Philippines National Implementation Plan (NIP) on ...dotr.gov.ph/images/front/other_matters/nip.pdfPhilippines National Implementation Plan (NIP) ... The ASEAN-Japan Action Plan on

Philippines

National Implementation Plan (NIP)

on Environment Improvement in the

Transport Sector

Low Pollution-Low Emission

MESSAGE BY THE SECRETARY OF

THE DOTC PHILIPPINES OR BY THE

UNDERSECRETARY FOR ROAD

TRANSPORT

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Objectives of National Implementation Plan ......................................................... 1

1.2 Policy Context of NIP in the Philippines ................................................................ 1

1.3 Scope of NIP ........................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Structure of NIP .................................................................................................... 2

Chapter 2 Country Profile ............................................................................................... 3

2.1 Geography............................................................................................................ 3

2.2 Population ............................................................................................................ 3

2.3 Economy .............................................................................................................. 4

2.4 Land Use .............................................................................................................. 4

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector ......................................... 6

3.1 Current Status of the Transport Sector ................................................................. 6

3.1.1 Road transport ............................................................................................... 6

3.1.2 Rail transport ................................................................................................. 9

3.1.3 Maritime transport ........................................................................................ 12

3.1.4 Air transport ................................................................................................. 14

3.2 Environmental Situations .................................................................................... 15

3.2.1 Climate Change ........................................................................................... 15

3.2.2 Air pollution .................................................................................................. 17

3.2.3 Noise pollution ............................................................................................. 20

3.2.4 Waste ........................................................................................................... 20

3.2.5 Energy ......................................................................................................... 21

3.2.6 Others .......................................................................................................... 21

3.3 On-going Environmental Actions in the Transport Sector (Completed and

On-going) .................................................................................................................... 23

3.3.1 Master Plans ................................................................................................ 23

3.3.2 Road transport ............................................................................................. 23

3.3.3 Rail transport ............................................................................................... 27


3.3.5 Air transport ................................................................................................. 29

3.4 Issues with respect to Transport and Environment ............................................. 31

3.4.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 31

3.4.2 Road transport ............................................................................................. 34

3.4.3 Rail transport ............................................................................................... 35


3.4.5 Air transport ................................................................................................. 36

Chapter 4 Visions ......................................................................................................... 37

4.1 Visions ............................................................................................................... 37

4.2 Goals .................................................................................................................. 37

Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs .......................................................................... 38

5.1 Road .................................................................................................................. 38

5.1.1 Outline of the Actions ................................................................................... 38

5.1.2 Details of the Actions (Planned/proposed) ................................................... 39

5.2 Railway .............................................................................................................. 45


5.2.2 Details of the Actions ................................................................................... 45

5.3 Maritime ............................................................................................................. 47



5.4 Aviation .............................................................................................................. 49



Chapter 6 Implementation Plan ..................................................................................... 51

6.1 Implementation bodies ....................................................................................... 51

6.2 Check and evaluations ....................................................................................... 52

6.2.1 Implementing Bodies .................................................................................... 52

6.2.2 Check and Evaluation System on Vision ...................................................... 52

6.2.3 Check and Evaluation System on Environmental Actions ............................. 53

Chapter 7 Way Forward ................................................................................................ 58

7.1 Web based monitoring System ........................................................................... 58

7.2 Public Awareness Campaign .............................................................................. 59

Appendices .................................................................................................................... 60

References ..................................................................................................................... 72

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AQI Air Quality Index

AQMF Air Quality Management Fund

EMB Environmental Management Bureau

CAA Clean Air Act

CLRV Customized Local Road Vehicles

CNG Compressed Natural Gas

CO Carbon Monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DILG Department of Interior and Local Government

DOE Department of Energy

DOTC Department of Transportation and Communications

DOST Department of Science and Technology

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

EST Environmentally Sustainable Transport

LGU Local Government Unit

LNG Liquefied Natural Gas

LTFRB Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board

LTO Land Transportation Office

MVIS Motor Vehicle Inspection System

NAAQGV National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Value

NCR National Capital Region

NGO Non-Government Organizations

NGVPPT Natural Gas Vehicle Program for Public Transport

NMT Non Motorized Transport

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

O3 Ozone

PETC Private Emission Testing Centers

PM Particulate Matter

PM10 Particulate Matter with diameter of 10 microns or smaller

PM2.5 particulate matter with diameter of 2.5 microns or smaller

RA Republic Act

SO2 Sulfur Dioxide

SUV Sports Utility Vehicles

SVPCF Special Vehicle Pollution Control Fund

TSP Total Suspended Particulates

WHO World Health Organization

UNITS AND MEASURES

°C Degrees Celsius

µg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter

km Kilometers

km2

Square Kilometers

PHP Philippine Pesos

$ United States Dollar

Chapter 1 Introduction

1


1.1 Objectives of National Implementation Plan

The ASEAN-Japan Action Plan on Environment Improvement in the Transport Sector

(AJ-APEIT) was affirmed at the 7th ASEAN-Japan Transport Ministers Meeting held on

December 2009 in Hanoi, Vietnam. Under AJ-APEIT, ASEAN Member States agreed to

draft their individual National Implementation Plans (NIPs) and to implement measures

to realize low-carbon and low-pollution transport systems on the basis of the NIPs where

greenhouse gases and air pollutants emitted from the transport sector are controlled,

consequently international and regional environment baselines are preserved. The NIPs

are expected to promote these objectives with the action plans reflected as the pillars of

measures.

