Research ArticlePhotocatalytic Degradation of Alizarin Red S Amaranth CongoRed andRhodamineBDyesUsingUVLightModifiedReactor andZnO TiO2 and SnO2 as Catalyst

Rabia Rehman Waheed-Uz-Zaman Asma Raza Warda Noor Amna Batooland Hamna Maryem

Institute of Chemistry University of the Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan

Correspondence should be addressed to Rabia Rehman grinorganicyahoocom

Received 22 October 2020 Revised 21 December 2020 Accepted 31 December 2020 Published 12 January 2021

Academic Editor Mostafa Khajeh

Copyright copy 2021 Rabia Rehman et alis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

e photocatalytic degradation of dyes (alizarin red S amaranth congo red and rhodamine B) present in wastewater wasperformed with UV lamp e catalysts employed for this investigation were ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 e kinetic studies of dyesdegradation followed first order reaction ZnO was found to be most efficient photo-catalyst for degrading these dyese optimalresult for alizarin red S was k 02118minminus1 t12 327min and R2 07998 for amaranth was k 0146minminus1 t12 474minand R2 08348 for congo red was k 02452minminus1 t12 28min and R2 08382 and for rhodamine B was k 01915minminus1t12 36min and R2 076

1 Introduction

Textile industries are the major contributor of water pol-lution due to releasing a large amount of toxic dyes intowater bodies [1] e dyeing industry has been reported ashighly polluting industry by board of central pollutioncontrol [2] Almost 15ndash20 dyes from industries are directlydischarged into rivers that affect aquatic life [3] Fabricindustries are heavily dependent on these dyes howeverPakistan which is an economically developing nation doesnot have a proper disposal system for these dyes effluentstherefore they are mostly disposed of into land pits or waterresources which leads to their contamination and eventuallyposes health risks for human health and sea life [4]erefore it is highly dangerous to discharge these wasteddyes without properly dismantling them [5]

Dyes such as alizarin red S amaranth congo red andrhodamine B are accounted as extremely dangerous toxi-cants Congo red dye can result in genetic mutation [6] andrhodamine B [7] dye can damage skin eyes and PNS [8]while amaranth can result in infertility [9] and alizarin red Sis a potential allergen [10] Hence their removal is necessary

before discharging into the environment Degradation ofdyes is the process in which harmful complex dyes areconverted into simple molecules Several biological andphysio-chemical techniques are used for decolorization ofdyes [1112] Biological methods for treating harmful dyesare ecofriendly but many dyes are not biodegraded due tocomplex structure [13]e photocatalytic removal of dyes isan ecofriendly method that involves the exposure of catalystto UV-visible light [14]

ere are a number of operational factors that govern thedegradation of dyes [15] including dyes load in water pHand temperature of the system catalystrsquos quantity and timefor degradation e structure and composition of differentdyes respond differently to these factors [16]

e widely used photo-catalysts for removing unwanteddyes are metal oxide semiconductors [17] e most efficientand cost-effective catalysts are ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 eirband energy gap and chemical stability make them ideal [18]For instance TiO2 has a large band gap which makes ithighly reactive to UV radiations Some other physical factorssuch as surface area and zeta potential have huge impact ondegradation potential of these catalysts zeta potential

HindawiJournal of ChemistryVolume 2021 Article ID 6655070 9 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520216655070

basically indicates how stable a system is Greater the valueof the zeta potential (either +ve or minusve) stronger are therepulsive forces between the catalyst particles which impartthem more stability e photocatalytic activity of thesecatalysts can also be studied under Vis region of light if weextend their bang gaps by doping them with certain tran-sition metals or nonmetals TiO2 can also be used to improvecatalytic potential of other semiconductors by impregnatingthem on it it can be done by techniques such as sol-gel andhydrothermal method So these factors are really importantin obtaining optimal results

is study aims at the degradation of dyes on feasibleeconomic termse present work focuses on photocatalyticdegradation of dyes such as Alizarin Red S AmaranthCongo Red and Rhodamine B (Figure 1) performed usingvarious factors such as amount of catalyst and dye load etubular UV source is used in this work in such a way that theatmospheric gases especially oxygenrsquos interference are re-moved entirely which is the novelty of the method escheme also eliminates the unwanted production of ozoneunder UV light in an open degradation setup [19]

2 Experimental Work

21 Setup Used e source of light for degrading dyes wastubular UV lamp (Phillips TUV 11W T5) as shown inFigure 2(a) e dye solution was placed on a hot plate forcontinuous stirring Specific wavelength and time absor-bance of dye solution were monitoredis is a batch processsetup Tubular UV rod provides better results using simplebulb Further for continuous degradation process study asetup was designed as shown in Figure 2(b)e temperaturewas 25degC and the dye solution was used as such without theaddition of any pH alteration or maintaining reagents

Preliminary experiments were conducted for comparingthe efficiency of both processes which indicated that thesecond one is more efficiently removing dyes So furtherworking conditions were optimized using the second setup

22 Chemicals Amaranth Alizarin Red S Congo RedRhodamine B SnO2 TiO2 and ZnO all were obtained fromMerck (Germany)

23 Equipment Tubular UV lamp (11 watts Phillips TUV11W T5) pH meter electric balance UV-visible spectro-photometer with quartz flow cell hot plate and magneticstirrer were used

24 Method Used for Photocatalytic Degradation UV lampand UV-Vis spectrometer were used for this method Dyesolution was stirred on a hot plate e peristaltic pumptakes this dye solution to bottom of the reactor core wherethe solution was exposed to UV radiations From its upperpart the dye solution was passed into a second peristalticpump en it was passed into spectrometer for continuousmonitoring of absorbance en that solution was againmixed into starting solution In spectrometer the

absorbance of Amaranth (mol formula C20H11N2Na3O10S3molar mass 6045 gmol) was monitored at 523 nm wave-length Alizarin Red S (mol formula C14H7NaO7S molarmass 36028 gmol) at 507 nm Congo Red (mol formulaC32H22N6Na2O6S2 molar mass 696665 gmol) at 497 nmand Rhodamine B (mol formula C28H31ClN2O3 molarmass 47902 gmol) at 568 nm

25 Degradation of Dyes without Catalyst e 04mM so-lutions of dyes (Amaranth Alizarin Red S Congo Red andRhodamine B) were prepared and exposed to UV light atroom temperature en absorption of solutions wasmonitored after regular time intervals

26 Degradation of Dyes with Catalyst SnO2 In each pre-pared 04mM dyes solution 4mg of SnO2 was added andplaced on a hot plate for proper mixingen solutions wereirradiated with UV light for degradation Absorption ofsolutions was checked after specific time

27 Degradation of Dyes with Catalyst TiO2 e prepareddyes solutions were taken and mixed with 3mg of catalystTiO2 en solutions were exposed to UV light and ab-sorption was measured after regular time intervals

28DegradationofDyeswithCatalystZnO Sample solutionsof dyes were prepared and 4mg of ZnO was added in theme solutions were placed under UV light and degradationwas observed en absorbance of the solutions which weretaken out after regular time was noted by spectrometer

3 Results and Discussion

e photocatalytic degradation of dyes was experimentedusing UV lamp and catalysts e degradation rate andabsorbance of dyes were checked and represented graphi-cally e kinetic studies showed that degradation of dyesfollows first order reaction [20]

lnCo

Ct

1113888 1113889 kt (1)

where Co is the initial dye amount Ct is the amount of dye attime t and k is the constant

e kinetic data results for degradation of alizarin red Samaranth congo red and rhodamine B dyes under differentconditions (without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2and SnO2) are presented in Table 1

31 Case 1 Photolytic Degradation of Dye Alizarin Red Swithout Catalyst and with Catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2e results for degradation of alizarin red S under differentconditions (without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 andSnO2) are graphically represented in Figure 3 and Table 1eyindicated that ZnOgives better results among these catalysts fordegrading alizarin red S

2 Journal of Chemistry

32 Case 2 Photolytic Degradation of Dye Amaranth withoutCatalyst and with Catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 egraphical representation of amaranth dye degradation atdifferent conditions is given in Figure 4 and Table 1 As inthe previous case ZnO gives better results for amaranth dyealso

33 Case 3 Photolytic Degradation of Dye Congo Red withoutCatalyst and with Catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 e

degradation rate of congo red at different situations is shownin Figure 5 and Table 1 Same trend is observed here also thatZnO is the best catalyst for its degradation

34 Case 4 Photolytic Degradation of Dye Rhodamine Bwithout Catalyst and with Catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2e photolytic decolorization of rhodamine B at variouscircumstances is illustrated in Figure 6 and Table 1 AgainZnO gives better results

O OH

OH

O O

O

OndashS Na+

(a)

O O

Ondash

O

O

OOS S

O

OndashndashO

S

Na+

Na+

Na+

HNN

(b)

Ondash

Ondash

OO S

O

NN

NN

NH2NH2

SO

Na+

Na+

(c)

N+N

O

O

Clndash

HO

(d)

Figure 1 Structural formulas of dyes used (a) Alizarin red S (b) Amaranth (c) Congo red (d) Rhodamine B

Journal of Chemistry 3

35 Effect of Catalyst Amount on Degradation Rate of DyesDegradation efficiency of dyes (alizarin red S amaranthcongo red and rhodamine B) was investigated by usingdifferent amounts of catalysts (ZnO TiO2 and SnO2) e

irradiation time and dye amount were kept constant It wasfound that the degradation rate was increased with increasein catalysts amount but decreases after certain point ieoptimal point [21] as illustrated graphically in Figure 7

(a)

Spectrophotometer

UV lamp

Dual channelperistaltic pump Glass tube

reactor

Dye reservoir

Electronicballast

(b)

Figure 2 (a) Batch process arrangements and (b) continuous process setup for photocatalytic degradation of dye

Table 1 Kinetic data of alizarin red S amaranth congo red and rhodamine B dye

Dyes Alizarin red S dye Amaranth dye Congo red dye Rhodamine B dyeConditions K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2

Withoutcatalyst 00261 2655 08611 0028 247 07768 00548 126 07464 00391 177 0825

ZnO 02118 327 07993 0146 474 08348 02452 28 08382 01915 36 076TiO2 01188 583 08372 00671 103 07678 00976 71 07764 00843 82 0837SnO2 00877 790 07995 00447 155 06976 00653 106 08921 00585 1184 0816

