Phillip Koffman Survey and Case Study

Phillip Koffman

Media Research Methods Holmes

Final Assignment

12/12/14

INTRODUCTION

As times have changed, so too have the means by which we as a people keep ourselves

informed and entertained. Once newspapers ruled the media, however they began to be rendered

obsolete with the advent of the radio, which ruled the airwaves. This too, however, would end, as the

rise of television would make the radio in the home a relic of a bygone era. With all of these past

examples of technology coming into the world, and then being pushed aside for the next innovation,

one must wonder if we are entering the next stage of such technological evolution. With the rise of the

internet, people are now able to do a larger variety of daily tasks from the comfort of their homes,

without having to lift a finger. People can now watch television shows from their computers, get up to

the minute news reports, new music, any variety of different tasks that were once completed by other

tools, can now be done by one machine.

I would like to explore the modern trends, and see if history is destined to repeat itself once

again, determining whether or not computers, and the internet as a whole, is set to begin replacing

television as the modern medium by which we receive both our information and our entertainment.

This information is going to be incredibly important to the future of modern media, because as of now,

television is treated as the main source of information and entertainment, and if trends are changing,

future producers will need to be prepared to shape their content around the times. To truly begin

exploring this possibility, and the connotations of it, I will be performing a survey, examining trends

regarding satellite or cable networks, and television by extension, as compared to those who simply rely

on the internet as their main source of media intake. We are still in the earlier stages of the internet

rise, so my predictions are that there will still be large numbers of people who own and use their

televisions. However, I expect that this movement will start small, and as a result, there may be a small

number of people surveyed who do in fact no longer use or have televisions, relying on internet media.

My search will at the very least show us if there is a trend beginning at all, and if there is, how far along

it has come in the short time that the internet has tried to compete with television.

This study could be the beginning of a future, larger enquiry, showing future entertainers and

content makers what they will be forced to contend with, or how their material may have to change.

This study will allow a deeper look at what audiences may want, and how they may want their content.

Perhaps the way television media has been generated needs to be altered when it is digitized, and this

could easily help content providers learn what those new methods would need to be, studying what

already exists and how they would need to change to fit that style. Obviously there is only so far one

study can go, and this study will be small by comparison. It can only get information based on current

scenarios those interviewed would have, and we cannot follow those subjects as a focus group, which

would be more effective if we had the time, to see how their patterns may change, and what they may

end up choosing in regard to their media intake. However, it is a start, and an important one at that.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The rise of internet-based content has been widely observed by the entertainment

community, and it has provoked a number of questions being asked about what lies in store for

the future of media. My intent was to see if my survey would be able to determine a slowly

rising trend, the rise of internet consumption, and a steady decline in television use. Given the

relative youth of the internet as a media front, I believed this trend would be rather low to

start, and begin a slow rise over the coming years. However, it appears that I underestimated

the power of the media, and the swiftness by which researchers would respond to this

question. There have been a number of studies within the last three to four years regarding this

particular topic, and they have shed quite a bit of light on what I should expect.

Internet consumption has been on the rise for years, and at a much stronger pace than I

had predicted. In 2007, 18 percent of adult Americans surveyed stated they watched video

content online, and in 2010 those numbers increased to 33 percent, with people under the age

of 30 clocking in about 12 hours a week watching internet content, while those above the age

of 66 recorded up to eight hours per week (Brustein 2010). These numbers have only grown as

time has passed, with wider varieties of internet content becoming available, and with

television providers beginning to provide their content online as well, making use of televisions

less convenient than a service where the timetable is provided by the user instead of the

networks.