The NIP of the Philippines describes the strategies and plans of actions to realize

low-carbon and low-pollution transport systems in the Philippines context.

1.2 Policy Context of NIP in the Philippines

The National Integrated Transport Plan of the country has already been drafted,

including the Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) plan which was completed in

2010. The NIP of the Philippines on the other hand highlights the low carbon and low

emission transport systems proposals, promotion of non-motorized transport systems

and inclusion of maritime and aviation sectors. All plans in the NIP are expected to be

included in the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change covering the period

2010 to 2022. Figure 1 shows the relationship among the different programs related to

the conservation of the environment and the mitigation of emitting greenhouse gases.

Figure 1: Relationship among different programs related to NIP in the Philippines


2

1.3 Scope of NIP

The target area of the NIP encompasses the whole country including urban and

suburban areas. It also covers all types of transport modes: road, rail, maritime, and

aviation sectors. The target period of the NIP is from F.Y. 2011 to F.Y. 2016. However,

some proposals may cover beyond this period.

1.4 Structure of NIP

The NIP of the Philippines is organized as follows: Chapter 1 describes the background,

policy context, scope, and structure of NIP; Chapter 2 shows the country profile; Chapter

3 presents the current status and issues in the transport sector; Chapter 4 proposes the

visions while Chapter 5 explains the action plans. Then, Chapter 6 outlines the

implementation plan. Finally Chapter 7 summarizes the future direction.

Chapter 2 Country Profile

3


2.1 Geography

The Philippines comprises an archipelago of some 7,107 islands located off Southeast

Asia, between the South China Sea on the west and the Philippine Sea on the east. The

major islands are Luzon in the north, the Visayan Islands in the middle, and Mindanao in

the south. The total area is about 300,000 square kilometers, including about 298,000

square kilometers of land and about 2,000 square kilometers of water.

Figure 2 Map of the Philippines

Source: NSO, 2012

2.2 Population

The total population of the Philippines is 92,337,852 (as of May 1, 2010, the 2010

Census of Population and Housing). The population growth rate between 1995 to 2000

of 3.21% decreased to an estimated 1.95% for the 2005 to 2010 period. Among the 17

regions, Calabarzon (Region IVA) had the largest population with 12.61 million, followed


4

by the National Capital Region (NCR) with 11.86 million and Central Luzon (Region III)

with 10.14 million. The population of these three regions together comprised more than

one-third (37.47 percent) of the Philippine population. About 13% of the population is

living in the urban area, whereas 87% in the rural area. Table 1 shows the 10 most

populated cities in the Philippines (Household Statistics Department, 2012).

Table 1 Top 10 Most Populated Cities in the Philippines

Rank Cities/Municipalities Population

(2010)

Density

(persons/sq.km)

Region

1 Quezon City 2,761,720 16,616.85 NCR

2 Manila 1,652,171 42,857.87 NCR

3 Caloocan 1,489,040 27,921.25 NCR

4 Davao 1,449,296 593.00 Region XI

5 Cebu 866,171 2,749.75 Region VII

6 Zamboanga 807,129 544.11 Region IX

7 Antipolo 677,741 2,214.12 Region IV-A

8 Pasig 669,773 21,605.58 NCR

9 Taguig 644,473 13,460.17 NCR

10 Cagayan De Oro 602,088 1,231.62 Region X

NCR: National Capital Region

Source: Household Statistics Department, 2012

http://census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2012/pr1227tx.html

2.3 Economy

The Philippines‘ key sectors are service, agriculture and industry, particularly food

processing, textiles and garments, and electronics and automobile parts. Most of

these industries are located in the urban areas around Metro Manila and Cebu. The

Philippines‘ Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 1,537,152 in 2010 (in million

Philippine Pesos: at constant 1985 prices) which grew by 7.3% from 2009, 1.1% in

2009 from 2008, 3.7% in 2008 from 2007 and 7.1% in 2007 from 2006. The service

sector has the highest percent share of the GDP that is equal to 54.4%, followed by

the industry sector (33.3%) and by the agriculture, fishery and forestry sector

(12.3%) (Source: 2011 estimate World Bank National accounts of the Philippines.

1946-2010).

2.4 Land Use

A broad central cordillera dominates the relief of Central Luzon, running through the

northern portion and middle of the country that rises to 2,750 meters. On the side of


5

the Pacific Ocean is Sierra Madre, which is a 100-km wide mountain range that

gradually increases in width towards the central highland region up to 300 km (AFD,

2010). As shown in Table 2, approximately 65% of the nation is covered by forest

whereas approximately 33% is covered by agricultural area.

Table 2: Land use pattern in the Philippines

Land Use Area (ha) Percentage

Agriculture 9,728,800 32.95

Forestry 19,062,600 64.56

Settlement 131,400 0.44

Mining and quarrying 8,700 0.029

Inland Fisheries 595,700 2.02

Open Land 1,100 0.004

Total 29,528,300 100.00

Source: NLUC, 1996

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

6


3.1 Current Status of the Transport Sector

3.1.1 Road transport

1) Road network

The Philippines has approximately 203,000 km of road as of 2008, which covers

almost the entire nation. 29,370 km of road, which is equal to 14.5% of the total

road network, is classified into national road whereas the other roads are local

roads, consisting of provincial, municipal, city and barangay roads. About 72% of

the national roads are paved with concrete and/or asphalt whereas 22% of the

local roads are paved. The rest parts of the roads are gravel-surfaced and/or

earth roads. The paved road coverage is equal to 0.15 km per square km of land

area while the paved road density is equal to 0.5 km per 1,000 population (See

Appendices in details).