4 Journal of Chemistry

y = 01188x ndash 03898R2 = 08372

y = 0211x ndash 0409R2 = 0799

y = 00877x ndash 06158R2 = 07995

y = 00261x ndash 03672R2 = 08611

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Without catalystZnOTiO2

SnO2Linear (without catalyst)

Figure 3 Photolytic kinetics of alizarin red S without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

y = 0028x ndash 04544R2 = 07768

y = 00447x ndash 06001R2 = 06976

y = 00671x ndash 04764R2 = 07678

y = 0146x ndash 04608R2 = 08348

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Figure 4 Photolytic kinetics of amaranth without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

y = 02452x ndash 05084R2 = 08382

y = 00976x ndash 04347R2 = 07764

y = 00548x ndash 05457R2 = 07464

y = 00653x ndash 03705R2 = 08921

Figure 5 Photolytic kinetics of congo red without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

Journal of Chemistry 5

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1ndash05

005

115

225

335

445

0 20 40 60 80lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

y = 01915x ndash 05361R2 = 076 y = 00585x ndash 0472

R2 = 08161y = 00391x ndash 05197

R2 = 08251

y = 00843x ndash 03837R2 = 08371

Figure 6 Photolytic kinetics of rhodamine B without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(a)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 7 Effect of catalyst amount (ZnO TiO2 and SnO2) on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congored dye and (d) rhodamine B dye at the same irradiation time

6 Journal of Chemistry

Optimum degradation was obtained at 3mg100mL catalystamount in all cases beyond this concentration the catalystintroduces the opacity and light hindrance It is also obviousfrom these results that ZnO gave better results among thesecatalysts [22]

36 Effect of DyeMolarity on Degradation Rate Effect of dyeamount was also studied for each dye by keeping the catalystamount irradiating time constant e results indicated inFigure 8 show that degradation efficiency decreases withincrease in dye concentration Optimum concentration

obtained was 04mM in all cases which is then employed forfurther experimentations [23]

37 Proposed Mechanism of Degradation When the dyesolution was exposed to UV light in the presence of catalyst thelight irradiation promotes electron from valence band toconduction band of the catalyst leaving behind a positive holein valence band [24] After that eminus from the conduction band istransferred to surrounding O2 and produces O2minus So thepositive hole travels to catalyst surface and reacts with waterand produces OH ese hydroxide radicals further result in

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(a)

0102030405060708090

100

ndash01 6E ndash 16 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 8 Effect of dye amount on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congo red dye and (d) rhodamine Bdye at the same irradiation time

Journal of Chemistry 7

decomposition of dye molecules into CO2 and water [25] isproposed mechanism has been illustrated in Figure 9

4 Conclusion

e photocatalytic degradation was carried out by irra-diating the dyes solution with UV light e photo-catalytic activity of catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 wascompared e kinetic results showed that the degrada-tion followed first order reaction e use of catalystsenhanced the degradation rate as compared to reactionrate without catalyst Effect of catalyst and dye amountwas also investigated e optimum results were obtainedby using zinc oxide catalyst e optimal results foralizarin S dye were K 02118minminus1 t12 327 min andR2 07993 for amaranth dye were K 0146minminus1t12 474 min and R2 08348 for congo red dye wereK 02452minminus1 t12 28 min and R2 08382 and forrhodamine dye were K 01915minminus1 t12 36 min andR2 076 e applied method is cost-effective harmlessand easily available

Data Availability

All the relevant data are given in the manuscript along withreferences

Conflicts of Interest

e authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Home Institute for providing fa-cilities for this work

References

[1] B Neppolian H C Choi S Sakthivel B arabindoo andV Murugesan ldquoSolar light induced and TiO2 assisted deg-radation of textile dye reactive blue 4rdquo Chemosphere vol 46no 8 pp 1173ndash1181 2002

[2] F Gonen and G Tekinerdogan ldquoSynthesis of specific ZnFbased nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4) antimicrobial propertiessurface characteristics and adsorption activity for AB 29textile dyerdquo Journal of Nanotechnology vol 2020 Article ID3139701 9 pages 2020

[3] N Colin A Maceda-Veiga N Flor-Arnau et al ldquoEcologicalimpact and recovery of a Mediterranean river after receivingthe effluent from a textile dyeing industryrdquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 132 pp 295ndash303 2016

[4] K AMichalow D Logvinovich AWeidenkaff et al ldquoSynthesischaracterization and electronic structure of nitrogen-doped TiO2nanopowderrdquo Catalysis Today vol 144 no 1-2 pp 7ndash12 2009

[5] S Ahmad and A Saeed ldquoSynthesis of metalsilicatitaniacomposites for the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue

Catalyst reacts withdye solution in the

presence of UV light

Photoreduction

Photoreduction

UVlight

source

Catalyst+

Dye

CatalystEx

cita

tion

Reco

mbi

natio

n

CB

VB

endash

h+

bullOH

bullOH Dye

Obullndash2

O2

endash + H2O2ndashOH + bullOH

H2OndashOH Dye

Dye + bullOH Intermediates C2O + H2O

Figure 9 Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes

8 Journal of Chemistry

dyerdquo Journal of Chemistry vol 2019 Article ID 90102896 pages 2019

[6] AWaheed MMansha I W Kazi and N Ullah ldquoSynthesis of anovel 35-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linkedresin for the efficient adsorption of Congo red and RhodamineBrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 369 pp 528ndash538 2019

[7] G Sharma D D Dionysiou S Sharma et al ldquoHighly efficientSrCeactivated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for pho-toinduced degradation of rhodamine Brdquo Catalysis Todayvol 335 pp 437ndash451 2019a

[8] K K Bera R Majumdar M Chakraborty andS K Bhattacharya ldquoPhase control synthesis of α β and αβBi2O3 hetero-junction with enhanced and synergistic pho-tocatalytic activity on degradation of toxic dye Rhodamine-Bunder natural sunlightrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 352 pp 182ndash191 2018

[9] V K Gupta R Jain A Mittal et al ldquoPhoto-catalytic deg-radation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2UV in aqueoussuspensionsrdquo Materials Science and Engineering C vol 32no 1 pp 12ndash17 2012

[10] P K Gautam P M Shivapriya S Banerjee A K Sahoo andS K Samanta ldquoBiogenic fabrication of iron nanoadsorbentsfrom mixed waste biomass for aqueous phase removal ofalizarin red S and tartrazine kinetics isotherm and ther-modynamic investigationrdquo Environmental Progress amp Sus-tainable Energy vol 39 Article ID e13326 2020

[11] D Bhatia N R Sharma J Singh and R S Kanwar ldquoBio-logical methods for textile dye removal from wastewater areviewrdquo Critical Reviews in Environmental Science andTechnology vol 47 no 19 pp 1836ndash1876 2017

[12] V K Gupta R Jain A Nayak S Agarwal andM ShrivastavaldquoRemoval of the hazardous dye-Tartrazine by photo-degradation on titanium dioxide surfacerdquo Materials Scienceand Engineering C vol 31 no 5 pp 1062ndash1067 2011

[13] R Souther and T Alspaugh ldquoTextile wastes recovery andtreatmentrdquo Sewage and Industrial Wastes vol 29 pp 918ndash935 1957

[14] C Hachem F Bocquillon O Zahraa and M BouchyldquoDecolourization of textile industry wastewater by the pho-tocatalytic degradation processrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 49no 2 pp 117ndash125 2001

[15] G Sharma M Naushad A Kumar A Kumar T Ahamadand F J Stadler ldquoFacile fabrication of chitosan-cl-poly(AA)ZrPO4 nanocomposite for remediation of rhodamine B andantimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of King SaudUniversitymdashScience vol 32 no 2 pp 1359ndash1365 2020b

[16] M H Habibi A Hassanzadeh and S Mahdavi ldquoe effect ofoperational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation ofthree textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensionsrdquo Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry vol 172 no 1pp 89ndash96 2005

[17] C A K Gouvea F Wypych S G Moraes N DuranN Nagata and P Peralta-Zamora ldquoSemiconductor-assistedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous so-lutionrdquo Chemosphere vol 40 no 4 pp 433ndash440 2000

[18] R Jain and M Shrivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic removal of haz-ardous dye cyanosine from industrial waste using titaniumdioxiderdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 152 no 1pp 216ndash220 2008

[19] D Pathania D Gupta A A H Al-Muhtaseb et al ldquoPho-tocatalytic degradation of highly toxic dyes using chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)ZnS in presence of solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistryvol 329 pp 61ndash68 2016

[20] B Barghi M Fattahi and F Khorasheh ldquoKinetic modeling ofpropane dehydrogenation over an industrial catalyst in thepresence of oxygenated compoundsrdquo Reaction KineticsMechanisms and Catalysis vol 107 no 1 pp 141ndash155 2012

[21] M Naushad G Sharma and Z A Alothman ldquoPhotodegradationof toxic dye using gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)Ni(OH)2FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogelrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 241 p 118263 2019

[22] X Chen Z Wu D Liu and Z Gao ldquoPreparation of ZnOphotocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic deg-radation of azo dyesrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 12p 143 2017

[23] D N Ahmed L A Naji A A Faisal N Al-Ansari andM Naushad ldquoWaste foundry sandMgFe-layered doublehydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congored dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Scientific Reports vol 10pp 1ndash12 2020

[24] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFe3O4ZnOSi3N4nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation ofdyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Materials Letters vol 278p 128359 2020

[25] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFabrication andcharacterization of novel Fe0Guar gum-crosslinked-soyalecithin nanocomposite hydrogel for photocatalytic degra-dation of methyl violet dyerdquo Separation and PurificationTechnology vol 211 pp 895ndash908 2019

Journal of Chemistry 9

32 Case 2 Photolytic Degradation of Dye Amaranth withoutCatalyst and with Catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 egraphical representation of amaranth dye degradation atdifferent conditions is given in Figure 4 and Table 1 As inthe previous case ZnO gives better results for amaranth dyealso

33 Case 3 Photolytic Degradation of Dye Congo Red withoutCatalyst and with Catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 e

degradation rate of congo red at different situations is shownin Figure 5 and Table 1 Same trend is observed here also thatZnO is the best catalyst for its degradation

34 Case 4 Photolytic Degradation of Dye Rhodamine Bwithout Catalyst and with Catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2e photolytic decolorization of rhodamine B at variouscircumstances is illustrated in Figure 6 and Table 1 AgainZnO gives better results