One of the services where the internet is quickly gaining on television appears to be the

news networks. Also in 2010, an average of 65% of young adults between the ages of 18 and 29

viewed the internet as their main means of gathering news information, a rapid increase from

2007, where the number using the internet in this way was 34%. Users age 30 to 49 have still

lean towards television as their media outlet, albeit at a rather narrow margin, with 48% using

the internet and 63% remaining with television, a gap that is quickly closing (Pew Research

Center 2011). Earlier this year, another study was done, showing that not only is news media on

the rise online, but along with this, more specifically the viewing of news videos online is

becoming more prominent, with 63% of American adults surveyed revealing they watch videos

online, and that 36%, more than half of those Americans, watch news videos online. This shows

a specific rise in media consumption that should be noted, and includes once again, not just

computer use, but cell phones and other media devices as well. This particular study also

showcases numbers from those surveyed regarding other types of videos viewed online,

including comedy, music, and educational material, which happened to be some of the highest,

with news video falling in the middle of the lineup (Pew Research Center 2014).

As time has passed, even more data has risen to the surface, and with stronger

implications at that. A number of surveys emerge from 2013, each giving a different insight into

details regarding internet use. Marketing Charts shows studies with a 10000 person sample,

and their findings indicate that television is still the most time-consuming act that audiences

participate in, with an average of 3.9 hours being spent a day watching television, however,

recreational internet use is not far behind, being clocked in at 3.8 hours daily. Of this sample,

95% of those surveyed stated they go online at home, and 60% of that group stated they spend

more than 3 hours online daily. Another interesting point to note is that online media

consumption is expanding beyond computers, as 57% of those surveyed also stated they use

their mobile phones as a means by which they go online, and of that percentage, 16% stated

they spend more than three hours online through their phones daily (MarketingCharts 2013).

As televised content has become more available online, viewership has increased online

as well. Another study, this one performed by the Consumer Electronics Association, indicates

that 46% of Americans surveyed use a laptop, netbook or notebook for viewing video content

of some kind, while 43% stated they have used their smartphones for such a purpose. Another

35% have indicated tablets for this use, and 34% after that have used desktop computers. Video

content is on the rise, and every form of technology is being used to integrate it in their lives.

Most important to note, of users with a television in their homes, 45% have also stated that

they have viewed some television content via the internet, which is up from 28% in 2013

(Campbell 2014).

With the numbers of users viewing televised content online rising, we must begin to

take a closer look at what makes the internet such an appealing medium for this content. There

are certainly other appealing factors to the internet, and we must follow what they are. One of

the biggest draws is user generated content, which has a strong front in the form of youtube,

one of the original homes for such content. As of May in 2013, there were approximately 100

hours of video content uploaded to youtube per minute (KPCB 2013). While this may not

appear to be connected to the study we are attempting to perform, there may be a correlation

between the convenience of viewing content online and also looking into other forms of

content besides televised material. The internet is a hub of activity, and the ability to view more

than one type of content at the push of a button as opposed to being locked into what is

available for viewing on television does have a level of appeal that must be considered. While

at the moment television still holds the majority placeholder as Americas time sink, with 42%

of time spent on media consumption spent with a television, the gap is incredibly narrow

between television and mobile or internet content, which holds 38% of the time, a four percent

difference (KPCB 2013). In fact, other studies performed by eMarketer show that in 2013, not

only was the use of television down from previous years, from 42 to 38%, but internet use was

down slightly as well, dropping from 26% to 20%. Meanwhile, use of mobile programming had

skyrocketed, from 12% to 20% in one year (Edwards 2013). The same content is being provided,

but it is being given not through traditional computers, but rather through mobile providers,

such as Verizon and AT&T, showing a shift to a niche within a new medium. As the years pass,

these changes will only become more pronounced as the technology continues to evolve as

well.

Based on the findings that have been given in the past several years, and from foresight

and planning made by professionals, there have been predictions made up to the year 2018

regarding the rates of internet use, media consumption, and the amounts of content to be

expected in the near future. According to the Cisco Visual Networking Index, not only will the

rise of non-PC oriented internet use continue, but by 2018, video content will take up anywhere

from 80 to 90% of consumer web traffic (Cisco 2014). The rise of online video content is going

to continue, and we must be prepared to not only acknowledge it, but harness it.