2) Motor vehicles

Figure 3 shows the number of registered vehicles by type of vehicle in the

Philippines. 6.6 million motor vehicles were registered in 2010 in which about 3.5

million vehicles (52%) are motorcycles and tricycles while about 1.7 million

vehicles (26%) are utility vehicles (UV) such as jeepney. The number of

motorcycles and tricycles have increased 2.8 times from 2009 to 2010. Although

the registered UV has increased by 20% from 2000 to 2005, it has not increased

significantly in the recent 5 years.

Figure 3 Number of registered vehicles by type of vehicles in the Philippines

Source: Land Transportation Office


7

3) Modal Share in the Country

Figure 4 shows the national transport modal share in the Philippines. The road

transport is dominant in terms of both passenger and cargo traffic among the four

modes of transport: road transport, rail transport, water transport, and air

transport. The road transport carried approximately 1.71 billion passengers and

25.9 million tons of freight in 2006, representing 98% share in passenger traffic

and 58% share in cargo traffic.

Figure 4 Transport modal share in 2006: Passenger (Left figure) and Cargo

(Right figure)

Source: AusAID, 2008

4) Ridership and trips of public transport in urban areas

MMUTIS study showed that about 80% of total trips were made by public transport,

particularly about 40% of total trips were made by jeepney as of 1996. (See

Appendices in detail). It also showed that the ridership of jeepney had the highest

share among public transport ridership, and has significantly increased.

The number of operating units of jeepney and buses in Metro Manila are 48,366

and 2,944, respectively while the number of jeepney and bus routes are 641 and

104 respectively, as of 2006 (Mega Manila Public Transport Study, 2007).

5) Truck and Freight Movements

As reflected in Table 7 ―Motor Vehicle Emissions by Vehicle Type in Metro Manila

in 2008‖, trucks that are predominantly diesel fuel driven contributed the following

in tons per year; 11,539.07 VOC, 38,671.47 CO, 38,983.34 NOx, 248.35 SOx and

1,372.21 PM10. Therefore, appropriate amelioration measures should be


8

designed to address these emissions. In the Philippines, truck and freight

forwarders are organized and their concerns are more directed towards operation

restrictions enforced by the government. Logistic companies have sprouted and

reported to be steadily increasing due to respectable return on investments. The

sector is not also investing in measures to correct emission of pollutants.


9

3.1.2 Rail transport

1) Urban rail service

Currently urban rail services are operated only in Metro Manila. Electrified

rail-based mass transit systems were introduced mainly to address the worsening

traffic congestion in predominantly major road network. Three railway transit

systems are now operated and four more lines are at planning stage or under

Public Private Partnership (PPP) negotiations. The ridership, passenger-km, and

load factors in the three railway transit systems are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Ridership, Passenger-km, and load factor of urban rail service in Metro

Manila

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

LRT Line 1

Ridership (M) 111.07 118.60 138.04 149.44 155.91 156.93

Passenger-km (M) 1,078.49 1,151.61 1,340.37 1,451.06 1,379.79 *

Load Factor (%) 61.86 66.80 62.42 67.87 68.98 77.32

LRT Line 2

Ridership (M) 47.54 52.93 58.59 62.09 63.36 63.83

Passenger-km (M) 323.75 360.45 398.99 422.83 394.57*

Load Factor (%) 30.94 34.13 38.84 40.34 39.91 38.99

MRT Line 3

Ridership (M) 134.90 142.69 149.58 151.70 73.99 *** 158.81

Passenger-km (M) 929.46 983.13 1,030.61 1,045.21 509.79 ***

* June to December 2011; ** January to June 2010

• LRT Line 1, from Monumento in Caloocan City to Baclaran in Pasay City (15km)

• LRT Line 2, from Santolan in Marikina to CM Recto in the City of Manila (14km)

• MRT Line 3, from North Avenue in Quezon City to EDSA in Pasay City (17km)


10

Figure 5 Railway network in Metro Manila

Source: DOTC, 2010

2) Regional rail service

Inter-regional railway services are provided by the Philippine National Railways

(PNR), a government-owned and controlled corporation. PNR operates 491 km

railway lines running along the Main Line South from Manila to Legaspi, Albay. PNR

previously operated a Main North Line running from Manila to San Fernando, La

Union, but this line has been closed since 1981. PNR currently offers three types of

services: long-distance passenger service, commuter service, and freight and

express cargo services. The Metro Manila Commuter Service operates between

Caloocan and Calamba for a revenue line of about 56 km. The Commuter Line runs

north – south through the CBD (central business district) of Metro Manila. Although

there was a high potential demand for the Commuter Line, its low service frequency

did not enable the line to meet the peak demand. Furthermore, as trains did not run

on the schedule, the number of passengers declined from its peak of 22,000


11

persons per day in 1977 to about 15,000 persons per day in 1990. The decline in

passenger traffic continued with only 7,500 persons per day in 2007.

