Photo by Jim Stipe for CRS

1Photo by Jim Stipe for CRS.

Introduction to Integral Human DevelopmentCatholic University - September 2013M.A. Integral Economic Development ManagementM.A. Integral Economic Development Policy

Presented by David Leege, PhD

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Catholic Relief Services (CRS)

• CRS is the official overseas relief and development agency of the U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops (USCCB).

• CRS implements relief and development programs with local partners in over 90 countries around the world.

• Core areas in which CRS works: agriculture, education, emergency, health, HIV, microfinance, peacebuilding, water/sanitation

• Annual budget of $600 million with global staff of 5,000. Worldwide HQ in Baltimore.

Integral Human Development: Definition

Integral Human Development promotes

the good of every person and the whole person; it is cultural, economic, political, social and spiritual.

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Where does IHD come from?

• IHD comes from Catholic social teaching and CRS Guiding Principles.

• It also builds on sustainable livelihoods and household livelihood security approaches used by DfID, CARE, Oxfam and others.

• It is a universal concept, and essential for sustainable development.

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Pope Paul VI: Populorum Progressio

• “Development cannot be limited to mere economic growth.... It must be complete: integral.... It has to promote the good of every person and the whole person.”

• “Genuine development is integral; it has moral and spiritual dimensions as well as political, cultural and economic.”

• There are stages that lead to integral development. One stage is “increased esteem for the dignity of others, ... cooperation for the common good, the will and desire for peace.”

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Summary: IHD’s 3 Key Features

Holistic: it is not just economic development that matters, it is the integral development of the whole personSolidarity: IHD promotes the rights and responsibilities of each and every person, and of every person to one anotherJustice and Peace: IHD can only be fully realized in a context of a just and peaceful society that respects the human dignity of every person, the sacredness of life, and the integrity of creation.

Why an IHD Framework?

• The ability of the poor to meet their basic needs is affected by many factors at multiple levels.

• Analyzing the links between these factors and levels is crucial to understand the lives of the poor.

• The IHD framework allows one to look holistically at the complexity of poverty, vulnerability and resilience.

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Integral Human Development Framework

Outcomes

Strategies

Shocks, Cycles & Trends

StructuresInstitutions & OrganizationsPublicPrivateCollective

SystemsSocialEconomicReligiousPoliticalValues & beliefs

Assets

Feedback = Opportunities or Constraints

Access & Influence

Social

Spiritual & Human

Political

Financial

Natural

Physical

Assets – What Are They?

• Something tangible or intangible that you own, have a claim to, or have steady access to. Other approaches use similar terms: assets = capital = capabilities.

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• The more assets you have, the wealthier you are, and

• Greater diversity of assets reduces vulnerability to shocks

Assets: Six Broad Categoriesthat Build on each other

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PoliticalFinancial

Natural

Physical

Spiritual & Human

Social

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Financial Assets

Cash, livestock, crops, gold, jewelry, income from a job, transfersPhotos by David Leege for CRS.

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Natural AssetsWater, trees, soil, land, pastureland, sea, mineralsPhotos by David Leege for CRS.

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Physical AssetsHouse, equipment, tools, means of transport, fencing, sheds, silos, wells

Photos by David Leege for CRS.

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Spiritual & Human Assets

Health, education, skills, wisdom, strength, faith


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Social Assets

• Includes:– Kinships, family and

friends– Social systems,

cultures and norms– Involvement in

community organizations

– People’s support networks, safety nets

• Often affected by gender, age and social status, group membership

Intangible – relationships with people, institutions.


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Political Assets

• Power in the community & household

• Ability to claim rights and influence decisions

• Capacity to advocate for resources, change


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Outcomes

Strategies




Assets


Access & Influence

Social

Spiritual & Human

Political

Financial

Natural

Physical

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What Are Structures & Systems?• Structures: Organizations and

institutions that organize and regulate the way people live, affect what they do, and how they do it (i.e. judicial courts).

• Systems: Values, attitudes and policies that regulate and influence people’s behavior and relationships (i.e. laws or religious beliefs).

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Examples of StructuresPrivate Sector• Shops• Markets• Factories &

corporations

Public Sector• Political (legislative

bodies at various levels from local to national)

• Government agencies (ministries, departments)

• Judicial bodies (courts)

• Social service agencies (schools, clinics)

• International govt. bodies (UN, World Bank)

Collective• Civil

society/membership organizations (SILC or farmer groups)

• Religious institutions (church, mosque, temple)

• NGOs (international, national, local)

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Examples of Systems

Policies &Legislation• Constitutions

and national legal systems

• Sectoral policies, regulations

• International covenants and treaties

• Trade agreements

Institutions

• Markets• Social

institutions that control access – e.g. local chief systems, traditions, conventions

Culture and Power Relations• Cultural beliefs,

values• Patterns of

gender, class, caste, age, racial and ethnic relations

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Why are Structures & Systems so important?Structures & Systems can either enable

or constrain our work toward Integral

Human DevelopmentThey (and the people who control them)

can decide:– Who can access services and Assets– Who gets important information and who

does not– Who participates in decision-making and

who does not

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Engagement

Engaging with Structures & Systems can be……

Passive – receiving services (ex. adopting agriculture extension advice without fully understanding it)

Active – influencing policies and decision-making (ex. participating in a parent teacher association at a school)

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Outcomes

Strategies




Assets


Access & Influence

Social

Spiritual & Human

Political

Financial

Natural

Physical

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What are Shocks?

Shocks are sudden, intense events that can harm people’s lives or livelihoods. Shocks can be political, economic, environmental or social.

What are some examples of Shocks in your experience? How did these affect people? How did people respond?

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What are Cycles?