Based on what has been found within these studies, it is clear that this experiment may

provide more enlightening results than I had ever anticipated. With internet use rising and

television use declining even faster than expected, the theory that the internet would overtake

television as the main media outlet is clearly more powerful than ever before, and television

providers know it, with a 27% growth in timeshifted television content online in 2013 (go-gulf

2013). My original expectation has been shown to underestimate the power of the internet,

and I must expand my expectations to a wider number of those relying on the internet as

opposed to television. Not only this, but with these revelations regarding mobile use as

opposed to traditional computers, this must be taken into account as well in the survey, not

just asking about a persons internet use, but also asking about the devices which they use to

access that content, in order to get a stronger view of just what direction the technology is

headed.

METHODS

Taking on the question of media consumption via television or internet is no small task,

there are several variables to consider and the changes in the world of media consumption are

happening more rapidly by the day. However, one has to start somewhere when looking at

these questions, and though given our constraints I cannot perform this experiment to the

fullest extent which I would like, there are still things I can explore within this topic. The most

efficient way to explore this particular matter is within a survey, hosted on Qualtrics, dealing

with the matter of where people view their media.

In order to get the most effective answers, I will need to specify exactly what Im looking

for in this topic. To start, what I will need to determine is if my test group uses televisions still.

While a large portion of the country does in fact still have cable television, there are those who

do not, and are only exposed to media through the internet. These people I will need to take

into account, however they are not the only factor as the number is small. I want to know just

how much time people spend watching television comparatively to watching programs online.

Obviously, asking for accurate timetables is not efficient, and is prone to mistakes, or worse,

people leaving the survey unfinished. So instead, I will ask for estimates of time in the past day

using either type of system. With any luck, the information I gather there will give me much

better insight into the kind of audiences I am working with. Along with this, I intend to explore

what kinds of programming my audiences watch. Certain types of televised programming are

moving to an internet audience faster than others. Netflix has films and some television shows,

but actual television shows, depending on the network they operate from, are not as quick to

move to the internet. The major networks move their shows quickly, but others may not be as

diligent in their actions to transfer these shows. Or, in other cases, people may have a

preference towards user made content, the likes of which are commonly found on youtube.

With this in mind, I can get a much stronger view of whether a person is more likely to be

oriented towards the internet as their main means of content in the future, or if they will

remain a television audience.

RESULTS

The goal of this particular study was to see the current change between internet

viewership, and television viewership, to see where the future of video is headed. Demographic

questions are always necessary for this type of work, to make sure you can get a better view of

the sample you are working with. Unfortunately, sometimes this means you discover that your

sample may be more closely linked than you would like for a wide survey sample. The results

hereafter were gathered using Qualtrics survey software, and were organized using their

programs.

The first questions were oriented to determine both age range and gender of the survey

sample. Question one, our age question, gave a number of options. Seventy-one percent of our

sample, 20 out of the 28 surveyed, identified in the 18-24 year old bracket, which means they

are younger users, which will be taken into account in later questions. One user identified in the

25-30 age bracket, and seven identified as 41 or older. These numbers are important because

they give us a base guideline to view while looking at the later results of this survey. The next

and final demographic question is determinant of the gender of sample members, a simple

male or female identifier. 54% of the sample identified as male, while the remaining 46%

identified as female, given an overall even split, which is very beneficial to this study.

As discussed in the introduction to this study, one of the most important aspects of

information that needs to be gathered for this study is the amount of people who have, or do

not have, a cable or satellite television plan. The initial theory stated that there would be a

large amount of the populace who still had television plans in their homes, not yet relying on

the internet as their main media source. Evidence has been found to support this theory

through the survey, with 75% of those surveyed still indicating they have television plans in

their homes, with only 25% stating they do not have television. Those who did not have

televisions were excluded from answering the next question, instead being brought directly to

questions pertaining to internet media, given that their information would be needed there,

and would skew results within the television oriented questions.