Table 4: Ridership, Passenger-km, and load factor of PNR service

* June to December 2011; ** January to May 2010

Figure 6 PNR Commuter Express Service

Source: World Bank, 2009

3) Modal Share

As shown in Figure 4, the share of the rail transportation accounts for only 0.15% of

total passengers traffic, and there is no rail cargo traffic in the Philippines.

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Commuter Service

No. Of Commuters

Passenger-km (‗000)

2,496,374

34,949

1,911,3172

6,758

1,133,060

15,862

2,009,404

28,131

7,975,275

15,350,635

Bicol Commuter Service

(BCS)

No. Of Commuters

Passenger-kms (‗000)

Dec 2009

4,051

44,561

158,085 **

415,726

Bicol express

No. of passengers

17,861 *


12

3.1.3 Maritime transport

1) Ports

The Philippines has over 1,000 ports including Batangas, Surigao, San Fernando,

Iloilo, Calapan, Legazpi (See Appendix in details). There are 447 fishing ports, 214

feeder ports, 833 commercial ports as of 1997.

2) Maritime traffic

The ports serviced 346,000 vessels in 2010 with an annual growth rate of 10.0%

from 2009 to 2010. Domestic and foreign ship calls grew by 10.0% and 10.4%,

respectively.

Annual cargo throughput was 166.4 million metric tons (MMT) in 2010 with an

annual growth rate of 11.0% from 2009 to 2010. Foreign cargo increased by 23.9%

while the domestic cargo decreased by 3.0%.

Annual container traffic is 4.5 million TEUs in 2010 with an annual growth rate of

12% from 2009 to 2010. Import container traffic grew by 18.1% while export grew by

18.2%. In total the traffic of foreign container cargoes has increased by 18.2%.

Annual domestic maritime passenger traffic is 52.7 million passengers with an

annual growth rate of 20.1% from 2009 to 2010 while foreign maritime passenger

traffic is 8.82 million passengers with an annual growth rate of 20.8% from 2009 to

2010. (PPA, 2010)

3) Nautical Highway

The Road-RoRo Terminal System (RRTS) is one of the flagship programs of the

Arroyo administration. Executive Order (EO) 170 and subsequent issuances

mandated the policy of its integration with the national highway system.

The 2004-2010 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) lays out the

blueprint for a nautical highway system in the archipelago by identifying the

road-RoRo links that need to be developed, namely, the Western Nautical Highway

(also called the Strong Republic Nautical Highway or SRNH), the Central Nautical

Highway, and the Eastern Nautical Highway. The 919-kilometer SRNH was

promoted in 2003 to enhance the accessibility of local destinations in the western

part of the country; since then, it is reported to have reduced travel costs by 40

percent for passengers and 30 percent for cargo. (Ruperto, 2007)

Figure 7 indicates the Nautical Highway in the Philippines. The Nautical Highway

aims to strengthen and enhance the efficiency of existing inter-island connections

(See Appendices in details). The development of Nautical Highway routes in the

country expanded the coverage of bus and truck services to inter -island

connections, thereby increasing the overall average distance traveled by these


13

types of vehicles.

Figure 7 Philippine Nautical Highway (RORO Routes)


4) Modal Share

As shown in Figure 4, the share of the maritime transportation accounts for 1.22%

and 41.95% of total passengers traffic and total cargo traffic, respectively. Water

transportation plays an important role especially cargo traffic.


14

3.1.4 Air transport

1) Airports

There are eight international airports and 87 domestic airports in the Philippines as

shown in Figure 8. The major airports among them are Ninoy Aquino International

Airport (NAIA), Mactan Cebu and Davao. The passenger shares of these three

airports for domestic flights were 45.2%, 12.5% and 6.8%, respectively in 2009. On

the other hand, the passenger share of international flights for NAIA, Cebu and

Davao were 88.5%, 6.7% and 0.08%, respectively.

Figure 8 Philippine Airport System


2) Air traffic

Annual air traffic passengers were 40,862,311 in 2010, which increased by over

100% from 2001. Annual air cargo traffic was 563,081 tons in 2010, which increased

by 9.6% from 2001. Aircraft movement has also increased rapidly from 343,039 in

2001 to 621,870 in 2010.

3) Modal Share

As shown in Figure 4, the share of the air transportation accounts for only 0.49%

and 0.06% of total passengers traffic and total cargo traffic, respectively.


15

3.2 Environmental Situations

3.2.1 Climate Change

Table 5 shows that overall GHG emissions in 2000 is 21,767 thousand tons CO2-eq

(equivalent). Total emissions from non-LUCF (Land use change and forestry)

sectors is 126,879 thousand tons CO2-eq. Note in the 1994 inventory, total

emissions from non-LUCF sectors was 100,865 thousand tons CO2-eq. This means

approximately 26% increase from 1994 to 2000. The emissions from the transport

subsector is 25,935.78 thousand tons CO2-eq, which accounts for 37% of the

emissions from energy sector.