Cycles are events that occur regularly, often seasonally, and are more predictable (i.e., seasonal floods, crop prices after the harvest, diseases associated with rainy seasons). Cycles can also be political, economic, environmental or social.

What are examples of Cycles in your experience? How do these Cycles affect people? How do they cope with these Cycles?

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What are Trends?

Trends are gradual evolutions that can be positive or negative. Prices can increase or decline, long-term weather patterns can change, disease rates (such as HIV) can increase or decrease depending on a number of factors.

What are examples of Trends in your experience? How do these Trends affect people? How do they cope with these Trends?

The Effects of a Shock

• Loss of assets• Structures and systems that

no longer function normally• Potential for new shocks• Livelihood strategies that are

no longer viable• Choice of strategies and

activities that increase vulnerability

• New opportunities (solidarity, social interdependence)

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Resilience and Integration• Resilience is the capacity of people

and communities to advance integral human development in the face of shocks, cycles and trends.

• Integration is the intentional effort to design and deliver complementary services that leverage synergies to empower people, transform institutions and advance integral human development.

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Outcomes

Strategies




Assets


Access & Influence

Social

Spiritual & Human

Political

Financial

Natural

Physical

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Definition of Livelihood Strategies

Households develop Strategies to attain their aspirations based on the Assets to which they have access, and the Risks to which they are exposed, taking into consideration both the enabling and constraining aspects of Structures & Systems.

Photo by David Leege for CRS.

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The Six Livelihood Strategies• Asset Maximization –

increasing people’s capabilities and incomes.

• Asset Diversification – establishing a range of Asset types to increase resilience in case of loss of any one set of Assets.

• Engagement – increasing the influence of people and communities in decision-making.

Photo by David Snyder for CRS.

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The Six Livelihood Strategies

• Risk Reduction – reducing peoples’ vulnerability to Shocks, Cycles and Trends.

• Asset Recovery – rebuilding all categories of Assets lost during a disaster.

• Coping/Survival Mechanisms – systems that people use to get through difficult periods.

Photo by David Leege for CRS.

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Outcomes: IHD

• Desired outcome = IHD – Basic Needs met– Human Dignity protected– Peace & Justice for all

What individuals, families and communities want to achieve in their lives. Photo by David Leege for CRS.

Practical Applications of IHD

• Livelihood assessments• Strategic planning• Project design• Monitoring and evaluation

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STAGE 1• Community mapping• Mobility mapping• Institutional assessment• Well-being rankingSTAGE 2• Trend analysis• Seasonal calendar• Life cycle analysis• Focus group discussions• Semi-structured household interviewsSTAGE 3• Problem Identification and Pairwise ranking• Community Action Plan

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Tools Used in a Livelihood Assessment

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Asset Types Very Poor Poor Better off

Spiritual/ Human

Primary school Middle school High school education

Physical

Natural < 1 hectare land 1-2 hectares land > 2 hectares land

Financial

Political Don’t vote or interact

Vote in elections; limited interaction

Interact with political leaders

Social

Asset Analysis

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Vulnerability Analysis


Very Poor Poor Better off

Chronic Illness Traditional remedy

Buy medicine in market

Visit hospital in neighboring town

Death

Marriage

Birth of Child

Drought

Flood More reliance on fishing for food

Take loan from credit union

Access savings & remittances

Armed Conflict

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Household Engagement with Structures & SystemsStructure/System

Type Very Poor Poor Better off

Policies/Laws Land inheritance

Local government

Village water committee

Not involved

Member of committee

Leadership of committee

Traditional systems

Traditional healer

Church/ Mosque

Base communities

Membership organizations

Merry-go-round

NGO Food Aid

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Current Livelihood Strategies

Strategies Very Poor Poor Better off

Coping/Survival mechanisms

Make charcoal

Petty trading Remittances from relatives overseas

Risk reduction

Engagement

Asset recovery

Asset diversificationAsset maximization

Education of children

Rent out land Fruit tree production

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Gaps/Opportunities in Livelihood Strategies

Strategies Very Poor Poor Better off

Coping/Survival mechanismsRisk reduction

Engagement

Asset recovery

Asset diversificationAsset maximization

Lack of access to savings facility

Lack of access to inputs

Lack of knowledge of new techniques

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IHD and Project Design• IHD promotes integration of different sectors

within projects for greater synergy and impact.

• IHD highlights the interrelationship of relief, recovery and development activities.

• IHD promotes a better understanding of how national and global issues, policies and other actions (macro-level) affect individuals, families and communities (micro-level).

Program FASO – An integrated approach to building resilience• Drought, floods and climate change have combined

to reduce agricultural productivity and increase malnutrition

• Holistic, multi-sectoral approach focused on:– Maternal and child nutrition– Better access to health services– Behavior change communication– Improving agricultural productivity – Restoring degraded land– Increasing household income– School feeding/education– Local governance (village committees)

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Using IHD in a Project Design Assessment

Assets: – How are household and community assets

affected by droughts, floods and climate change?Structures & Systems: – What services are available to help people cope?– Do people have influence over decision-making

in their community?– Do gender norms affect household feeding

practices?Trends:– Are droughts, floods or other natural disasters

becoming more frequent?Strategies and Outcomes:– How do families cope when they are affected by

natural disasters? Are some households or communities more resilient than others?

Even if a project was not necessarily designed with IHD in mind, using the IHD framework can help to understand if/how the project has helped to:

• strengthen household and community assets,• increase household resilience to shocks, cycles and

trends,• change attitudes and behaviors, • influence structures and systems and• develop new or improved livelihood strategies.

IHD can also help to identify opportunities, gaps or unmet needs for the next phase of a project.

IHD and Project Evaluation

Documents

Photo by Jim Stipe for CRS