To further establish a baseline of information regarding television viewership, those

sampled who identified as having television providers were asked to estimate how many hours

they believe they watch television daily. 10% of the sample indicated their average was zero

hours daily, 38% indicated their average was one hour daily, while 14% stated their average was

two hours daily. Yet another 14% stated their average was three hours daily, and the remaining

24% stated their average viewing time was four or more hours daily.

The next indicating factor is how many devices the sample owns with internet access

and web browsing capabilities. This question was a smaller one, with three responses to choose

from, and would be a larger indicator of how often our sample spends time online. The initial

hypothesis would state that there would be a leaning towards multiple devices with such

capabilities, and evidence gathered supports this theory. None of our sample stated they own

only one web browsing device. Meanwhile, 39% stated they own two devices with web

browsing access. The remainder, 61%, stated they own three or more such devices, giving them

much more access to online content.

Studies have been performed in the past that show different types of devices as the

primary device people wish to use for internet browsing, this next question asked our sample

about exactly this issue. Our sample was asked what their preferred device to use was when it

came to browsing the internet, be it laptops or other such portable computers, smartphones,

tablets, desktop computers, or other unlisted devices. The initial theory, due to prior research

and other studies, indicated that the up and rising contender would be smartphones, if not as

the primary source, then as a close second to computers. This theory is supported by the

survey, with 61% of the sample stating their preferred device was a laptop or other portable

computer, followed by 18% of the sample preferring a smartphone as their internet oriented

device. 14% preferred a tablet device as their internet browser, and the remaining 7% use

desktop computers as their main preference, with none of the sample indicating a use of other,

unlisted devices.

The true measure of prominence between internet and television is the comparison of

use of free time. Having already viewed television viewership hours, the sample was now asked

to determine how many hours they believe they spend daily using the internet for recreational

purposes. None of the sample indicated they do not spend time recreationally online. Instead,

18% of the sample stated their daily recreational activity was one hour of time. Another 18%

indicated they spend two hours online daily for recreational purposes, while 25% stated they

spend three hours daily on such activities. Finally, the remaining 39% of the sample stated they

spend four or more hours daily online for recreational purposes.

One of the more popular uses of the internet is news media, for viewing purposes, or for

general information. The next question asked our sample to list, in order of prominence and

use in their lives, the means by which they gather their news information. The options given

were television content, internet content, radio, newspapers, or other, unlisted forms of

information gathering. 92.59% of the sample stated that the internet was the first source on

the list that they would use, followed by 3.7% that indicated television was their first source,

and another 3.7% that used radio as the first source on their list. Next, 59.25% of the sample

chose television as their second source of news information, followed by 14.81% choosing radio

as their second news source, and another 14.81% choosing other unlisted forms of media for

their news gathering. Meanwhile, 7.4% chose the internet as their second source, followed last

by 3.7% which chose newspapers as their second source. For the third source preference on the

list, 37.03% chose radio as their third primary source, followed by 29.62% which chose

newspapers for this slot. Another 25.93% selected television for this slot, followed last by the

remaining 7.41%, which chose other unlisted media forms for their news consumption in the

third slot. The fourth slot on the chart begins with 44.44% of the sample listing newspapers for

their fourth primary source, followed by 33.33% selecting radio for this position. 18.52% of the

sample selected other unlisted sources for this slot, and 3.7% chose television as their fourth

source. Finally, the fifth slot shows the final results. 59.26% of the sample selected other

unlisted media outlets for their final slot, 22.22% chose newspapers for this position, while

11.11% chose radio as this outlet. Finally, 7.41% chose television for this outlet, with none

selecting internet media as their fifth news media outlet.

The final question asked in this survey is a determinant of the audiences preference

when it comes to viewing video content. The theories beforehand suggested that while there

would be a leaning towards internet viewing, the stronger market would still lie with televisions

as the strong video viewership outlet. The evidence does not support this theory, with the final

results showing rather different numbers. 30% of those surveyed preferred televisions for

viewing video content, while the remaining 70% stated their preference for viewing content

was online viewership. With all of this data at our disposal, we can begin to analyze it and

determine exactly what the statistics found here dictate, and what they mean for this study.