O OH

OH

O O

O

OndashS Na+

(a)

O O

Ondash

O

O

OOS S

O

OndashndashO

S

Na+

Na+

Na+

HNN

(b)

Ondash

Ondash

OO S

O

NN

NN

NH2NH2

SO

Na+

Na+

(c)

N+N

O

O

Clndash

HO

(d)

Figure 1 Structural formulas of dyes used (a) Alizarin red S (b) Amaranth (c) Congo red (d) Rhodamine B

Journal of Chemistry 3

35 Effect of Catalyst Amount on Degradation Rate of DyesDegradation efficiency of dyes (alizarin red S amaranthcongo red and rhodamine B) was investigated by usingdifferent amounts of catalysts (ZnO TiO2 and SnO2) e

irradiation time and dye amount were kept constant It wasfound that the degradation rate was increased with increasein catalysts amount but decreases after certain point ieoptimal point [21] as illustrated graphically in Figure 7

(a)

Spectrophotometer

UV lamp

Dual channelperistaltic pump Glass tube

reactor

Dye reservoir

Electronicballast

(b)

Figure 2 (a) Batch process arrangements and (b) continuous process setup for photocatalytic degradation of dye

Table 1 Kinetic data of alizarin red S amaranth congo red and rhodamine B dye

Dyes Alizarin red S dye Amaranth dye Congo red dye Rhodamine B dyeConditions K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2

Withoutcatalyst 00261 2655 08611 0028 247 07768 00548 126 07464 00391 177 0825

ZnO 02118 327 07993 0146 474 08348 02452 28 08382 01915 36 076TiO2 01188 583 08372 00671 103 07678 00976 71 07764 00843 82 0837SnO2 00877 790 07995 00447 155 06976 00653 106 08921 00585 1184 0816

4 Journal of Chemistry

y = 01188x ndash 03898R2 = 08372

y = 0211x ndash 0409R2 = 0799

y = 00877x ndash 06158R2 = 07995

y = 00261x ndash 03672R2 = 08611

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Without catalystZnOTiO2

SnO2Linear (without catalyst)

Figure 3 Photolytic kinetics of alizarin red S without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

y = 0028x ndash 04544R2 = 07768

y = 00447x ndash 06001R2 = 06976

y = 00671x ndash 04764R2 = 07678

y = 0146x ndash 04608R2 = 08348

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Figure 4 Photolytic kinetics of amaranth without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

y = 02452x ndash 05084R2 = 08382

y = 00976x ndash 04347R2 = 07764

y = 00548x ndash 05457R2 = 07464

y = 00653x ndash 03705R2 = 08921

Figure 5 Photolytic kinetics of congo red without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

Journal of Chemistry 5

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1ndash05

005

115

225

335

445

0 20 40 60 80lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

y = 01915x ndash 05361R2 = 076 y = 00585x ndash 0472

R2 = 08161y = 00391x ndash 05197

R2 = 08251

y = 00843x ndash 03837R2 = 08371

Figure 6 Photolytic kinetics of rhodamine B without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(a)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 7 Effect of catalyst amount (ZnO TiO2 and SnO2) on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congored dye and (d) rhodamine B dye at the same irradiation time

6 Journal of Chemistry

Optimum degradation was obtained at 3mg100mL catalystamount in all cases beyond this concentration the catalystintroduces the opacity and light hindrance It is also obviousfrom these results that ZnO gave better results among thesecatalysts [22]

36 Effect of DyeMolarity on Degradation Rate Effect of dyeamount was also studied for each dye by keeping the catalystamount irradiating time constant e results indicated inFigure 8 show that degradation efficiency decreases withincrease in dye concentration Optimum concentration

obtained was 04mM in all cases which is then employed forfurther experimentations [23]

37 Proposed Mechanism of Degradation When the dyesolution was exposed to UV light in the presence of catalyst thelight irradiation promotes electron from valence band toconduction band of the catalyst leaving behind a positive holein valence band [24] After that eminus from the conduction band istransferred to surrounding O2 and produces O2minus So thepositive hole travels to catalyst surface and reacts with waterand produces OH ese hydroxide radicals further result in

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(a)

0102030405060708090

100

ndash01 6E ndash 16 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 8 Effect of dye amount on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congo red dye and (d) rhodamine Bdye at the same irradiation time

Journal of Chemistry 7

decomposition of dye molecules into CO2 and water [25] isproposed mechanism has been illustrated in Figure 9

4 Conclusion

e photocatalytic degradation was carried out by irra-diating the dyes solution with UV light e photo-catalytic activity of catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 wascompared e kinetic results showed that the degrada-tion followed first order reaction e use of catalystsenhanced the degradation rate as compared to reactionrate without catalyst Effect of catalyst and dye amountwas also investigated e optimum results were obtainedby using zinc oxide catalyst e optimal results foralizarin S dye were K 02118minminus1 t12 327 min andR2 07993 for amaranth dye were K 0146minminus1t12 474 min and R2 08348 for congo red dye wereK 02452minminus1 t12 28 min and R2 08382 and forrhodamine dye were K 01915minminus1 t12 36 min andR2 076 e applied method is cost-effective harmlessand easily available

Data Availability

All the relevant data are given in the manuscript along withreferences

Conflicts of Interest

e authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Home Institute for providing fa-cilities for this work

References

[1] B Neppolian H C Choi S Sakthivel B arabindoo andV Murugesan ldquoSolar light induced and TiO2 assisted deg-radation of textile dye reactive blue 4rdquo Chemosphere vol 46no 8 pp 1173ndash1181 2002

[2] F Gonen and G Tekinerdogan ldquoSynthesis of specific ZnFbased nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4) antimicrobial propertiessurface characteristics and adsorption activity for AB 29textile dyerdquo Journal of Nanotechnology vol 2020 Article ID3139701 9 pages 2020

[3] N Colin A Maceda-Veiga N Flor-Arnau et al ldquoEcologicalimpact and recovery of a Mediterranean river after receivingthe effluent from a textile dyeing industryrdquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 132 pp 295ndash303 2016

[4] K AMichalow D Logvinovich AWeidenkaff et al ldquoSynthesischaracterization and electronic structure of nitrogen-doped TiO2nanopowderrdquo Catalysis Today vol 144 no 1-2 pp 7ndash12 2009

[5] S Ahmad and A Saeed ldquoSynthesis of metalsilicatitaniacomposites for the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue

Catalyst reacts withdye solution in the

presence of UV light

Photoreduction

Photoreduction

UVlight

source

Catalyst+

Dye

CatalystEx

cita

tion

Reco

mbi

natio

n

CB

VB

endash

h+

bullOH

bullOH Dye

Obullndash2

O2

endash + H2O2ndashOH + bullOH

H2OndashOH Dye

Dye + bullOH Intermediates C2O + H2O

Figure 9 Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes

8 Journal of Chemistry

dyerdquo Journal of Chemistry vol 2019 Article ID 90102896 pages 2019

[6] AWaheed MMansha I W Kazi and N Ullah ldquoSynthesis of anovel 35-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linkedresin for the efficient adsorption of Congo red and RhodamineBrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 369 pp 528ndash538 2019

[7] G Sharma D D Dionysiou S Sharma et al ldquoHighly efficientSrCeactivated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for pho-toinduced degradation of rhodamine Brdquo Catalysis Todayvol 335 pp 437ndash451 2019a

[8] K K Bera R Majumdar M Chakraborty andS K Bhattacharya ldquoPhase control synthesis of α β and αβBi2O3 hetero-junction with enhanced and synergistic pho-tocatalytic activity on degradation of toxic dye Rhodamine-Bunder natural sunlightrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 352 pp 182ndash191 2018

[9] V K Gupta R Jain A Mittal et al ldquoPhoto-catalytic deg-radation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2UV in aqueoussuspensionsrdquo Materials Science and Engineering C vol 32no 1 pp 12ndash17 2012

[10] P K Gautam P M Shivapriya S Banerjee A K Sahoo andS K Samanta ldquoBiogenic fabrication of iron nanoadsorbentsfrom mixed waste biomass for aqueous phase removal ofalizarin red S and tartrazine kinetics isotherm and ther-modynamic investigationrdquo Environmental Progress amp Sus-tainable Energy vol 39 Article ID e13326 2020

[11] D Bhatia N R Sharma J Singh and R S Kanwar ldquoBio-logical methods for textile dye removal from wastewater areviewrdquo Critical Reviews in Environmental Science andTechnology vol 47 no 19 pp 1836ndash1876 2017

[12] V K Gupta R Jain A Nayak S Agarwal andM ShrivastavaldquoRemoval of the hazardous dye-Tartrazine by photo-degradation on titanium dioxide surfacerdquo Materials Scienceand Engineering C vol 31 no 5 pp 1062ndash1067 2011

[13] R Souther and T Alspaugh ldquoTextile wastes recovery andtreatmentrdquo Sewage and Industrial Wastes vol 29 pp 918ndash935 1957

[14] C Hachem F Bocquillon O Zahraa and M BouchyldquoDecolourization of textile industry wastewater by the pho-tocatalytic degradation processrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 49no 2 pp 117ndash125 2001

[15] G Sharma M Naushad A Kumar A Kumar T Ahamadand F J Stadler ldquoFacile fabrication of chitosan-cl-poly(AA)ZrPO4 nanocomposite for remediation of rhodamine B andantimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of King SaudUniversitymdashScience vol 32 no 2 pp 1359ndash1365 2020b

[16] M H Habibi A Hassanzadeh and S Mahdavi ldquoe effect ofoperational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation ofthree textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensionsrdquo Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry vol 172 no 1pp 89ndash96 2005

[17] C A K Gouvea F Wypych S G Moraes N DuranN Nagata and P Peralta-Zamora ldquoSemiconductor-assistedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous so-lutionrdquo Chemosphere vol 40 no 4 pp 433ndash440 2000

[18] R Jain and M Shrivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic removal of haz-ardous dye cyanosine from industrial waste using titaniumdioxiderdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 152 no 1pp 216ndash220 2008

[19] D Pathania D Gupta A A H Al-Muhtaseb et al ldquoPho-tocatalytic degradation of highly toxic dyes using chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)ZnS in presence of solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistryvol 329 pp 61ndash68 2016

