996 (Act 22of 1996). The Act enables communities ben-efiting from the Restitution of Land RightsAct, 1994 (Act 22 of 1994), the Provision ofLand and Assistance Act, 1993 (Act 126 of1993), and the Land Reform (Labour Tenants)Act, 1996, to form juristic persons, known asCPAs, to acquire, hold and manage propertyon a basis agreed to by members in terms ofa written constitution.

The Department has initiated a process torationalise and consolidate legislation ontenure reform. The objective is to achieve uni-formity in the system of land administrationand land holding. Regulations are to be draft-ed for the transfer of land to communitiesand tribes in terms of the Upgrading of LandTenure Rights Act, 1991 (Act 112 of 1991).

The Department of Land Affairs supportsthe spatial development initiatives of theDepartment of Trade and Industry. The initia-tives aim to attract infrastructural and otherinvestment to underdeveloped areas in orderto create employment.

In the area of community forestry, theDepartment is working with the Departmentof Water Affairs and Forestry to restructureState-owned forests in a manner which re-cognises local land rights, while transferringthe operational side of the forests to investors.

Public land inventoryPublic land includes• State land registered in the name of the

Minister of Land Affairs, as well as landheld in trust by the Minister (i.e. so-callednominal-owned State land)

• land registered in the name of the Republicof South Africa and controlled by theMinister of Public Works and in the namesof the nine provinces

• land used for public purposes, comprising

land used by parastatals and municipalities(e.g. commonage land of municipalities).

The Department maintains an inventory ofpublic land. This forms a critical element inthe land reform process. The Restitution ofLand Rights Act, 1994 requires that such aninventory be maintained for identifying landfor land reform. The data on the Public LandInventory has been extended from 758 860land parcels in 1998 to 972 300 in 1999.Information on State land is integrated in theGeographical Information System. Informa-tion on the extent and utilisation of State landis also maintained.

The information is needed in all three landreform programmes, as well as for the certi-fication of State land in terms of Section 28(1)of the Constitution. This provides for the vest-ing of State land in either national or a provin-cial government.

A user-friendly Internet-based informationsystem for use by the State land-disposal com-mittees has been developed in co-operationwith the Department of Public Works andprovincial administrations. With this system,incorporating the inventory, members of thecommittees can access and capture Stateland-related data, track progress on applica-tions, and identify land parcels on a map.

To help clients identify land parcels, 1 949maps were produced during 1999. TheDepartment receives more than 500 land-related enquiries a month. Typical clients arerestitution claimants; land restitutionresearchers; land claims commissioners; local,provincial and tribal authorities; developers;provincial offices of the national Departmentof Land Affairs; planners; and politicians.

Land restitutionThe Land Restitution Programme originatesfrom the Constitution and was established bythe Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994. Thepurpose of the Programme is to assess thevalidity of claims, restore land, and/or payfinancial compensation to people who weredispossessed of their land rights as a result ofracially discriminatory laws and practices after19 June 1913.

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The Act also spells out the functions of thethree implementing bodies of restitution,namely the Department of Land Affairs, theCommission on Restitution of Land Rights(CRLR) and the Land Claims Court.

When it became evident that the Restitu-tion Programme was making little progress,the Minister of Agriculture and Land Affairsand the National Land Committee called for areview of the process. Based on the findingsand recommendations, it was announced inNovember 1998 that the Commission wouldbe integrated into the Department of LandAffairs. This meant that there is one line ofauthority and accountability to the Director-General through the Chief Land ClaimsCommissioner.

Amendments to the Act also shifted theemphasis from a judicial to an administrativeprocess of resolving restitution claims, usingthe provisions of Section 42D of the Restitu-tion of Land Rights Act, 1994. This meansthat if the parties agree, the Minister canapprove a restitution settlement outside theCourt. Only disputed cases are sent to courtfor ruling and ratification. This approach hasled to an increase in the pace of delivery.

This campaign increased the number oflodged claims from approximately 30 000 to63 455 claims.

By May 2001, 12 150 claims had been set-tled. In 2000/01, the Programme focused onrural areas. Expenditure trends on the Restitu-tion Programme show a marked increase,with R198 million spent in 2000/01. Duringthe entire period of implementation since1995, R182,3 million was spent on landrestoration and R260,6 million on financialcompensation.

Land Claims CourtThe Land Claims Court was set up in 1995 interms of the Restitution of Land Rights Act,1994. Should the CRLR, for whatever reason,fail to successfully mediate a claim, it is re-ferred to the Land Claims Court for a ruling.The Court has the status of a High Court, andany appeal against a Land Claims Court deci-sion is handled by the Constitutional Court.