Table 5 The Philippines’ 2000 Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources


16

According to DOE, the GHG emissions from the transport subsector in 1990 was

10.6 MtCO2 while those in 2007 was about 26.55 MtCO2e. This means that the GHG

emissions from the transport subsector increased by 150% from 1990 to 2007, that

is equivalent to an annual growth of 5.5% (Figure 9). The contribution of maritime

transport and aviation significantly started to increase from 1998. It accounts for

about 18% of total GHG emissions from the transport subsector emissions in 2007.

This was caused mainly by the improvement in shipping and air services with the

expansion of seaport and airport systems in the country. Since 2000, the GHG

emissions from road transport have been increasing at an average annual growth

rate of 3.1%. Figure 10 shows that the utility jeepneys accounts for 37% of road

transport GHG emissions, followed by trucks (33%), and cars, including SUVs and

taxis (18%). (World Bank, 2009)

Figure 9 Transport GHG emissions by subsector

Source: DOE

Figure 10 GHG Emissions from Road Transport by Vehicle Type in 2007

Source: DOE


17

3.2.2 Air pollution

1) Emissions

Emissions from mobile source contribute significantly to total emissions of

particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO),

and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Table 6 shows that the share of mobile source to the

total amount of VOC, CO, NOx, and PM10 in the Metro Manila Region are 95.6%,

99.4%, 89.0%, and 17.0%, respectively. Motor vehicles are the dominant source of

air pollutants in the urban area. Table 7 shows that UVs such as jeepneys, most of

which are old diesel vehicles, are the major source of PM. Almost 50% of PM in

Metro Manila is emitted by jeepneys. Other pollutants from jeepneys, such as NOx

and SOx, also show high share at 21% and 42% of the total mobile source

emissions. On the other hand, major source of VOC is motorcycles/tricycles which

have a share of 45%. Rapid motorization may have great potential impacts to

deteriorate the air quality in urban areas, particularly in Metro Manila.

The urban rail transport do not emit air pollutants from the train cars because of

their electrification. On the contrary, the regional rail transport emit air pollutants

such as PM and SOx because PNR uses diesel train cars. However, currently these

are not quantified.

Although maritime transport and air transport are the typical sources to emit air

pollutants such as PM and SOx, they have not been quantified so far in the

Philippines, and no evident and significant air pollution contribution from the sector

is recorded.

Aircrafts emit air pollutants such as PM and SOx. However, currently these are not

quantified yet, and no significant air pollution is recorded.


18

Table 6 Major air pollutants emissions by sources in Metro Manila Region in

2008 (tons/year)

VOC CO NOx

Stationary 407.59 0.2% 611.38 0.1% 8,559.40 6.8%

Mobile 239,975.02 95.6% 1,032,851.31 99.4% 112,119.09 89.0%

Area 10,517.40 4.2% 5,726.49 0.6% 5,271.42 4.2%

Total 250,900.01 100.0% 1,039,189.18 100.0% 125,949.91 100.0%

Sox PM10

Stationary 55,016.49 92.8% - 0.0%

Mobile 3,904.78 6.6% 29,332.19 17.0%

Area 336.93 0.6% 143,602.30 83.0%

Total 59,258.20 100.0% 172,934.49 100.0%

CO= carbon monoxide, NOx= nitrogen oxide,

PM= particulate matter, SOx= sulfur oxide,

VOC= volatile organic compound

Source: DENR, 2010

Table 7 Motor vehicle emissions by vehicle type in Metro Manila Region in 2008

(tons/year)

VOC CO NOx Sox PM10

Cars Gasoline 32,450.35 267,715.41 14,602.66 646.69 535.43

Diesel 311.91 911.75 959.73 63.69 276.4

UV Gasoline 68,793.04 515,947.8 25,797.39 411.28 1,023.3

Diesel 11,655.22 41,625.77 23,310.43 1,657.38 14,385.87

Buses Gasoline 1,107.55 1,107.55 120.11 0.88 1.47

Diesel 6,122.15 6,122.15 6,171.52 39.32 217.24

Trucks Gasoline 434.89 10,396.01 1,017.34 7.43 12.42

Diesel 11,539.07 38,671.47 38,983.34 248.35 1,372.21

MC/TC Gasoline 107,560.84 150,353.87 1,156.57 829.76 11,507.85

Diesel

Sub-Total Gasoline 210,346.67 945,520.64 42,694.07 1,896.04 13,080.47

Diesel 29,628.35 87,330.67 69,425.02 2,008.74 16,251.72

Total 239,975.02 1,032,851.31 112,119.09 3,904.78 29,332.19

Source: DENR, 2010

2) Ambient air quality

Table 8 shows the national ambient air quality guideline values in the Philippines.

Figure 11 shows the timeline of national total suspended particulate (TSP)

monitored from 2003 to 2007. This shows that TSP has decreased by 33%, that is a


19

change from 144 to 97 microgram/m3. Although the TSP geometric mean

concentrations have been significantly reduced, it isstill above the 90 microgram/m3,

annual mean TSP guideline value (one year averaging time).

The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) is continuously monitoring the

particulate matter in the PM10 range at three sampling sites in Metro Manila. Figure

12 shows that annual mean levels of PM10 observed at all the PNRI Metro Manila

sites satisfied the annual ambient air quality long term guideline value of 60

micrograms/m3. However, the annual mean levels of PM2.5 have consistently

exceeded the US EPA long term guideline value of 15 micrograms/m3. This indicates

that the fine particulate pollution should be addressed at least in Metro Manila.