[20] B Barghi M Fattahi and F Khorasheh ldquoKinetic modeling ofpropane dehydrogenation over an industrial catalyst in thepresence of oxygenated compoundsrdquo Reaction KineticsMechanisms and Catalysis vol 107 no 1 pp 141ndash155 2012

[21] M Naushad G Sharma and Z A Alothman ldquoPhotodegradationof toxic dye using gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)Ni(OH)2FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogelrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 241 p 118263 2019

[22] X Chen Z Wu D Liu and Z Gao ldquoPreparation of ZnOphotocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic deg-radation of azo dyesrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 12p 143 2017

[23] D N Ahmed L A Naji A A Faisal N Al-Ansari andM Naushad ldquoWaste foundry sandMgFe-layered doublehydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congored dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Scientific Reports vol 10pp 1ndash12 2020

[24] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFe3O4ZnOSi3N4nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation ofdyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Materials Letters vol 278p 128359 2020

[25] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFabrication andcharacterization of novel Fe0Guar gum-crosslinked-soyalecithin nanocomposite hydrogel for photocatalytic degra-dation of methyl violet dyerdquo Separation and PurificationTechnology vol 211 pp 895ndash908 2019

Journal of Chemistry 9

35 Effect of Catalyst Amount on Degradation Rate of DyesDegradation efficiency of dyes (alizarin red S amaranthcongo red and rhodamine B) was investigated by usingdifferent amounts of catalysts (ZnO TiO2 and SnO2) e

irradiation time and dye amount were kept constant It wasfound that the degradation rate was increased with increasein catalysts amount but decreases after certain point ieoptimal point [21] as illustrated graphically in Figure 7

(a)

Spectrophotometer

UV lamp

Dual channelperistaltic pump Glass tube

reactor

Dye reservoir

Electronicballast

(b)

Figure 2 (a) Batch process arrangements and (b) continuous process setup for photocatalytic degradation of dye

Table 1 Kinetic data of alizarin red S amaranth congo red and rhodamine B dye

Dyes Alizarin red S dye Amaranth dye Congo red dye Rhodamine B dyeConditions K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2 K (minminus1) t12 (min) R2

Withoutcatalyst 00261 2655 08611 0028 247 07768 00548 126 07464 00391 177 0825

ZnO 02118 327 07993 0146 474 08348 02452 28 08382 01915 36 076TiO2 01188 583 08372 00671 103 07678 00976 71 07764 00843 82 0837SnO2 00877 790 07995 00447 155 06976 00653 106 08921 00585 1184 0816

4 Journal of Chemistry

y = 01188x ndash 03898R2 = 08372

y = 0211x ndash 0409R2 = 0799

y = 00877x ndash 06158R2 = 07995

y = 00261x ndash 03672R2 = 08611

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Without catalystZnOTiO2

SnO2Linear (without catalyst)

Figure 3 Photolytic kinetics of alizarin red S without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

y = 0028x ndash 04544R2 = 07768

y = 00447x ndash 06001R2 = 06976

y = 00671x ndash 04764R2 = 07678

y = 0146x ndash 04608R2 = 08348

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Figure 4 Photolytic kinetics of amaranth without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

y = 02452x ndash 05084R2 = 08382

y = 00976x ndash 04347R2 = 07764

y = 00548x ndash 05457R2 = 07464

y = 00653x ndash 03705R2 = 08921

Figure 5 Photolytic kinetics of congo red without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

Journal of Chemistry 5

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1ndash05

005

115

225

335

445

0 20 40 60 80lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

y = 01915x ndash 05361R2 = 076 y = 00585x ndash 0472

R2 = 08161y = 00391x ndash 05197

R2 = 08251

y = 00843x ndash 03837R2 = 08371

Figure 6 Photolytic kinetics of rhodamine B without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(a)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 7 Effect of catalyst amount (ZnO TiO2 and SnO2) on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congored dye and (d) rhodamine B dye at the same irradiation time

6 Journal of Chemistry

Optimum degradation was obtained at 3mg100mL catalystamount in all cases beyond this concentration the catalystintroduces the opacity and light hindrance It is also obviousfrom these results that ZnO gave better results among thesecatalysts [22]

36 Effect of DyeMolarity on Degradation Rate Effect of dyeamount was also studied for each dye by keeping the catalystamount irradiating time constant e results indicated inFigure 8 show that degradation efficiency decreases withincrease in dye concentration Optimum concentration

obtained was 04mM in all cases which is then employed forfurther experimentations [23]

37 Proposed Mechanism of Degradation When the dyesolution was exposed to UV light in the presence of catalyst thelight irradiation promotes electron from valence band toconduction band of the catalyst leaving behind a positive holein valence band [24] After that eminus from the conduction band istransferred to surrounding O2 and produces O2minus So thepositive hole travels to catalyst surface and reacts with waterand produces OH ese hydroxide radicals further result in

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(a)

0102030405060708090

100

ndash01 6E ndash 16 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 8 Effect of dye amount on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congo red dye and (d) rhodamine Bdye at the same irradiation time

Journal of Chemistry 7

decomposition of dye molecules into CO2 and water [25] isproposed mechanism has been illustrated in Figure 9

4 Conclusion

e photocatalytic degradation was carried out by irra-diating the dyes solution with UV light e photo-catalytic activity of catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 wascompared e kinetic results showed that the degrada-tion followed first order reaction e use of catalystsenhanced the degradation rate as compared to reactionrate without catalyst Effect of catalyst and dye amountwas also investigated e optimum results were obtainedby using zinc oxide catalyst e optimal results foralizarin S dye were K 02118minminus1 t12 327 min andR2 07993 for amaranth dye were K 0146minminus1t12 474 min and R2 08348 for congo red dye wereK 02452minminus1 t12 28 min and R2 08382 and forrhodamine dye were K 01915minminus1 t12 36 min andR2 076 e applied method is cost-effective harmlessand easily available

Data Availability

All the relevant data are given in the manuscript along withreferences

Conflicts of Interest

e authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Home Institute for providing fa-cilities for this work

References

[1] B Neppolian H C Choi S Sakthivel B arabindoo andV Murugesan ldquoSolar light induced and TiO2 assisted deg-radation of textile dye reactive blue 4rdquo Chemosphere vol 46no 8 pp 1173ndash1181 2002

[2] F Gonen and G Tekinerdogan ldquoSynthesis of specific ZnFbased nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4) antimicrobial propertiessurface characteristics and adsorption activity for AB 29textile dyerdquo Journal of Nanotechnology vol 2020 Article ID3139701 9 pages 2020

[3] N Colin A Maceda-Veiga N Flor-Arnau et al ldquoEcologicalimpact and recovery of a Mediterranean river after receivingthe effluent from a textile dyeing industryrdquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 132 pp 295ndash303 2016

[4] K AMichalow D Logvinovich AWeidenkaff et al ldquoSynthesischaracterization and electronic structure of nitrogen-doped TiO2nanopowderrdquo Catalysis Today vol 144 no 1-2 pp 7ndash12 2009

[5] S Ahmad and A Saeed ldquoSynthesis of metalsilicatitaniacomposites for the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue

Catalyst reacts withdye solution in the

presence of UV light

Photoreduction

Photoreduction

UVlight

source

Catalyst+

Dye

CatalystEx

cita

tion

Reco

mbi

natio

n

CB

VB

endash

h+

bullOH

bullOH Dye

Obullndash2

O2

endash + H2O2ndashOH + bullOH

H2OndashOH Dye

Dye + bullOH Intermediates C2O + H2O

Figure 9 Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes

8 Journal of Chemistry

dyerdquo Journal of Chemistry vol 2019 Article ID 90102896 pages 2019

[6] AWaheed MMansha I W Kazi and N Ullah ldquoSynthesis of anovel 35-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linkedresin for the efficient adsorption of Congo red and RhodamineBrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 369 pp 528ndash538 2019

[7] G Sharma D D Dionysiou S Sharma et al ldquoHighly efficientSrCeactivated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for pho-toinduced degradation of rhodamine Brdquo Catalysis Todayvol 335 pp 437ndash451 2019a

[8] K K Bera R Majumdar M Chakraborty andS K Bhattacharya ldquoPhase control synthesis of α β and αβBi2O3 hetero-junction with enhanced and synergistic pho-tocatalytic activity on degradation of toxic dye Rhodamine-Bunder natural sunlightrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 352 pp 182ndash191 2018

[9] V K Gupta R Jain A Mittal et al ldquoPhoto-catalytic deg-radation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2UV in aqueoussuspensionsrdquo Materials Science and Engineering C vol 32no 1 pp 12ndash17 2012

[10] P K Gautam P M Shivapriya S Banerjee A K Sahoo andS K Samanta ldquoBiogenic fabrication of iron nanoadsorbentsfrom mixed waste biomass for aqueous phase removal ofalizarin red S and tartrazine kinetics isotherm and ther-modynamic investigationrdquo Environmental Progress amp Sus-tainable Energy vol 39 Article ID e13326 2020

[11] D Bhatia N R Sharma J Singh and R S Kanwar ldquoBio-logical methods for textile dye removal from wastewater areviewrdquo Critical Reviews in Environmental Science andTechnology vol 47 no 19 pp 1836ndash1876 2017

[12] V K Gupta R Jain A Nayak S Agarwal andM ShrivastavaldquoRemoval of the hazardous dye-Tartrazine by photo-degradation on titanium dioxide surfacerdquo Materials Scienceand Engineering C vol 31 no 5 pp 1062ndash1067 2011

[13] R Souther and T Alspaugh ldquoTextile wastes recovery andtreatmentrdquo Sewage and Industrial Wastes vol 29 pp 918ndash935 1957

[14] C Hachem F Bocquillon O Zahraa and M BouchyldquoDecolourization of textile industry wastewater by the pho-tocatalytic degradation processrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 49no 2 pp 117ndash125 2001

[15] G Sharma M Naushad A Kumar A Kumar T Ahamadand F J Stadler ldquoFacile fabrication of chitosan-cl-poly(AA)ZrPO4 nanocomposite for remediation of rhodamine B andantimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of King SaudUniversitymdashScience vol 32 no 2 pp 1359ndash1365 2020b

[16] M H Habibi A Hassanzadeh and S Mahdavi ldquoe effect ofoperational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation ofthree textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensionsrdquo Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry vol 172 no 1pp 89ndash96 2005

[17] C A K Gouvea F Wypych S G Moraes N DuranN Nagata and P Peralta-Zamora ldquoSemiconductor-assistedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous so-lutionrdquo Chemosphere vol 40 no 4 pp 433ndash440 2000

