Phonetics and Phonology_Lecture 1

8/4/2019 Phonetics and Phonology_Lecture 1

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Phonetics and Phonology

ofEnglish


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definition

Phonetics?


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Phonetics

is a scientific description of what speech soundsexist in a language

represents how they are produced and

perceived and what acoustic properties theyhave

essentially seeks to trace the processes

physiologically involved in sound production

describes the ways the sounds are producedand the points at which they are articulated

can be put in the class of natural sciences


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Phonology?


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Phonology

is concerned with the regularities that govern the

phonetic realizations of sounds in words of a

language

looks at and tries to establish a system of sounddistinctions relevant to a particular language

seeks to determine how the elements of this

abstract system behave in actual speech

actually delineates the functioning of sounds in

particular contexts.


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Distinction?

Phonetics:

describes the physical realization of sounds

studies the physiological processes involvedin sound production.

provides the set of features which can

describe the sounds of a language


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Phonology:

- is about the organisation of the soundpatterns in the language

- provides the information that has to do with

the functional patterning of the sounds in thelanguage

- describes the environmental factors thatshape the sounds in particular points of

occurrence- describes at the behavioral patterns of sounds

in actual speech and their realizations indifferent environments.


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Why to Study?

to understand the principles regulating the use ofsounds in spoken English.

to give insight into how the human mind works.

to give a much better ability both to hear and tocorrect mistakes that we make

to teach pronunciation of the foreign language

(in this case English) to others.

To help others who have language disorders

(stuttering, cerebol palsied, cleft palate, hearing

impaired)


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Organs of Speech


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RESONATORS:

1) LABIAL2) ORAL

3) NASAL

4) PHARYNGEAL


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Different parts of human tongue


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Sagittal section of human vocal tract (from

Lieberman and Blumstein, 1988, P. 43)


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The Airstream Mechanism

The most usual source of energy for speechproduction is the airstream expelled from thelungs trachea (windpipe) larynx (in the

Adams apple) vocal tract (mouth & nose)

pulmonic egressive airstream

pulmonic related to the lungs.

egressive coming out.


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The Pulmonic Egressive Air Stream Mechanism


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A number of languages have other possibilities:

- Pulmonic ingressive (the air moves inwards)

not found

- Velaric egressive (the air moves outwards beginning atthe velum) not found

- Velaric ingressive (the air moves inwards beginning at thevelum) used in e.g. Zulu (South Africa) click: tsk tsk,tut tut

- Glottalic egressive (the air moves outwards beginning atthe glottis) used in e.g. Navajo (North America)

- Glottalic ingressive (the air moves inwards beginning atthe glottis) used e.g. Sindhi (India)


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Glottis/Vocal Folds/Vocal Cords

There are four states of the glottis, which are relevantlinguistically.

1. The first is that ofclosed glottis. This is achieved when

the folds are brought close together so that no air isallowed to pass between them. This results in a glottalstop when the air is released. This stop / / frequentlyprecedes the forceful articulation of vowels, e.g. [ aut, i:t] out, eat. It may even replace the English stop /t/ in words

like football, bottle, bit, etc. It may also reinforce or replacesuch other plosives like /p, k/.


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Vocal folds tightly held together as for the glottal stop / /.


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2. The glottis may be held open for normalbreathing. It is also this state that

produces the voiceless sounds of

English. Examples of these are /t, p, k, f,s, , , h/. The vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate. The glottis is sufficiently

wide open to allow the air stream to pass

through without obstruction or vibration of

the vocal folds.


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Vocal folds held open as for normal breathing and voiceless

sounds.


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3. The third state of the glottis is that of the narrow glottis or

vocal folds loosely held together. In this state, the vocalfolds vibrate to produce voice, otherwise calledphonation. This vibration of the larynx may be felt bylaying a finger on or just above the Adams apple. Thisbony structure houses the larynx. All vowels, nasals,glides and laterals are voiced.

You can compare the dual phonemes /f-v, p-b, t-d, k-g, s-z, - , - / to differentiate their phonation status, whether voiceless or voiced. This is the only thingdifferentiating these pairs of sounds that would have beenotherwise similar. The first of the pairs are voicelesssounds while the second segments of the pairs havevoiced sounds.


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The vocal folds are loosely held together to form a narrow

glottis, which causes vibration as the air passes through.


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4. The glottis may be apart (much as for

voiceless sound) but the force of air may

still cause some vibration

breathy/murmured voice Hindi (India)or English, e.g. h in ahead


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The Velum The velum orsoft palate may be lowered to allow the air escape

through the nose and the mouth. This produces nasalised sounds

as in /dN/ ofsudden and the nasalised vowels. Many of thesenasalised vowels exist in the Yoruba language e.g. // as in kan, // yin etc.

The velum may be lowered so that the air passes through the

nose, but with a complete obstruction at some point in the mouth.This obstruction results in the air coming out through the nasalcavity. This is how nasal consonants are produced in English.These are /m, n, / as in ram, ran, rang.

The velum may be raised, thus blocking the air stream fromescaping through the nasal cavity. All normal English sounds havethis oral escapeoral sounds, except for the nasal sounds /m, n,/.


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Oral Tract


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Active articulators

lower lip and tongue (all parts)

Passive articulators

the upper surfaces of the oral tract (theupper lip, teeth and roof of the mouth, i.e.

alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate

(velum), and uvula.


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The Manner of Articulation

Manner of articulation refers to the

vertical relationship between active and

passive articulators the distance

between the articulators closetogether to wide apart


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1. Complete closure complete blockage, then a suddenrelease of airstops (oral/nasal) e.g. b, p, m, n

2. Complete closure complete blockage, then a slowrelease of air between a narrow channel between thearticulators frictionaffricates, e.g. t (), d ( )

3. Close approximation the air is forced through thenarrow gap between the articulators turbulencefricatives, e.g. h, x

4. Free passage through the oral tract:

- wide apart with unhindered airflowvowels and glides(semi vowels: e.g. w, j) open approximation

- contact of articulators with unhindered airflowliquids,e.g. r, l.


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Place of Articulation

Place or

articulation

Active

articulator

Passive

articulator

Example

bilabial lower lip upper lip bat

labiodental lower lip upper teeth fish

dental tonguetip/blade upper teeth moth

alveolar tonguetip/blade

alveolar ridge dog

retroflex curled tonguetip areaimmediatelybehind alveolarridge

malayalam:[kui] - child


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Place orarticulation

Activearticulator

Passivearticulator

Example

palato-alveolar/alveo-palatal

tongue blade area immediatelybehind alveolarridge

shark

palatal tongue front hard palate yak

velar tongue back velum goat

uvular tongue back uvula Fr. rat

pharyngeal tongue root pharynx wall Arabic[amm]

uncle

glottal vocal cords/foldsvocal cords/folds hare

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Phonetics and Phonology_Lecture 1