Importance of Theories

-they explain things

-they predict

-yung mga inaaral natin ay based sa theories

-ginagamit natin to para magjustify (hal. ethical theories

na ginagamit din natin for decision making)

If the foundation of theory is wrong, then the whole

theory is wrong

Theory should have:

-logical consistency (di dapat kinocontradict sarili nya)

-consistency (fits well with established facts)

-testability (same result lagi)

Personal experiences = prejudices kaya di tayo

makarecognize ng ok na theory

Types of Statements

-1. empirical statements (facts, nagdedescribe, pwede

iverify)

-2. religious statements (belief, faith)

-value statements (3. aesthetic-ganda mo; 4. ethics-bait

mo)

- 5. Logical statements (statement that can be or

cannot be = contingency), can be absurd

Ethical theories

-descriptive theory

-they tell us what to do

-(considerations) benefits, outcomes, nature of the act

-make sense of human actions

-explanations, understanding, justification

[1]Erklaren explain (science is about explanation:

human action physiologically)

[2]Verstehen special class of making sense;

understanding; di sya scientific pero basic knowledge

nung mga bagay na natututunan sa culture

[3]Prediction di predictive ang ethical theories

Statement truth claim

Sentence can be a question

Any claim when stated will have value (Contingency)

Tautology true in every possible interpretation

Murder intentional, Killing accident (permissible)

Absolute Relativism untenable, you cannot sustain it;

extreme form of relativism which asserts that all truths

are equal and completely dependent upon some

external or contextual factors. Most forms of relativism

are not this extreme

Ethics perspective prescriptive, making decision on

certain standards

Logic

[1]Inductive (Matters of fact, statistics, pattern)

[2]Deductive (umulan therefore basa ang lupa)

Is Morality Subjective or Relative?

Subjective

-indeterminate meaning, (ambiguous words-multiple

meanings), (vague-unclear)

-obscure (definite meaning but you dont know what it

pertains

-ambivalent: andami kasing ibat ibang tingin dun sa

tao; di sure pero nilulook forward

-kung subjective pseudoquestion to

-may homogenous idea

-argument stopper sya (pwede iresolve)

*We have diff conceptions of what is right and wrong

(finite ang value)

Justification: (logical or moral)

[1]Reason

[2]Passion (Act more when you appeal to desire and

passion)

Moral: judgement, smooth transition between premise

and conclusion

Ethical Value transcend practices and everything else

Value valuable in itself or dahil may something good

sa kanya?

[1] empirical (true or false)

[2] aesthetic (scarcity, effect)

[3] moral (sharedness, public truth, life)

Reasoning

[1] Inductive Reasoning -Reasoning, conclusion not

inescapable, conclusion characterized by probability

-I think therefore(type of expression) I am(conclusion)

[2] Analog like, something similar

[3]Moral more or not analogous, sabi ng moral school

its just a matter of certainty daw

Standards of Judge

[1]Relevance of Similarities

[2]Number of Similarities(Characteristics)

[3]Degree of Similarity

[4]Number of primary analogates(experiences)

(features)(sample)

[5]Diversity among primary analogates

[6]Specificity of conclusion(weaker)

Pagtaas ng disanalogy, pagbaba nung argument

Consequences not enough to hold moral judgment

Reasoning (Moral)

[1] Inductive moral argument (specific to general)

[2] Deductive bet natin to kasi gusto natin na yung

moral argument ay perfect or inevitable (general to

specific)

Degree of Certainty and Degree of Specificity

approxat least (bolder,strengthen)

approxexactly(weaker)

Aristotle

-ethics hinges on proper function(purpose, final cause)

-Happiness = human flourishing

Virtue

-someone chosen by a virtuous person(?)

Virtue ethics is a broad term for theories that

emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral

philosophy rather than either doing ones duty or acting

in order to bring about good consequences.

Division of Definition

Deferendum word being described

Defenient expression used to describe

Virtuous person do the right action (may moderation

unlike nung sa vices na puro indulge lang)

Types of Definition

[1] Lexical dictionary

[2] Oxtensive point

[3] Negative contrast (di ka nagdedefine talaga)

[4] Analytic/Theoretical logical definition

[5] Precising measure

[6] Stipulative not content with dictionary definition

Student learns, apply, studies

Virtuous student ka? Valid lang yan kung Virtuous

student ka rin. (All or Nothing) Pero di ibig sabihin

perfect ka kasi may room for error ka pa e.

Virtue walang extremes, tapos pwede may ibat ibang

meaning

Bet ng mga tao na makita ang halaga ng purpose ng

buhay

Issue of causality (moralhappy or happymoral)

*Association NOT Causation

Being moral doesnt really mean that you are virtuous

(Avoid pain not because you see the good in itdoing

moral)

Avoiding consequences leads to seeing purpose.

Practice compassion compassionate