[18] R Jain and M Shrivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic removal of haz-ardous dye cyanosine from industrial waste using titaniumdioxiderdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 152 no 1pp 216ndash220 2008

[19] D Pathania D Gupta A A H Al-Muhtaseb et al ldquoPho-tocatalytic degradation of highly toxic dyes using chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)ZnS in presence of solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistryvol 329 pp 61ndash68 2016

[20] B Barghi M Fattahi and F Khorasheh ldquoKinetic modeling ofpropane dehydrogenation over an industrial catalyst in thepresence of oxygenated compoundsrdquo Reaction KineticsMechanisms and Catalysis vol 107 no 1 pp 141ndash155 2012

[21] M Naushad G Sharma and Z A Alothman ldquoPhotodegradationof toxic dye using gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)Ni(OH)2FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogelrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 241 p 118263 2019

[22] X Chen Z Wu D Liu and Z Gao ldquoPreparation of ZnOphotocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic deg-radation of azo dyesrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 12p 143 2017

[23] D N Ahmed L A Naji A A Faisal N Al-Ansari andM Naushad ldquoWaste foundry sandMgFe-layered doublehydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congored dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Scientific Reports vol 10pp 1ndash12 2020

[24] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFe3O4ZnOSi3N4nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation ofdyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Materials Letters vol 278p 128359 2020

[25] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFabrication andcharacterization of novel Fe0Guar gum-crosslinked-soyalecithin nanocomposite hydrogel for photocatalytic degra-dation of methyl violet dyerdquo Separation and PurificationTechnology vol 211 pp 895ndash908 2019

Journal of Chemistry 9

y = 01188x ndash 03898R2 = 08372

y = 0211x ndash 0409R2 = 0799

y = 00877x ndash 06158R2 = 07995

y = 00261x ndash 03672R2 = 08611

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Without catalystZnOTiO2

SnO2Linear (without catalyst)

Figure 3 Photolytic kinetics of alizarin red S without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

y = 0028x ndash 04544R2 = 07768

y = 00447x ndash 06001R2 = 06976

y = 00671x ndash 04764R2 = 07678

y = 0146x ndash 04608R2 = 08348

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 20 40 60 80 100

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Figure 4 Photolytic kinetics of amaranth without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

ndash1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

y = 02452x ndash 05084R2 = 08382

y = 00976x ndash 04347R2 = 07764

y = 00548x ndash 05457R2 = 07464

y = 00653x ndash 03705R2 = 08921

Figure 5 Photolytic kinetics of congo red without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

Journal of Chemistry 5

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1ndash05

005

115

225

335

445

0 20 40 60 80lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

y = 01915x ndash 05361R2 = 076 y = 00585x ndash 0472

R2 = 08161y = 00391x ndash 05197

R2 = 08251

y = 00843x ndash 03837R2 = 08371

Figure 6 Photolytic kinetics of rhodamine B without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(a)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 7 Effect of catalyst amount (ZnO TiO2 and SnO2) on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congored dye and (d) rhodamine B dye at the same irradiation time

6 Journal of Chemistry

Optimum degradation was obtained at 3mg100mL catalystamount in all cases beyond this concentration the catalystintroduces the opacity and light hindrance It is also obviousfrom these results that ZnO gave better results among thesecatalysts [22]

36 Effect of DyeMolarity on Degradation Rate Effect of dyeamount was also studied for each dye by keeping the catalystamount irradiating time constant e results indicated inFigure 8 show that degradation efficiency decreases withincrease in dye concentration Optimum concentration

obtained was 04mM in all cases which is then employed forfurther experimentations [23]

37 Proposed Mechanism of Degradation When the dyesolution was exposed to UV light in the presence of catalyst thelight irradiation promotes electron from valence band toconduction band of the catalyst leaving behind a positive holein valence band [24] After that eminus from the conduction band istransferred to surrounding O2 and produces O2minus So thepositive hole travels to catalyst surface and reacts with waterand produces OH ese hydroxide radicals further result in

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(a)

0102030405060708090

100

ndash01 6E ndash 16 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 8 Effect of dye amount on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congo red dye and (d) rhodamine Bdye at the same irradiation time

Journal of Chemistry 7

decomposition of dye molecules into CO2 and water [25] isproposed mechanism has been illustrated in Figure 9

4 Conclusion

e photocatalytic degradation was carried out by irra-diating the dyes solution with UV light e photo-catalytic activity of catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 wascompared e kinetic results showed that the degrada-tion followed first order reaction e use of catalystsenhanced the degradation rate as compared to reactionrate without catalyst Effect of catalyst and dye amountwas also investigated e optimum results were obtainedby using zinc oxide catalyst e optimal results foralizarin S dye were K 02118minminus1 t12 327 min andR2 07993 for amaranth dye were K 0146minminus1t12 474 min and R2 08348 for congo red dye wereK 02452minminus1 t12 28 min and R2 08382 and forrhodamine dye were K 01915minminus1 t12 36 min andR2 076 e applied method is cost-effective harmlessand easily available

Data Availability

All the relevant data are given in the manuscript along withreferences

Conflicts of Interest

e authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Home Institute for providing fa-cilities for this work

References

[1] B Neppolian H C Choi S Sakthivel B arabindoo andV Murugesan ldquoSolar light induced and TiO2 assisted deg-radation of textile dye reactive blue 4rdquo Chemosphere vol 46no 8 pp 1173ndash1181 2002

[2] F Gonen and G Tekinerdogan ldquoSynthesis of specific ZnFbased nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4) antimicrobial propertiessurface characteristics and adsorption activity for AB 29textile dyerdquo Journal of Nanotechnology vol 2020 Article ID3139701 9 pages 2020

[3] N Colin A Maceda-Veiga N Flor-Arnau et al ldquoEcologicalimpact and recovery of a Mediterranean river after receivingthe effluent from a textile dyeing industryrdquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 132 pp 295ndash303 2016

[4] K AMichalow D Logvinovich AWeidenkaff et al ldquoSynthesischaracterization and electronic structure of nitrogen-doped TiO2nanopowderrdquo Catalysis Today vol 144 no 1-2 pp 7ndash12 2009

[5] S Ahmad and A Saeed ldquoSynthesis of metalsilicatitaniacomposites for the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue

Catalyst reacts withdye solution in the

presence of UV light

Photoreduction

Photoreduction

UVlight

source

Catalyst+

Dye

CatalystEx

cita

tion

Reco

mbi

natio

n

CB

VB

endash

h+

bullOH

bullOH Dye

Obullndash2

O2

endash + H2O2ndashOH + bullOH

H2OndashOH Dye

Dye + bullOH Intermediates C2O + H2O

Figure 9 Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes

8 Journal of Chemistry

dyerdquo Journal of Chemistry vol 2019 Article ID 90102896 pages 2019

[6] AWaheed MMansha I W Kazi and N Ullah ldquoSynthesis of anovel 35-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linkedresin for the efficient adsorption of Congo red and RhodamineBrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 369 pp 528ndash538 2019

[7] G Sharma D D Dionysiou S Sharma et al ldquoHighly efficientSrCeactivated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for pho-toinduced degradation of rhodamine Brdquo Catalysis Todayvol 335 pp 437ndash451 2019a

[8] K K Bera R Majumdar M Chakraborty andS K Bhattacharya ldquoPhase control synthesis of α β and αβBi2O3 hetero-junction with enhanced and synergistic pho-tocatalytic activity on degradation of toxic dye Rhodamine-Bunder natural sunlightrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 352 pp 182ndash191 2018

[9] V K Gupta R Jain A Mittal et al ldquoPhoto-catalytic deg-radation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2UV in aqueoussuspensionsrdquo Materials Science and Engineering C vol 32no 1 pp 12ndash17 2012

[10] P K Gautam P M Shivapriya S Banerjee A K Sahoo andS K Samanta ldquoBiogenic fabrication of iron nanoadsorbentsfrom mixed waste biomass for aqueous phase removal ofalizarin red S and tartrazine kinetics isotherm and ther-modynamic investigationrdquo Environmental Progress amp Sus-tainable Energy vol 39 Article ID e13326 2020

[11] D Bhatia N R Sharma J Singh and R S Kanwar ldquoBio-logical methods for textile dye removal from wastewater areviewrdquo Critical Reviews in Environmental Science andTechnology vol 47 no 19 pp 1836ndash1876 2017

[12] V K Gupta R Jain A Nayak S Agarwal andM ShrivastavaldquoRemoval of the hazardous dye-Tartrazine by photo-degradation on titanium dioxide surfacerdquo Materials Scienceand Engineering C vol 31 no 5 pp 1062ndash1067 2011

[13] R Souther and T Alspaugh ldquoTextile wastes recovery andtreatmentrdquo Sewage and Industrial Wastes vol 29 pp 918ndash935 1957

[14] C Hachem F Bocquillon O Zahraa and M BouchyldquoDecolourization of textile industry wastewater by the pho-tocatalytic degradation processrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 49no 2 pp 117ndash125 2001

[15] G Sharma M Naushad A Kumar A Kumar T Ahamadand F J Stadler ldquoFacile fabrication of chitosan-cl-poly(AA)ZrPO4 nanocomposite for remediation of rhodamine B andantimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of King SaudUniversitymdashScience vol 32 no 2 pp 1359ndash1365 2020b

[16] M H Habibi A Hassanzadeh and S Mahdavi ldquoe effect ofoperational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation ofthree textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensionsrdquo Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry vol 172 no 1pp 89ndash96 2005

[17] C A K Gouvea F Wypych S G Moraes N DuranN Nagata and P Peralta-Zamora ldquoSemiconductor-assistedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous so-lutionrdquo Chemosphere vol 40 no 4 pp 433ndash440 2000

[18] R Jain and M Shrivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic removal of haz-ardous dye cyanosine from industrial waste using titaniumdioxiderdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 152 no 1pp 216ndash220 2008

[19] D Pathania D Gupta A A H Al-Muhtaseb et al ldquoPho-tocatalytic degradation of highly toxic dyes using chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)ZnS in presence of solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistryvol 329 pp 61ndash68 2016

[20] B Barghi M Fattahi and F Khorasheh ldquoKinetic modeling ofpropane dehydrogenation over an industrial catalyst in thepresence of oxygenated compoundsrdquo Reaction KineticsMechanisms and Catalysis vol 107 no 1 pp 141ndash155 2012