Table 8 National ambient air quality guideline values

Short Term Long Term

Micro-g

/Nm3 ppm

Averaging

Time

Micro-g

/Nm3 ppm

Averaging

Time

Suspended Particulate

Matter

230

150

24 hours

24 hours

90

60

1 year

1 year

TSP 230 24 hours 80 0.03 1 year

PM10 150 24 hours

Sulfur Dioxide 180 0.07 24 hours

Nitrogen Dioxide 150 0.08 24 hours

Photochemical Oxidants as

Ozone

140

60

0.07

0.03

1 hour

8 hours

Carbon Monoxide

35mg/NCM

10mg/NCM

30

9

1 hour

8 hours

Lead 1.5 3 months 1.0 1 year

Source: National Air Quality Status Report (2005-2007), DENR

Figure 11 National ambient TSP trend, 2003-2007

Source: EMB


20

Figure 12 PM10 and PM2.5 annual mean levels at the Metro Manila sampling

sites

Source: PNRI

3.2.3 Noise pollution

Currently, no periodical noise pollution measurement is implemented in Metro Manila.

Noise pollutions around the Ninoy Aquino International Airport is experienced by

residents in the past. Ernesto et al. (2011). Reports that a population of 43,300 was

exposed to noise levels from 70 to 75dBA (LDN) and 161,300 from 65 to 70 dBA (LDN)

due to the noise produced by landing and taking off of aircrafts at the Ninoy Aquino

International Airport. However, these problems have been improved by taking a series

of countermeasures such as introducing silencer, day-time operations, rerouting of

aircrafts and operating period restrictions.

3.2.4 Waste

Currently, there is no significant solid waste problem contributed by the transport

sector.


21

3.2.5 Energy

In 2010, the total energy demand in the Philippines was 24.5 MTOE. Figure 13 shows

that energy consumption in the transport sector accounts for 36.8%. The energy

consumption of the transport sector of the Philippines has increased significantly from

1.9 MTOE in 1980 to 9.0 MTOE in 2010, which means the annual growth rate of 5.4%.

78.6% of the transport energy is consumed by road transport, followed by international

civil aviation (11%), water transport (7.8%), and domestic air transport (2.6%).

Transport, 36.8%

Residential, 25%

Industry, 26%

Commercial, 10.9%

Agriculture, Fishery and

Forestry(AFF), 1.4%

Road Transport,

78.6%

Water Transport,

7.8%

Domestic Air Transport,

2.6%

International Civil

Aviation, 11%

Railway, 0.1%

Total Consumption: 24.5 MTOE Total Consumption: 9.0 MTOE

2010 Energy Demand by Sector 2010 Transport Energy Consumption

Figure 13 Energy demand by sector

3.2.6 Others

Table 9 shows that maritime accidents in the Philippines. Though number of maritime

accidents varies from year to year, the occurrences have been flat rather than on a

downward trend. Incidents figured by cargo vessels and chemical tanker/vessels

have been recorded in Philippines, as a result, oil or HNS (Hazardous and Noxious

Substances) spillage in marine environment.


22

Table 9 Summary of Maritime Accidents in the Philippines (1995-2006)

All VESSEL TYPE 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003* 2004 2005 2006

Aground 58 19 5 42 44 21 27 22 35 48 19 21

Sunk 37 35 16 37 37 25 21 23 35 24 17 23

Collision 17 5 6 5 5 14 11 10 20 11 5 1

Caught Fire 23 6 8 9 11 7 10 15 12 7 7 8

Capsized 33 32 11 88 109 47 49 44 67 64 34 25

Missing 0 0 0 12 0 1 5 6 24 11 4 18

Drifted/Engine Trouble 13 9 9 8 0 14 17 20 37 39 12 17

Flooding 0 3 0 0 0 2 1 1 2 4 4 0

Rammed 0 10 2 6 0 3 6 5 15 5 4 1

Others 0 0 1 1 57 17 21 6 10 13 16 0

Source: Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)

Note: * The source for 2003 data is the Maritime Industry in the Philippines Databook 2005


23

3.3 On-going Environmental Actions in the Transport Sector (Completed

and On-going)

3.3.1 Master Plans

As previously discussed in chapter 1 of the report, the Philippines have either completed or

finalizing several programs that concerns transport system and the environment. The

following table presents the reports made for each of the categories.


The following presentation covers the types of actions either currently implemented or in

the pipeline to address the air quality related issues. Table 1 is specifically devoted to

issues on emission control in the road based modes.

This presentation was replicated in the succeeding tables to cover the rest of the modes

and sectors.

Category Major Plans

Transport and Environment ・ Environmentally Sustainable Transport, Strategies and Action Plans

(DOTC, DENR)

Environment ・ National Air Quality Status 2010-2011

Climate Change ・ National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022 (Office of

the President of the Philippines)

Air Pollution ・ Environmentally Sustainable Transport

Others

・ Establishment of Environmentally sustainable Transport Unit in the

DOTC

・ Climate Change Commission (CCC)


24

1. Emission control, Standards, I/M

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Adoption of EURO 4 DOTC/ DENR Nationwide adopting Euro IV

standards or specific

parameters of Euro IV

standards in 2016

Anti Smoke Belching

Campaign

DOTC-DENR-LTO and

Philippine Business for

Social Progress,

Philippine

Businessmen-Bishops'

Conference, Philippine

Business for the

Environment and

Philippine Medical

Association (PMA)

Nationwide but main

focus in Metro

Manila

Help improve air quality

and prevent further

deterioration

Increase environmental

awareness in the private

sector

Demonstrate how

business can use its

economic clout to force

proper environmental

performance.