DISCUSSION

The focus of this study was to determine the current feel and focus of audiences when it

came to video content. As seen in the past with the rise of newspapers, then radio, and then

television, there is usually a changeover period where audiences shift to the newer media

format, and the older one, while not entirely becoming obsolete, does experience smaller

audiences. The focus of this study was to see if this trend would continue with the rise of the

internet in comparison to televised content. Viewing the results at our disposal, we can begin to

analyze what has been discovered, and see just how accurate our own predictions were with

regard to this particular field of study.

The first questions asked were demographic questions, designed to help give a better

picture of who our sample is. The first question broke our sample into age brackets, and

showed that our sample, while having some diversity, was more oriented to one particular age

group than others. With 20 out of our initial 28 surveyed identifying as 18-24, this means our

survey was oriented towards a more youthful audience, which as other studies have shown

lean more towards a technological persuasion. However, seven of those surveyed identified as

age 41 or older, still giving us a sample of an older demographic, which does count for some of

the study as well. Finally there was one user who identified as between 25 and 30, closer to

middle age, not a large sample of the audience, but still something to consider. The next and

final demographic question was directed towards gender, to give some clearer view of who

may view certain types of media. An almost even balance is what was discovered, with 54% of

the sample identifying as male and the remaining 46% as female. While not a perfect split, this

is still fairly ideal for our study, because we get a fairly balanced view from the genders.

The first question of the survey without demographic expectations was designed around

television. As discussed earlier in this study, the question to be asked here is whether or not

people are slowly starting to shift away from televisions in their homes, instead leaning towards

internet use. Our initial hypothesis stated that while there would be some dropoff of televisions

and a slight leaning towards internet, the majority would still have television providers giving

them access in their homes, and this was proven accurate with the findings we have, showing

that 75% of our sample does in fact still have a television provider of some sort, while the

remaining 25% do not. This shows that while a quarter of the populace surveyed does not rely

on television, a majority still does. However, this can slowly begin to change as time goes on. I

believe this is because the internet as a means of viewing televised content is still a young

medium. Text based content, or user generated programs, those have been a mainstay of the

internet, but streaming as a means for television companies to reach other audiences is still

fairly new. As time goes on, we will continue to see a shift, but for now, the numbers are still in

favor of traditional television.

Following this, our sample was asked how many hours they spend daily watching

television. This excluded those who did not own televisions or network programming in their

homes, so as not to skew the results. 10% of our sample indicated their average was zero hours

daily, which accounts for those who have televisions in their homes, but they may not be the

members of the household who watch them. 38% stated their average was one hour daily,

which seems somewhat reasonable given the daily lives of many people, spending long hours at

work and coming home to briefly rest before going to bed. This may also be a factor of those

who get up and watch the morning news programs before they go to work. 14% indicated their

viewing was two hours daily, which also seems reasonable, some have their preferences for

viewing more content, and yet another 14% indicated their time was three hours daily. These

numbers coincide with the culture we have cultivated, where television is the main source of

entertainment. Finally, 24% stated they view four or more hours of television daily. This is what

we would have come to expect to see a larger viewership of, however, we may have to take

into account that people underestimate their time when doing things, so some of our smaller

numbers may not be entirely accurate.

The next point that needs to be dealt with is the matter of internet accessibility, which is

a large portion of what is attempting to be studied here. Given that this survey was only

accessible online, anyone who took part clearly has access to the internet, so the next question

asked our sample to state how many devices they have with internet access. Prior studies and

our own speculation indicated that the number would be higher, as opposed to lower, what

with so many devices these days offering internet access as a perk. This turned out to be an

accurate expectation, as none of our sample indicated they have only one device. Instead, 39%

of the sample stated they own two devices with internet access, and the remaining 61% stated

they have three or more such devices. With the number of devices that people own with

internet access increasing, this means the amount of time they can spend online is going to

increase as well, due to larger amounts of access to the content. This could lead to a steady

decline in television reliance, because the content is always accessible to the audience.