[21] M Naushad G Sharma and Z A Alothman ldquoPhotodegradationof toxic dye using gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)Ni(OH)2FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogelrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 241 p 118263 2019

[22] X Chen Z Wu D Liu and Z Gao ldquoPreparation of ZnOphotocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic deg-radation of azo dyesrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 12p 143 2017

[23] D N Ahmed L A Naji A A Faisal N Al-Ansari andM Naushad ldquoWaste foundry sandMgFe-layered doublehydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congored dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Scientific Reports vol 10pp 1ndash12 2020

[24] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFe3O4ZnOSi3N4nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation ofdyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Materials Letters vol 278p 128359 2020

[25] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFabrication andcharacterization of novel Fe0Guar gum-crosslinked-soyalecithin nanocomposite hydrogel for photocatalytic degra-dation of methyl violet dyerdquo Separation and PurificationTechnology vol 211 pp 895ndash908 2019

Journal of Chemistry 9

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

ndash1ndash05

005

115

225

335

445

0 20 40 60 80lnC o

Ct

Time (min)

y = 01915x ndash 05361R2 = 076 y = 00585x ndash 0472

R2 = 08161y = 00391x ndash 05197

R2 = 08251

y = 00843x ndash 03837R2 = 08371

Figure 6 Photolytic kinetics of rhodamine B without catalyst and with catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(a)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

d

egra

datio

n

Catalyst amount (mg)

ZnOTiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 7 Effect of catalyst amount (ZnO TiO2 and SnO2) on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congored dye and (d) rhodamine B dye at the same irradiation time

6 Journal of Chemistry

Optimum degradation was obtained at 3mg100mL catalystamount in all cases beyond this concentration the catalystintroduces the opacity and light hindrance It is also obviousfrom these results that ZnO gave better results among thesecatalysts [22]

36 Effect of DyeMolarity on Degradation Rate Effect of dyeamount was also studied for each dye by keeping the catalystamount irradiating time constant e results indicated inFigure 8 show that degradation efficiency decreases withincrease in dye concentration Optimum concentration

obtained was 04mM in all cases which is then employed forfurther experimentations [23]

37 Proposed Mechanism of Degradation When the dyesolution was exposed to UV light in the presence of catalyst thelight irradiation promotes electron from valence band toconduction band of the catalyst leaving behind a positive holein valence band [24] After that eminus from the conduction band istransferred to surrounding O2 and produces O2minus So thepositive hole travels to catalyst surface and reacts with waterand produces OH ese hydroxide radicals further result in

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(a)

0102030405060708090

100

ndash01 6E ndash 16 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 8 Effect of dye amount on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congo red dye and (d) rhodamine Bdye at the same irradiation time

Journal of Chemistry 7

decomposition of dye molecules into CO2 and water [25] isproposed mechanism has been illustrated in Figure 9

4 Conclusion

e photocatalytic degradation was carried out by irra-diating the dyes solution with UV light e photo-catalytic activity of catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 wascompared e kinetic results showed that the degrada-tion followed first order reaction e use of catalystsenhanced the degradation rate as compared to reactionrate without catalyst Effect of catalyst and dye amountwas also investigated e optimum results were obtainedby using zinc oxide catalyst e optimal results foralizarin S dye were K 02118minminus1 t12 327 min andR2 07993 for amaranth dye were K 0146minminus1t12 474 min and R2 08348 for congo red dye wereK 02452minminus1 t12 28 min and R2 08382 and forrhodamine dye were K 01915minminus1 t12 36 min andR2 076 e applied method is cost-effective harmlessand easily available

Data Availability

All the relevant data are given in the manuscript along withreferences

Conflicts of Interest

e authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Home Institute for providing fa-cilities for this work

References

[1] B Neppolian H C Choi S Sakthivel B arabindoo andV Murugesan ldquoSolar light induced and TiO2 assisted deg-radation of textile dye reactive blue 4rdquo Chemosphere vol 46no 8 pp 1173ndash1181 2002

[2] F Gonen and G Tekinerdogan ldquoSynthesis of specific ZnFbased nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4) antimicrobial propertiessurface characteristics and adsorption activity for AB 29textile dyerdquo Journal of Nanotechnology vol 2020 Article ID3139701 9 pages 2020

[3] N Colin A Maceda-Veiga N Flor-Arnau et al ldquoEcologicalimpact and recovery of a Mediterranean river after receivingthe effluent from a textile dyeing industryrdquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 132 pp 295ndash303 2016

[4] K AMichalow D Logvinovich AWeidenkaff et al ldquoSynthesischaracterization and electronic structure of nitrogen-doped TiO2nanopowderrdquo Catalysis Today vol 144 no 1-2 pp 7ndash12 2009

[5] S Ahmad and A Saeed ldquoSynthesis of metalsilicatitaniacomposites for the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue

Catalyst reacts withdye solution in the

presence of UV light

Photoreduction

Photoreduction

UVlight

source

Catalyst+

Dye

CatalystEx

cita

tion

Reco

mbi

natio

n

CB

VB

endash

h+

bullOH

bullOH Dye

Obullndash2

O2

endash + H2O2ndashOH + bullOH

H2OndashOH Dye

Dye + bullOH Intermediates C2O + H2O

Figure 9 Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes

8 Journal of Chemistry

dyerdquo Journal of Chemistry vol 2019 Article ID 90102896 pages 2019

[6] AWaheed MMansha I W Kazi and N Ullah ldquoSynthesis of anovel 35-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linkedresin for the efficient adsorption of Congo red and RhodamineBrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 369 pp 528ndash538 2019

[7] G Sharma D D Dionysiou S Sharma et al ldquoHighly efficientSrCeactivated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for pho-toinduced degradation of rhodamine Brdquo Catalysis Todayvol 335 pp 437ndash451 2019a

[8] K K Bera R Majumdar M Chakraborty andS K Bhattacharya ldquoPhase control synthesis of α β and αβBi2O3 hetero-junction with enhanced and synergistic pho-tocatalytic activity on degradation of toxic dye Rhodamine-Bunder natural sunlightrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 352 pp 182ndash191 2018

[9] V K Gupta R Jain A Mittal et al ldquoPhoto-catalytic deg-radation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2UV in aqueoussuspensionsrdquo Materials Science and Engineering C vol 32no 1 pp 12ndash17 2012

[10] P K Gautam P M Shivapriya S Banerjee A K Sahoo andS K Samanta ldquoBiogenic fabrication of iron nanoadsorbentsfrom mixed waste biomass for aqueous phase removal ofalizarin red S and tartrazine kinetics isotherm and ther-modynamic investigationrdquo Environmental Progress amp Sus-tainable Energy vol 39 Article ID e13326 2020

[11] D Bhatia N R Sharma J Singh and R S Kanwar ldquoBio-logical methods for textile dye removal from wastewater areviewrdquo Critical Reviews in Environmental Science andTechnology vol 47 no 19 pp 1836ndash1876 2017

[12] V K Gupta R Jain A Nayak S Agarwal andM ShrivastavaldquoRemoval of the hazardous dye-Tartrazine by photo-degradation on titanium dioxide surfacerdquo Materials Scienceand Engineering C vol 31 no 5 pp 1062ndash1067 2011

[13] R Souther and T Alspaugh ldquoTextile wastes recovery andtreatmentrdquo Sewage and Industrial Wastes vol 29 pp 918ndash935 1957

[14] C Hachem F Bocquillon O Zahraa and M BouchyldquoDecolourization of textile industry wastewater by the pho-tocatalytic degradation processrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 49no 2 pp 117ndash125 2001

[15] G Sharma M Naushad A Kumar A Kumar T Ahamadand F J Stadler ldquoFacile fabrication of chitosan-cl-poly(AA)ZrPO4 nanocomposite for remediation of rhodamine B andantimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of King SaudUniversitymdashScience vol 32 no 2 pp 1359ndash1365 2020b

[16] M H Habibi A Hassanzadeh and S Mahdavi ldquoe effect ofoperational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation ofthree textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensionsrdquo Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry vol 172 no 1pp 89ndash96 2005

[17] C A K Gouvea F Wypych S G Moraes N DuranN Nagata and P Peralta-Zamora ldquoSemiconductor-assistedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous so-lutionrdquo Chemosphere vol 40 no 4 pp 433ndash440 2000

[18] R Jain and M Shrivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic removal of haz-ardous dye cyanosine from industrial waste using titaniumdioxiderdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 152 no 1pp 216ndash220 2008

[19] D Pathania D Gupta A A H Al-Muhtaseb et al ldquoPho-tocatalytic degradation of highly toxic dyes using chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)ZnS in presence of solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistryvol 329 pp 61ndash68 2016

[20] B Barghi M Fattahi and F Khorasheh ldquoKinetic modeling ofpropane dehydrogenation over an industrial catalyst in thepresence of oxygenated compoundsrdquo Reaction KineticsMechanisms and Catalysis vol 107 no 1 pp 141ndash155 2012

[21] M Naushad G Sharma and Z A Alothman ldquoPhotodegradationof toxic dye using gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)Ni(OH)2FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogelrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 241 p 118263 2019

[22] X Chen Z Wu D Liu and Z Gao ldquoPreparation of ZnOphotocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic deg-radation of azo dyesrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 12p 143 2017

[23] D N Ahmed L A Naji A A Faisal N Al-Ansari andM Naushad ldquoWaste foundry sandMgFe-layered doublehydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congored dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Scientific Reports vol 10pp 1ndash12 2020

[24] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFe3O4ZnOSi3N4nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation ofdyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Materials Letters vol 278p 128359 2020

[25] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFabrication andcharacterization of novel Fe0Guar gum-crosslinked-soyalecithin nanocomposite hydrogel for photocatalytic degra-dation of methyl violet dyerdquo Separation and PurificationTechnology vol 211 pp 895ndash908 2019

Journal of Chemistry 9

Optimum degradation was obtained at 3mg100mL catalystamount in all cases beyond this concentration the catalystintroduces the opacity and light hindrance It is also obviousfrom these results that ZnO gave better results among thesecatalysts [22]

36 Effect of DyeMolarity on Degradation Rate Effect of dyeamount was also studied for each dye by keeping the catalystamount irradiating time constant e results indicated inFigure 8 show that degradation efficiency decreases withincrease in dye concentration Optimum concentration

obtained was 04mM in all cases which is then employed forfurther experimentations [23]