MVIS program DOTC, LTO East Ave., Quezon

City

Old MIA Road,

Pasay City

San Fernando,

Pampanga

Mandaue City, Cebu

Alaminos, Laguna

Improve Air Quality

through abatement and

mitigation of air pollution

from mobile sources in

Philippines from ill

maintained motor vehicles

2. Vehicle Technology

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Promote operation of four

stroke tricycles

Local government Units Mandaluyong

City, San

Fernando

City

Reduce pollution from

tricycles/motorcycles

Promotion of electric vehicle,

such as electric Jeepney,

motorcycle

DOTC-DOE, Local

government Units with

assistance from World

Bank

Makati City

Mandaluyong

city

Surigao City

Mitigate pollution from motor

vehicles

3. Public Transportation

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Development of Public

Transport Planning Support

System for Metro Manila

DOTC Metro Manila Capacity Building

Rationalization of public road

transport routes

DOTC, LTFRB, LTO,

MMBOA

Metro Manila

Cebu City

Increased Efficiency of public

transport

Metro Cebu BRT

Demonstration Project

DOTC, Government of

Cebu City

Cebu City Modal shift


25

Enhancement of the Pasig

River Ferry Services

PRRC Metro Manila Modal shift

Enhance the operation of the

nautical highway (RORO

service)

DOTC, MARINA, PPA Nationwide Enhance the development

and promotion of an effective

and efficient intermodal

/multimodal transportation

network system in the

Philippines

Development of additional

urban rail services

DOTC, PNR Metro

Manila,

Panay and

Mindanao

Implement the rail network

development plan for Metro

Manila

4. Travel Demand Management

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Unified Vehicular Volume

Reduction Program (UVVRP)

MMDA Metro

Manila, the

metropolitan

area of the

country's

capital

Reduce the number of

vehicular traffic

Implement traffic

management measures such

as restoration of signalized

intersections

MMDA, LGU, DPWH Nationwide Travel time reduction

Reduce fuel consumption and

pollution emission

Travel demand management

and traffic system

management

MMDA, LGU Nationwide Travel time reduction

Reduce fuel consumption

Truck Ban MMDA, Truckers

Association

Metro Manila Traffic Efficiency

Increase utilization of

electronic payment system

(EPS)

DOTC/TRB Toll Roads Increase efficiency and

reduce vehicle congestion at

toll plaza

Pedestrianization of

commercial centers

Ayala Commercial

Center Management

Ayala-Makati

Commercial

Center

Induce walking by providing

pedestrian facilities such as

underpass and overpass with

escalators and connecting

the various malls by elevated

walkways with MRT 3 station.

5. NMT

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Develop bikeways DOTC, DILG and LGUs Marikina city,

UP

Promote bicycle usage

Conversion of roads to

pedestrian haven

UP, Marikina City Quezon City

Marikina City

Pedestrianization


26

6. Freight and logistics

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Better freight and logistics

management

DOTC, truckers assn. Nationwide Efficient goods movement

7 Cleaner fuel

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Passage of Senate Bill 2856

and House Bill 5460

Legislation Nationwide Tax subsidy for electric

vehicle and components,

manufacture and importation

Natural Gas Vehicle Program

For Public Transport

(NGVPPT) – Sixty (60) bus

units initially

DOE, NGVPPT,

Accredited Bus

Operators

Manila Promote the utilization of

compressed natural gas

(CNG) in the transport sector

in consonance with the goal

of ensuring fuel supply

diversification and supply

security

Alternative Fuel Program

Auto-LPG program for taxi

services

DOE, DOTC Nationwide Diversify the country's fuel

sources while contributing to

solutions to air pollution

caused by vehicular emission

Operation of 5,000 CNG

buses

DOTC Nationwide Promote operation of

environmentally friendly

transport services, fuel

utilization

8. Biofuel

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

The Philippine Biofuel

Program

DOE, Philippine

Coconut Authority,

National Biofuel Board,

DOE

Nationwide Promote biofuel usage

Mandatory requirement of 2%

biodiesel blend

DOE Nationwide Promote biodiesel use

Mandatory requirement of

10% ethanol blend

DOE Nationwide Promote biofuel use


27

9. Behavioral change

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Car-less day, carpooling and

anti-idling campaigns

(Voluntary program)

DOE, the industrial

establishments under

the so-called

Partnership for Energy

Responsive

Companies/Ecozones

Nationwide Promote fuel conservation

and reduce pollution and

traffic congestion

Ecosafe driving awareness

program

Honda Phils., UP and

DOTC

Metro Manila Promote fuel efficiency

Introduction of bike lanes MMDA Metro Manila Traffic efficiency and road

safety

10. Environmental monitoring

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Identify potential hotspots

and prioritize establishment

of stations

National: EMB. Local:

LGUs of HUCs

Nationwide

Identify potential staff to be

trained in the HUCs

National: EMB,

DOTC/LTO. Local: LGU

Nationwide Capacity Building

Conduct trainings (e.g. use

DENR mobile AQ monitoring

van); conduct of action

planning workshops on AQM

National: EMB,


Update of baseline roadside

noise level data by 2010

National: EMB, HLURB,

DOTC, DTI-BPS

Set up Inter Agency TWG EMB


1. Rail infrastructure

The following sections present the current problems confronting the railway sector.