The Government cannot interfere with theworkings of the Court.

The Land Claims Court is responsible fordetermining restitution and compensation forthose who lost land as a result of forced re-movals. The Court is required to be accessibleto everyone and to establish processes that willenable it to make speedy decisions. Consti-tutional rights to restitution must be guaran-teed for the Court to function effectively.

It is situated in Randburg, Gauteng.

Land redistributionThe goal of the Land Redistribution Program-me is to provide previously disadvantagedSouth Africans with access to land for resid-ential and productive use. The Programme isaimed at the poor, labour tenants, farm work-ers, women, emergent farmers and commer-cial farmers. It is based on the willingbuyer–willing seller principle, through whichthe Department makes available grant andservices to enable beneficiaries to purchaseland and plan for its optimal use.

Land redistribution is the facet of the De-partment's Land Reform Programme in whichthe most substantial delivery has been record-ed. This has taken the form of a variety ofprojects approved by the Minister of Agricul-ture and Land Affairs. The Provision of Landand Assistance Act, 1993 (Act 126 of 1993),as amended, provides the legal mechanismwithin which land redistribution takes place.

In February 2000, the Minister of Agricul-ture and Land Affairs outlined her strategicdirections for the Department of Land Affairs.In keeping with this document, both thedepartments of Agriculture and Land Affairsdeveloped a framework document for theRedistribution Programme entitled An Integ-rated Programme for Land Redistribution forAgricultural Development. The document wassubsequently refined, thereby recognising thatland redistribution not only encompassedprojects of an agricultural nature but alsoincluded settlement-type projects and non-agricultural enterprises. The refined documentexpanded on the agricultural component ofthe Land Redistribution Programme, and a

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policy framework was devised for the newagricultural subprogramme titled Land Redistri-bution for Agricultural Development (LRAD).

The LRAD subprogramme has two distinctparts.The one deals with the transfer of agri-cultural land to individuals and groups whilethe second deals with commonage projects,which aim to improve people's access tomunicipal and tribal land primarily for grazingpurposes. However, they operate accordingto different financial mechanisms, targetgroups and delivery systems.

In response to the new subprogramme, theDepartment of Land Affairs had to either for-mulate new policies and procedures or re-evaluate the existing mechanisms in keepingwith the spirit of the LRAD. These inter aliainclude:• The Grants and Services document (version

seven) was subsequently updated in linewith the LRAD policy. Benificiaries can nowaccess a range of grants (R20 000 to R100 000) depending on the amount oftheir own contribution in kind, labourand/or cash. Beneficiaries must provide anown contribution of at least R5 000. TheLRAD grant and LRAD planning grant (max-imim of 15% of the total project costs) canbe accessed by black South African citizensof 18 years and older on an individual basisonly for agricultural projects. The Settle-ment Land Acquisition Grant will be retain-ed at R16 000 (pending a review in the nextfinancial year) for non-agricultural productssuch as settlement/tenure upgrading andequity projects. The document, approved byNational Treasury, awaits Cabinet approval.

• A lease option was initiated as a possiblesolution to help previously disadvantagedindividuals who might not be able to pur-chase the property from the start with theLRAD Grant. For example, on high valueagricultural land, the purchase price wouldtake up all or most of the available capital,leaving little or nothing for the develop-ment of appropriate production systems.By obtaining a lease on such property, theavailable capital can be used to generateincome from production and so make the

purchase of the property a more viableoption at the end of the lease period.Where the lease is used for the intention ofgaining access to land that would not oth-erwise be possible to access and develop,the lease option should be considered.

• An Agency Agreement will be entered intobetween the Department and the LandBank. According to the Agreement, theDepartment would transfer R50 million tothe Land Bank for LRAD projects thatrequire a loan component. The intention isfor the Land Bank to release its LRAD grantsimultaneously with the loan to disadvant-aged beneficiaries who require both grantand loan in order to acquire farms andagribusiness properties.

• The Farm Equity Schemes were reviewedand updated in line with the LRAD policy.In addition, the criteria for the design of anequity scheme was improved so that par-ticipants can achieve a greater sense ofempowerment and advancement. TheMinister approved the reviewed policy inMarch 2001, and an implementation strat-egy is being developed. Tenure securityoptions for farm workers participating inan equity scheme are being researched.