Though there are a number of devices within the home of our samples that have

internet access, the question needs to be asked which device they prefer for their browsing.

Some studies have indicated that cell phone use for such purposes is on the rise, if not having

completely overtaken computers, then it is on the way to doing so. This next question asked

our audience to state their primary device used for viewing internet content. Our expectations

were met, as shown in the results above. With portable computers like laptops and netbooks at

the top of the list and smartphones right behind them in terms of use for internet, there is

clearly a rising prominence for smartphones, even if it has not reached the larger levels

indicated by other surveys. Though the overwhelming majority lies in laptops and other such

computers and the gap between smartphones, tablets and desktops is much smaller, the fact

that smartphones still edge out as the second most prominent is something to consider for the

future. Mobile phones may in fact become the main means to view such content given enough

time. Tablets are less versatile than smartphones, however they are more accessible on the go

than a desktop, so the numbers are not a surprise given the modern view of access.

The next question asked is similar to a previous question in this survey. Where the

sample has already been asked how many hours they spend viewing television daily, the next

result that needs to be determined, especially given the context of the last question, is how

many hours our sample spends daily online for recreational purposes. Given what has already

been seen and what is seen in other studies, the theory for this particular question stated that

there would be larger amounts of time spend online then watching television. This was

supported by the survey when looking at the results, indicating that the largest section of the

sample indicated they spend four or more hours online recreationally, with the segments

getting smaller with each decreasing interval, as shown above. With larger quantities of people

spending more time online recreationally, this shows that there is indeed a larger prominence

in recreational time online than recreational time watching television, as larger amounts of our

sample spent larger amounts of time online than watching television.

One of the study topics that helped motivate this survey was the concept of news

media, which is one of the more prominent uses of both traditional media, as well as modern

media. The next question on our survey is designed to help categorize and organize our sample

and their preferences when it comes to news consumption. Other surveys and studies have

shown that as time has passed, the internet has become a main source for much of the

populace. This study has supported this claim, with the overwhelming majority of our sample

listing the internet as their first source of news gathering. This was followed by television as the

second major choice, which is also not surprising given the prominence of news programming

on television, with networks such as CNN and the 24 hour news cycle. Third highest on the list

being radio as the top third selection, which has always been an option for news in cars due to

radios being prominently placed in vehicles. With newspapers being the top choice for the

fourth slot, also not surprising given the decline of newspapers from prominence, and finally

other unlisted media outlets, this shows a definite lean towards the internet as a news outlet,

which makes sense given the constant updates to news stories available when they are online

and not on the televised news cycle.

The final question on our survey was a simple one, but also one of great import. The

main focus of this survey was to determine where people would be spending more of their time

viewing content. Given the lean of the rest of the study, and other studies done in the past, the

hypothesis for this question had a heavier lean on internet content as the preference of the

audience. This particular question, asking what audiences preferred to view video content on,

televisions or internet, was definitely the make or break moment of this study, and our

hypothesis was proven accurate when 70% of our sample stated they prefer to view their video

content online rather than on televisions. This was an overwhelming majority in comparison to

some of our other questions, and given what has already been seen, this implies that a stronger

lean on internet content is only going to come as more time passes and even more content is

placed online as opposed to being devoted to television as an outlet.