37 Proposed Mechanism of Degradation When the dyesolution was exposed to UV light in the presence of catalyst thelight irradiation promotes electron from valence band toconduction band of the catalyst leaving behind a positive holein valence band [24] After that eminus from the conduction band istransferred to surrounding O2 and produces O2minus So thepositive hole travels to catalyst surface and reacts with waterand produces OH ese hydroxide radicals further result in

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(a)

0102030405060708090

100

ndash01 6E ndash 16 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 02 04 06 08

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

Without catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(c)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

d

egra

datio

n

Molarity (mM)

No catalystZnO

TiO2SnO2

(d)

Figure 8 Effect of dye amount on degradation efficiency of (a) alizarin red S dye (b) amaranth dye (c) congo red dye and (d) rhodamine Bdye at the same irradiation time

Journal of Chemistry 7

decomposition of dye molecules into CO2 and water [25] isproposed mechanism has been illustrated in Figure 9

4 Conclusion

e photocatalytic degradation was carried out by irra-diating the dyes solution with UV light e photo-catalytic activity of catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 wascompared e kinetic results showed that the degrada-tion followed first order reaction e use of catalystsenhanced the degradation rate as compared to reactionrate without catalyst Effect of catalyst and dye amountwas also investigated e optimum results were obtainedby using zinc oxide catalyst e optimal results foralizarin S dye were K 02118minminus1 t12 327 min andR2 07993 for amaranth dye were K 0146minminus1t12 474 min and R2 08348 for congo red dye wereK 02452minminus1 t12 28 min and R2 08382 and forrhodamine dye were K 01915minminus1 t12 36 min andR2 076 e applied method is cost-effective harmlessand easily available

Data Availability

All the relevant data are given in the manuscript along withreferences

Conflicts of Interest

e authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Home Institute for providing fa-cilities for this work

References

[1] B Neppolian H C Choi S Sakthivel B arabindoo andV Murugesan ldquoSolar light induced and TiO2 assisted deg-radation of textile dye reactive blue 4rdquo Chemosphere vol 46no 8 pp 1173ndash1181 2002

[2] F Gonen and G Tekinerdogan ldquoSynthesis of specific ZnFbased nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4) antimicrobial propertiessurface characteristics and adsorption activity for AB 29textile dyerdquo Journal of Nanotechnology vol 2020 Article ID3139701 9 pages 2020

[3] N Colin A Maceda-Veiga N Flor-Arnau et al ldquoEcologicalimpact and recovery of a Mediterranean river after receivingthe effluent from a textile dyeing industryrdquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 132 pp 295ndash303 2016

[4] K AMichalow D Logvinovich AWeidenkaff et al ldquoSynthesischaracterization and electronic structure of nitrogen-doped TiO2nanopowderrdquo Catalysis Today vol 144 no 1-2 pp 7ndash12 2009

[5] S Ahmad and A Saeed ldquoSynthesis of metalsilicatitaniacomposites for the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue

Catalyst reacts withdye solution in the

presence of UV light

Photoreduction

Photoreduction

UVlight

source

Catalyst+

Dye

CatalystEx

cita

tion

Reco

mbi

natio

n

CB

VB

endash

h+

bullOH

bullOH Dye

Obullndash2

O2

endash + H2O2ndashOH + bullOH

H2OndashOH Dye

Dye + bullOH Intermediates C2O + H2O

Figure 9 Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes

8 Journal of Chemistry

dyerdquo Journal of Chemistry vol 2019 Article ID 90102896 pages 2019

[6] AWaheed MMansha I W Kazi and N Ullah ldquoSynthesis of anovel 35-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linkedresin for the efficient adsorption of Congo red and RhodamineBrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 369 pp 528ndash538 2019

[7] G Sharma D D Dionysiou S Sharma et al ldquoHighly efficientSrCeactivated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for pho-toinduced degradation of rhodamine Brdquo Catalysis Todayvol 335 pp 437ndash451 2019a

[8] K K Bera R Majumdar M Chakraborty andS K Bhattacharya ldquoPhase control synthesis of α β and αβBi2O3 hetero-junction with enhanced and synergistic pho-tocatalytic activity on degradation of toxic dye Rhodamine-Bunder natural sunlightrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 352 pp 182ndash191 2018

[9] V K Gupta R Jain A Mittal et al ldquoPhoto-catalytic deg-radation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2UV in aqueoussuspensionsrdquo Materials Science and Engineering C vol 32no 1 pp 12ndash17 2012

[10] P K Gautam P M Shivapriya S Banerjee A K Sahoo andS K Samanta ldquoBiogenic fabrication of iron nanoadsorbentsfrom mixed waste biomass for aqueous phase removal ofalizarin red S and tartrazine kinetics isotherm and ther-modynamic investigationrdquo Environmental Progress amp Sus-tainable Energy vol 39 Article ID e13326 2020

[11] D Bhatia N R Sharma J Singh and R S Kanwar ldquoBio-logical methods for textile dye removal from wastewater areviewrdquo Critical Reviews in Environmental Science andTechnology vol 47 no 19 pp 1836ndash1876 2017

[12] V K Gupta R Jain A Nayak S Agarwal andM ShrivastavaldquoRemoval of the hazardous dye-Tartrazine by photo-degradation on titanium dioxide surfacerdquo Materials Scienceand Engineering C vol 31 no 5 pp 1062ndash1067 2011

[13] R Souther and T Alspaugh ldquoTextile wastes recovery andtreatmentrdquo Sewage and Industrial Wastes vol 29 pp 918ndash935 1957

[14] C Hachem F Bocquillon O Zahraa and M BouchyldquoDecolourization of textile industry wastewater by the pho-tocatalytic degradation processrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 49no 2 pp 117ndash125 2001

[15] G Sharma M Naushad A Kumar A Kumar T Ahamadand F J Stadler ldquoFacile fabrication of chitosan-cl-poly(AA)ZrPO4 nanocomposite for remediation of rhodamine B andantimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of King SaudUniversitymdashScience vol 32 no 2 pp 1359ndash1365 2020b

[16] M H Habibi A Hassanzadeh and S Mahdavi ldquoe effect ofoperational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation ofthree textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensionsrdquo Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry vol 172 no 1pp 89ndash96 2005

[17] C A K Gouvea F Wypych S G Moraes N DuranN Nagata and P Peralta-Zamora ldquoSemiconductor-assistedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous so-lutionrdquo Chemosphere vol 40 no 4 pp 433ndash440 2000

[18] R Jain and M Shrivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic removal of haz-ardous dye cyanosine from industrial waste using titaniumdioxiderdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 152 no 1pp 216ndash220 2008

[19] D Pathania D Gupta A A H Al-Muhtaseb et al ldquoPho-tocatalytic degradation of highly toxic dyes using chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)ZnS in presence of solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistryvol 329 pp 61ndash68 2016

[20] B Barghi M Fattahi and F Khorasheh ldquoKinetic modeling ofpropane dehydrogenation over an industrial catalyst in thepresence of oxygenated compoundsrdquo Reaction KineticsMechanisms and Catalysis vol 107 no 1 pp 141ndash155 2012

[21] M Naushad G Sharma and Z A Alothman ldquoPhotodegradationof toxic dye using gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)Ni(OH)2FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogelrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 241 p 118263 2019

[22] X Chen Z Wu D Liu and Z Gao ldquoPreparation of ZnOphotocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic deg-radation of azo dyesrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 12p 143 2017

[23] D N Ahmed L A Naji A A Faisal N Al-Ansari andM Naushad ldquoWaste foundry sandMgFe-layered doublehydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congored dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Scientific Reports vol 10pp 1ndash12 2020

[24] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFe3O4ZnOSi3N4nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation ofdyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Materials Letters vol 278p 128359 2020

[25] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFabrication andcharacterization of novel Fe0Guar gum-crosslinked-soyalecithin nanocomposite hydrogel for photocatalytic degra-dation of methyl violet dyerdquo Separation and PurificationTechnology vol 211 pp 895ndash908 2019

Journal of Chemistry 9

decomposition of dye molecules into CO2 and water [25] isproposed mechanism has been illustrated in Figure 9

4 Conclusion

e photocatalytic degradation was carried out by irra-diating the dyes solution with UV light e photo-catalytic activity of catalysts ZnO TiO2 and SnO2 wascompared e kinetic results showed that the degrada-tion followed first order reaction e use of catalystsenhanced the degradation rate as compared to reactionrate without catalyst Effect of catalyst and dye amountwas also investigated e optimum results were obtainedby using zinc oxide catalyst e optimal results foralizarin S dye were K 02118minminus1 t12 327 min andR2 07993 for amaranth dye were K 0146minminus1t12 474 min and R2 08348 for congo red dye wereK 02452minminus1 t12 28 min and R2 08382 and forrhodamine dye were K 01915minminus1 t12 36 min andR2 076 e applied method is cost-effective harmlessand easily available

Data Availability

All the relevant data are given in the manuscript along withreferences

Conflicts of Interest

e authors have no conflicts of interest

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Home Institute for providing fa-cilities for this work

References

[1] B Neppolian H C Choi S Sakthivel B arabindoo andV Murugesan ldquoSolar light induced and TiO2 assisted deg-radation of textile dye reactive blue 4rdquo Chemosphere vol 46no 8 pp 1173ndash1181 2002

[2] F Gonen and G Tekinerdogan ldquoSynthesis of specific ZnFbased nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4) antimicrobial propertiessurface characteristics and adsorption activity for AB 29textile dyerdquo Journal of Nanotechnology vol 2020 Article ID3139701 9 pages 2020

[3] N Colin A Maceda-Veiga N Flor-Arnau et al ldquoEcologicalimpact and recovery of a Mediterranean river after receivingthe effluent from a textile dyeing industryrdquo Ecotoxicology andEnvironmental Safety vol 132 pp 295ndash303 2016

[4] K AMichalow D Logvinovich AWeidenkaff et al ldquoSynthesischaracterization and electronic structure of nitrogen-doped TiO2nanopowderrdquo Catalysis Today vol 144 no 1-2 pp 7ndash12 2009

[5] S Ahmad and A Saeed ldquoSynthesis of metalsilicatitaniacomposites for the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue

Catalyst reacts withdye solution in the

presence of UV light

Photoreduction

Photoreduction

UVlight

source

Catalyst+

Dye

CatalystEx

cita

tion

Reco

mbi

natio

n

CB

VB

endash

h+

bullOH

bullOH Dye

Obullndash2

O2

endash + H2O2ndashOH + bullOH

H2OndashOH Dye

Dye + bullOH Intermediates C2O + H2O

Figure 9 Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of dyes

8 Journal of Chemistry

dyerdquo Journal of Chemistry vol 2019 Article ID 90102896 pages 2019

[6] AWaheed MMansha I W Kazi and N Ullah ldquoSynthesis of anovel 35-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linkedresin for the efficient adsorption of Congo red and RhodamineBrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 369 pp 528ndash538 2019

[7] G Sharma D D Dionysiou S Sharma et al ldquoHighly efficientSrCeactivated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for pho-toinduced degradation of rhodamine Brdquo Catalysis Todayvol 335 pp 437ndash451 2019a

[8] K K Bera R Majumdar M Chakraborty andS K Bhattacharya ldquoPhase control synthesis of α β and αβBi2O3 hetero-junction with enhanced and synergistic pho-tocatalytic activity on degradation of toxic dye Rhodamine-Bunder natural sunlightrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 352 pp 182ndash191 2018

[9] V K Gupta R Jain A Mittal et al ldquoPhoto-catalytic deg-radation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2UV in aqueoussuspensionsrdquo Materials Science and Engineering C vol 32no 1 pp 12ndash17 2012

[10] P K Gautam P M Shivapriya S Banerjee A K Sahoo andS K Samanta ldquoBiogenic fabrication of iron nanoadsorbentsfrom mixed waste biomass for aqueous phase removal ofalizarin red S and tartrazine kinetics isotherm and ther-modynamic investigationrdquo Environmental Progress amp Sus-tainable Energy vol 39 Article ID e13326 2020

[11] D Bhatia N R Sharma J Singh and R S Kanwar ldquoBio-logical methods for textile dye removal from wastewater areviewrdquo Critical Reviews in Environmental Science andTechnology vol 47 no 19 pp 1836ndash1876 2017

[12] V K Gupta R Jain A Nayak S Agarwal andM ShrivastavaldquoRemoval of the hazardous dye-Tartrazine by photo-degradation on titanium dioxide surfacerdquo Materials Scienceand Engineering C vol 31 no 5 pp 1062ndash1067 2011

[13] R Souther and T Alspaugh ldquoTextile wastes recovery andtreatmentrdquo Sewage and Industrial Wastes vol 29 pp 918ndash935 1957

[14] C Hachem F Bocquillon O Zahraa and M BouchyldquoDecolourization of textile industry wastewater by the pho-tocatalytic degradation processrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 49no 2 pp 117ndash125 2001

[15] G Sharma M Naushad A Kumar A Kumar T Ahamadand F J Stadler ldquoFacile fabrication of chitosan-cl-poly(AA)ZrPO4 nanocomposite for remediation of rhodamine B andantimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of King SaudUniversitymdashScience vol 32 no 2 pp 1359ndash1365 2020b

[16] M H Habibi A Hassanzadeh and S Mahdavi ldquoe effect ofoperational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation ofthree textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensionsrdquo Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry vol 172 no 1pp 89ndash96 2005

[17] C A K Gouvea F Wypych S G Moraes N DuranN Nagata and P Peralta-Zamora ldquoSemiconductor-assistedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous so-lutionrdquo Chemosphere vol 40 no 4 pp 433ndash440 2000

[18] R Jain and M Shrivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic removal of haz-ardous dye cyanosine from industrial waste using titaniumdioxiderdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 152 no 1pp 216ndash220 2008

[19] D Pathania D Gupta A A H Al-Muhtaseb et al ldquoPho-tocatalytic degradation of highly toxic dyes using chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)ZnS in presence of solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistryvol 329 pp 61ndash68 2016

[20] B Barghi M Fattahi and F Khorasheh ldquoKinetic modeling ofpropane dehydrogenation over an industrial catalyst in thepresence of oxygenated compoundsrdquo Reaction KineticsMechanisms and Catalysis vol 107 no 1 pp 141ndash155 2012

[21] M Naushad G Sharma and Z A Alothman ldquoPhotodegradationof toxic dye using gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)Ni(OH)2FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogelrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 241 p 118263 2019

[22] X Chen Z Wu D Liu and Z Gao ldquoPreparation of ZnOphotocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic deg-radation of azo dyesrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 12p 143 2017

[23] D N Ahmed L A Naji A A Faisal N Al-Ansari andM Naushad ldquoWaste foundry sandMgFe-layered doublehydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congored dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Scientific Reports vol 10pp 1ndash12 2020

[24] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFe3O4ZnOSi3N4nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation ofdyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Materials Letters vol 278p 128359 2020

[25] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFabrication andcharacterization of novel Fe0Guar gum-crosslinked-soyalecithin nanocomposite hydrogel for photocatalytic degra-dation of methyl violet dyerdquo Separation and PurificationTechnology vol 211 pp 895ndash908 2019

Journal of Chemistry 9

dyerdquo Journal of Chemistry vol 2019 Article ID 90102896 pages 2019

[6] AWaheed MMansha I W Kazi and N Ullah ldquoSynthesis of anovel 35-diacrylamidobenzoic acid based hyper-cross-linkedresin for the efficient adsorption of Congo red and RhodamineBrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 369 pp 528ndash538 2019

[7] G Sharma D D Dionysiou S Sharma et al ldquoHighly efficientSrCeactivated carbon bimetallic nanocomposite for pho-toinduced degradation of rhodamine Brdquo Catalysis Todayvol 335 pp 437ndash451 2019a

[8] K K Bera R Majumdar M Chakraborty andS K Bhattacharya ldquoPhase control synthesis of α β and αβBi2O3 hetero-junction with enhanced and synergistic pho-tocatalytic activity on degradation of toxic dye Rhodamine-Bunder natural sunlightrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materialsvol 352 pp 182ndash191 2018

[9] V K Gupta R Jain A Mittal et al ldquoPhoto-catalytic deg-radation of toxic dye amaranth on TiO2UV in aqueoussuspensionsrdquo Materials Science and Engineering C vol 32no 1 pp 12ndash17 2012

[10] P K Gautam P M Shivapriya S Banerjee A K Sahoo andS K Samanta ldquoBiogenic fabrication of iron nanoadsorbentsfrom mixed waste biomass for aqueous phase removal ofalizarin red S and tartrazine kinetics isotherm and ther-modynamic investigationrdquo Environmental Progress amp Sus-tainable Energy vol 39 Article ID e13326 2020

[11] D Bhatia N R Sharma J Singh and R S Kanwar ldquoBio-logical methods for textile dye removal from wastewater areviewrdquo Critical Reviews in Environmental Science andTechnology vol 47 no 19 pp 1836ndash1876 2017

[12] V K Gupta R Jain A Nayak S Agarwal andM ShrivastavaldquoRemoval of the hazardous dye-Tartrazine by photo-degradation on titanium dioxide surfacerdquo Materials Scienceand Engineering C vol 31 no 5 pp 1062ndash1067 2011

[13] R Souther and T Alspaugh ldquoTextile wastes recovery andtreatmentrdquo Sewage and Industrial Wastes vol 29 pp 918ndash935 1957

[14] C Hachem F Bocquillon O Zahraa and M BouchyldquoDecolourization of textile industry wastewater by the pho-tocatalytic degradation processrdquo Dyes and Pigments vol 49no 2 pp 117ndash125 2001

[15] G Sharma M Naushad A Kumar A Kumar T Ahamadand F J Stadler ldquoFacile fabrication of chitosan-cl-poly(AA)ZrPO4 nanocomposite for remediation of rhodamine B andantimicrobial activityrdquo Journal of King SaudUniversitymdashScience vol 32 no 2 pp 1359ndash1365 2020b

[16] M H Habibi A Hassanzadeh and S Mahdavi ldquoe effect ofoperational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation ofthree textile azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensionsrdquo Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry vol 172 no 1pp 89ndash96 2005

[17] C A K Gouvea F Wypych S G Moraes N DuranN Nagata and P Peralta-Zamora ldquoSemiconductor-assistedphotocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous so-lutionrdquo Chemosphere vol 40 no 4 pp 433ndash440 2000

[18] R Jain and M Shrivastava ldquoPhotocatalytic removal of haz-ardous dye cyanosine from industrial waste using titaniumdioxiderdquo Journal of Hazardous Materials vol 152 no 1pp 216ndash220 2008

[19] D Pathania D Gupta A A H Al-Muhtaseb et al ldquoPho-tocatalytic degradation of highly toxic dyes using chitosan-g-poly(acrylamide)ZnS in presence of solar irradiationrdquoJournal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistryvol 329 pp 61ndash68 2016

[20] B Barghi M Fattahi and F Khorasheh ldquoKinetic modeling ofpropane dehydrogenation over an industrial catalyst in thepresence of oxygenated compoundsrdquo Reaction KineticsMechanisms and Catalysis vol 107 no 1 pp 141ndash155 2012

[21] M Naushad G Sharma and Z A Alothman ldquoPhotodegradationof toxic dye using gum Arabic-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide)Ni(OH)2FeOOH nanocomposites hydrogelrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 241 p 118263 2019

[22] X Chen Z Wu D Liu and Z Gao ldquoPreparation of ZnOphotocatalyst for the efficient and rapid photocatalytic deg-radation of azo dyesrdquo Nanoscale Research Letters vol 12p 143 2017

[23] D N Ahmed L A Naji A A Faisal N Al-Ansari andM Naushad ldquoWaste foundry sandMgFe-layered doublehydroxides composite material for efficient removal of Congored dye from aqueous solutionrdquo Scientific Reports vol 10pp 1ndash12 2020

[24] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFe3O4ZnOSi3N4nanocomposite based photocatalyst for the degradation ofdyes from aqueous solutionrdquo Materials Letters vol 278p 128359 2020

[25] G Sharma A Kumar S Sharma et al ldquoFabrication andcharacterization of novel Fe0Guar gum-crosslinked-soyalecithin nanocomposite hydrogel for photocatalytic degra-dation of methyl violet dyerdquo Separation and PurificationTechnology vol 211 pp 895ndash908 2019

Journal of Chemistry 9