• The Delegations in terms of the Provision ofLand and Assistance Act, 1993 (Act 126 of1993), as amended in 1998, were also com-pleted during the first quarter of 2001. Thedelegations will effectively afford provincialdirectors greater responsibility and decision-making powers, thereby eliminating thelengthy submission process. The Director-General will remain the Accounting Officer.

• The Department is engaged in developingexpedient systems and procedures for thetransfer of balances of grants, and a sup-ply-led policy in terms of the LRAD. Further-more, the Department contributed to thenational business plan and the LRADImplementation Manual. It continued toplay an active role in the National LRADTask Team and coordination of activitiesthat arise from the Team.

The Commonage Programme was revisitedduring 2000. Although the Municipal Com-

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monage policy and procedures have been inplace since 1997, a review and assessment ofprojects conducted in 1999 necessitated arefinement of current municipal commonagepolicy and procedures. The Minister hasapproved the refined policy and procedures.In addition, the need to expand the com-monage programme to allow tribes to accessland for commonage purposes has also beenidentified as a matter of priority. A draft pol-icy framework has been developed for tribalcommonage.

The Department has been actively engagedin the consistent upgrading of the Land PriceDatabase, which is indicative of land pricesfor the country's nine provinces.

A website called REDWEB was also devel-oped. All policies and procedures relating toredistribution are placed on this site. The sitealso contains information that is relevant toredistribution practitioners such as small-scaleirrigation technologies.

A land market study was completed inNovember 2000. The study reflected themanner in which the RedistributionProgramme interacts with the market forrural properties, i.e. how the land marketimpacts or imposes limitations on redistribu-tion, and how redistribution affects the landmarket.

The Land Reform Credit Facility (LRCF) wasalso reviewed. The LRCF, a wholesale creditfacility hosted and administered by KhulaEnterprise Finance Ltd, was created by theDepartment to assist in the establishment ofcommercially viable land reform projects.The Department is one of three stakeholders.The other are Khula and the European Union.

The Department continues to play a support-ive role to the LRCF and is investigating thepossible permanency of the facility.

The Department of Land Affairs has con-tributed to the work of the ExpropriationsTask Team (Ministerial), whose task it was toreview the policy on land expropriations.Work is in progress in terms of the TenureSecurity Grant policy, which is a grant spe-cifically being designed for settlement/tenureupgrading projects. The Redistribution andTenure directorates, along with the Depart-ment of Housing, are involved in the formu-lation of this product.

Monitoring and evaluation

The Directorate: Monitoring and Evaluation isresponsible for the provision of overall mon-itoring and evaluation support to the Depart-ment of Land Affairs.

The responsibilities of the Directorateinclude: • effectiveness and efficiency measurement• development of indicators• impact analysis and research• detailed evaluations.The day-to-day monitoring of projects re-mains managers' responsibility.

The Directorate has in the past focusedmainly on land reform activities and hasamong its products produced the annualQuality of Life Report. The challenge facingthe Directorate is to review the existing systems and develop a strategy that willensure that other programmes of theDepartment receive monitoring and evalu-ation support.

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Photograph by Henner Frankenfeld/PictureNET Africa

AcknowledgementDepartment of Land Affairs

Suggested readingCommunity Perspectives on Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa. Editors: R. Levin and D. Weiner.

Chicago: MacArthur Foundation, 1994. Harvest of Discontent: The Land Question in South Africa. Editor: M de Klerk. Cape Town: Institute for a

Democratic Alternative for South Africa, 1991.Keegan, T.J. Facing the Storm: Portraits of Black Lives in Rural South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 1988.Land Claims and National Parks. Editor: B. de Villiers. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1999.Letsoabo, E.M. Land Reform in South Africa: A Black Perspective. Johannesburg: Skotaville, 1987.Marcus, T., Eales, K. and Wildschut, A. Land Demand in the New South Africa. University of Natal:

Indicator Press, 1996.Nemutanzhela, T. Ploughing Amongst the Stones: The Story of 'Betterment' in the Zoutpansberg

1939–1944. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1999.Palmer, R. Contested Land in Southern and Eastern Africa: A Literature Survey. London: Oxfam, 1997.Towards Freehold: Options for Land Development in South Africa's Black Rural Areas. Editors: C.R. Cross

and R.J. Haines. Cape Town: Juta, 1988.Van der Walt, A.J. Land Reform and the Future of Land Ownership in South Africa. Cape Town: Juta, 1991. Van Onselen, C. The Seed is Mine: The Life of Kas Maine: A South African Sharecropper, 1894–1985.

Cape Town: David Philip, 1996.Winburg, M. Back to the Land. Johannesburg: Porcupine Press, 1996.

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