This study, while illuminating and further expanding on the concepts of internet media

as the future of media consumption, does have its limits, even if there were in fact a number of

instances which helped to showcase the import of the internet. This sample was by far a much

smaller grouping than other major studies, and the sample was nowhere near as diverse as

other studies would have dictated. Along with this, much of this study relied on the memory

and testimony of the sample, which may be inaccurate depending on the information they

provided, people can remember things incorrectly or skew their results to not appear as

problematic as they truly are. What would have been better for this study, if we had the

capabilities, was to take a test group and study them, following their activities and their media

consumption for a set period of time, collecting data this way to make sure that we had

accurate details. Because this sample was not as diverse as some other studies, with a much

larger leaning towards a younger audience, this may make certain aspects of technological

advancement in homes appear more extreme than it actually is. To further expand on this topic

in the future however, there are definitely options. Studying to see what types of video content

our audiences view online would be another interesting place to begin searching, or seeing

where they watch their content as well. Determining locations is a strong point because it gives

an idea of where people want to view their content. If they are out of their homes when they

view it, or on the move, it leans more onto the idea of mobile viewing, which the internet

provides. And expanding on the types of content viewed, there are a number of studies

showing the rise of user generated content and the popularity of viewing it, and as has also

been seen, television networks have begun streaming their shows online, similar to how Netflix

streams films and some television shows. These types of content may be of increasing interest

to audiences, so looking into the types of content people prefer to view, not just online, but in

general, may be an interesting place to look next.

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Edwards, J. (2013, November 24). TV Is Dying, And Here Are The Stats That Prove It. Retrieved December

12, 2014, from http://www.businessinsider.com/cord-cutters-and-the-death-of-tv-2013-11

The Audience for Digital News Videos. (2014, March 26). Retrieved December 12, 2014, from

http://www.journalism.org/2014/03/26/the-audience-for-digital-news-videos/

FINAL RESULTS

Last Modified: 12/07/2014

1. What age range do you fall into? # Answer

Response % 1 18-24

20 71% 2 25-30

1 4% 3 31-36

0 0% 4 37-40

0 0% 5 41 and older

7 25%

Total 28 100%

Statistic Value Min Value 1 Max Value 5 Mean 2.04 Variance 3.07 Standard Deviation 1.75 Total Responses 28

2. What is your Gender? # Answer

Response % 1 Male

15 54% 2 Female

13 46%

Total 28 100%


3. Do you have satellite or cable television? # Answer

Response % 1 Yes

21 75% 2 No

7 25%

Total 28 100%


4. Approximately how many hours would you say you watch

television daily? # Answer

Response % 1 Zero

2 10% 2 One

8 38% 3 Two

3 14% 4 Three

3 14% 5 Four or more

5 24%

Total 21 100%


5. How many devices do you own with internet accessibility? # Answer

Response % 1 One

0 0% 2 Two

11 39% 3 Three or more

17 61%

Total 28 100%


6. Which is your preferred device for internet use? # Answer

Response % 1 Laptop/netbook/notebook

17 61% 2 Smartphone

5 18% 3 Tablet

4 14% 4 Desktop Computer

2 7% 5 Other

0 0%

Total 28 100%


7. Approximately how many hours would you say you spend on the

internet for recreational purposes daily? # Answer

Response % 1 Zero

0 0% 2 One

5 18% 3 Two

5 18% 4 Three

7 25% 5 Four or more

11 39%

Total 28 100%


8. Please list, in order of use, the means by which you gather your

news information

# Answer 1 2 3 4 5 Total

Responses 1 Television 1 16 7 1 2 27 2 Internet 25 2 0 0 0 27 3 Radio 1 4 10 9 3 27 4 Newspaper 0 1 8 12 6 27 5 Other 0 4 2 5 16 27

Total 27 27 27 27 27 -

Statistic Television Internet Radio Newspaper Other Min Value 1 1 1 2 2 Max Value 5 2 5 5 5 Mean 2.52 1.07 3.33 3.85 4.22 Variance 0.87 0.07 1.00 0.67 1.26 Standard Deviation

0.94 0.27 1.00 0.82 1.12

Total Responses

27 27 27 27 27

9. Which do you prefer for your viewing of video content? # Answer

Response % 1 Television

8 30%

2 Internet streaming

19 70%

Total 27 100%


Documents

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