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Photodetection Principles, Performance and Limitations. Nicoleta Dinu (LAL Orsay) Thierry Gys (CERN) Christian Joram (CERN) Samo Korpar (JSI Ljubljana) Yuri Musienko (Northwestern U, USA) Veronique Puill (LAL, Orsay) Dieter Renker (TU Munich) . 1. OUTLINE Basics - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Photodetection
EDIT
N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 1
Photodetection Principles, Performance and Limitations
Nicoleta Dinu (LAL Orsay)Thierry Gys (CERN)Christian Joram (CERN)Samo Korpar (JSI Ljubljana)Yuri Musienko (Northwestern U, USA) Veronique Puill (LAL, Orsay)Dieter Renker (TU Munich)
1
Photodetection
EDIT
N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 2
OUTLINE
• Basics
• Requirements on photodetectors
• Photosensitive materials
• ‘Family tree’ of photodetectors
• Detector types
• Applications
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 3
Basics
1. Photoelectric effect2. Solids, liquids, gaseous materials3. Internal vs. external photoeffect, electron affinity4. Photodetection as a multi-step process5. The human eye as a photodetector
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 4
Formatting guidelines for preparing slides
Use Calibri as default fontDefault color: white (avoid text in red, difficult to read for many people)Main title: 24 ptsNormal text: 16 ptsReferences: 10 pts
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 5
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 6
Energy loss eVth in (thin) ohmic contact
Hybrid Photon Detectors (HPD’s) – Basic Principles
• Combination of vacuum photon detectors and solid-state technology;
• Input: collection lens, (active) optical window, photo-cathode;
• Gain: achieved in one step by energy dissipation of keV pe’s in solid-state detector anode; this results in low gain fluctuations;
• Output: direct electronic signal;• Encapsulation in the tube implies:• compatibility with high vacuum
technology (low outgassing, high T° bake-out cycles);
• internal (for speed and fine segmentation) or external connectivity to read-out electronics;
• heat dissipation issues;
DV
(C.A. Johansen et al., NIM A 326 (1993) 295-298)
Optical input window
n+
n
p+
- ++ -+
-
Photon
Photoelectron
Typical stopping range 3-5mm
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 7
• Photo-emission from photo-cathode;• Photo-electron acceleration to DV 10-
20kV;• Energy dissipation through ionization and
phonons (WSi=3.6eV to generate 1 e-h pair in Si) with low fluctuations (Fano factorF 0.12 in Si);
• Gain M:
• Intrinsic gain fluctuations sM :
dominated by electronics• Example: DV = 20kV
M 5000 and sM 25• suited for single photon detection with
high resolution;
SiWVthVeM )( D
(C.P. Datema et al., NIM A 387 (1997) 100-103)
Background from electron back-scattering
at Si surface
MFM s
1 pe
2 pe 3 pe
4 pe
6 pe
7 pe
5 pe
Energy resolution of HPD’s - Basic Properties
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 8
(http://cmsinfo.cern.ch/Welcome.html/CMSdetectorInfo/CMShcal.html)
(P. Cushman et al., NIM A 504 (2003) 502)
Possible cross-talks
(http://cmsinfo.cern.ch/Welcome.html/CMSdetectorInfo/CMShcal.html)
Multi-pixel proximity-focussed HPD – CMS HCAL
• B=4T proximity-focussing with 3.35mm gap and HV=10kV;
• Minimize cross-talks:– pe back-scattering: align with B;– capacitive: Al layer coating;– internal light reflections: a-Si:H AR
coating optimized @ l = 520nm (WLS fibres);
• Results in linear response over a large dynamic range from minimum ionizing particles (muons) up to 3 TeV hadron showers;
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 11
Object illuminance: 0.1lx
EBCCDproximity-focussed
Commercial 2/3” CCD
Hamamatsu N7640EB-CCD
(Hamamatsu)
Electron-bombarded CCD (EBCCD)
extra slide
not shown
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 13
• Industry-LHCb development:• LHCb-dedicated pixel array sensor bump-
bonded to binary electronic chip (in close collaboration with ALICE-ITS), specially-developed high T° bump-bonding;
• Flip-chip assembly encapsulated inside vacuum tube using full-custom ceramic carrier;
(M. Moritz et al., IEEE TNS Vol. 51,No. 3, June 2004, 1060-1066)
50mm
Pixel-HPD anode
72mm
(K. Wyllie et al., NIMA 530 (2004) 82-86)
Pixel-HPD’s for LHCb RICHes
(M. Campbell et al., IEEE TNS Vol. 53,No. 4, August 2006, 2296-2302)
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 14
RICH2 H X-section
Upper RICH1 HPD plane
Pixel-HPD’s for LHCb RICHes
• Single photon sensitivity over 200nm-600nm (aerogel response and scattering, and chromatic dispersion in gases)
• Detection area of 3.3m2 (500 HPD’s) with active area fraction of ~65% and position resolution 2.5mm (optimum of pixel vs chromatic vs emission point errors)
• Fast response for LHC bunch-crossing rate of 40MHz with good signal-to-noise ratio
• Radiation tolerant (3krad per year)
LHCb data(preliminary)
K ring in RICH1
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 16
• Non-exhaustive list:• www.photonis.com: “Photomultiplier tubes, principles and applications”;• www.hamamatsu.com;• www.photek.com;• A.H. Sommer, ”Photoemissive materials”, J. Wiley & Sons (1968);• H. Bruining, “Physics and Applications of Secondary Electron Emission”, Pergamon Press
(1954); • I. P. Csorba, “Image Tubes”, Sams (1985);• Proceedings of the triennial NDIP (New Developments in Photo-detection) Conference (1996-
2008), published in NIMA;
Literature
Photodetection
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N. Dinu, T. Gys, C. Joram, S. Korpar, Y. Musienko, V. Puill, D. RenkerEDIT 2011 17
Applications
1. Readout of scintillators / fibres with PMT/MAPMT. 2. Readout of RICH detectors with HPD. 3. Readout of RICH detector with gas based detectors4. Readout of inorganic crystals with APD. Example: CMS ECAL.5. Readout of scintillators with G-APD. 6. Ultrafast timing for TOF with MCP-PMT