The presentation is divided into infrastructure, emission control, inventory and

behavioral change or paradigm shift in favor of environmental conservation.

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

MRT/LRT Capacity

Expansion Program: Common

Ticketing System Project

DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Integrate the fare collection

system of the existing MRT 3

and LRTA railway lines


28

MRT/LRT Capacity

Expansion Program:

Privatization of LRT 1

Operation and Maintenance

DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Integrate LRT Line 1

operation and maintenance to

a private sector service

provider during the interim

period of 3-4 years

MRT/LRT Capacity

Expansion Program:

Privatization of MRT 3

Operation and Maintenance

DOTC Metro Manila Integrate MRT Line 3

operation and maintenance to

a private sector service

provider during the interim

period of 3-4 years

MRT/LRT Expansion

Program: LRT South

Extension Project

DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Extend the existing 15

kilometer LRT Line 1 system

southward to Bacoor, Cavite

by an additional 11.7

kilometers

MRT Line 2 Extension Project DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Involve the expansion,

operation, and maintenance

of the existing LRT Line 2


This section is devoted to maritime transport. Due to limited information the issues and

actions identified were classified according to emission control and standards, port

infrastructure limitation and the need to develop maritime emission inventory.

1. Emission control, standards, regulation

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Regulation of ballast water DOTC Nationwide

Utilization of port power

source

PPA Cagayan de

Oro and

other ports

2. Port infrastructure

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Clean and Green Program PPA Puerto

Princesa

Promote environmental

health and awareness in all

sectors of society

Infrastructure Facilities PPA Manila North

Harbor ,

National wide

Improve port facilities and

services that meet

international standards

Enhancement of the Pasig

River Ferry Services

PRRC Metro Manila Provide an alternative

transport route to help

decongest the perennial

traffic in Metro Manila

Enhance the operation of the MARINA Nationwide Enhance the development


29

nautical highway (RORO

service)

and promotion of an effective

and efficient intermodal

/multimodal transportation

network system in the

Philippines

Port Power Use PPA Cagayan de

Oro

Shift power use to

environmentally power

source

3. Inventory

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Creation of Environmental

Units

PPA Create new unit for the

environmental protection in

PPA

National GHG/air pollutants

emission inventory

development

DENR, DOE GHG emission inventory is for

UNFCCC

3.3.5 Air transport

The following section deals on the issues confronting the aviation sector. It presented the

on-going projects which upgrade the air terminal and runways. Due to the limited solid

waste, the actions concentrated on rain water discharge system. Noise pollution is

addressed similarly but may be on limited basis.

1. Airport infrastructure

Action Responsible

organization

Location Objectives

Promotion of Tropicalized

Airports

DOTC, CAAP Tourist areas Promote eco-airport for use

of low cost carriers (LCC)

New Bohol Airport

Development

DOTC/MIAA/CAAP Bohol Replace the existing

Tagbilaran Airport within a

230-hectare spread.

Puerto Princesa Airport DOTC/CAAP Puerto

Princesa

The development project

include: a passenger terminal

building, a control tower, an

administration & operation

building, a cargo terminal

building, a rescue & fire

fighting building, support

facilities, a new apron,

connecting taxiways, an

upgrade of the existing 2.6

km runway, and the provision

of new navigational and

traffic control equipment.

New Legaspi (Daraga)

International Airport

DOTC/CAAP Legaspi

(Daraga)

Development project

components include a

passenger terminal, cargo


30

building, control tower,

administration building, and

vehicle parking area. Airside

project components include a

runway strip, taxiway, apron,

and air traffic navigation

equipment.

Privatization of Laguindingan

Airport Operation and

Maintenance

DOTC/CAAP Laguindingan Replace the existing Lumbia

Airport in Cagayan de Oro

City and to procure necessary

equipment in order to satisfy

operational safety

requirements.

Kalibo Airport DOTC/CAAP Kalibo Expand new Kalibo Airport

Terminal Building that has

wider spaces for

pre-departing passengers

and also a spacious arrival

lobby and concession

NAIA Terminal 3 Upgrading

and Full Operationalization

DOTC/MIAA Metro Manila Conduct structural integrity

tests, and commence

negotiation for the completion

works, testing and

commissioning for full

operationalization by 2012

NEW CNS/ATM SYSTEMS

DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

DOTC/CAAP Nationwide Develop a dynamic &

integrated CNS/ATM system

suing satellite technology to

enhance safety, reliability and

efficiency of air traffic and

airspace in the Philippines

New Iloilo Airport

Development Project

DOTC/CAAP Iloilo The New Iloilo Airport‘s roof

is designed to let in light and

make full use of natural

lighting inside the terminal of

the New Iloilo Airport

Take off and landing

restriction

DOTC/CAAP Ninoy Aquino

International

Airport

Address noise pollution issue

in the vicinity of the airport


31

3.4 Issues with respect to Transport and Environment

3.4.1 Overview

The road sector is identified to have seriously caused the environmental damages

particularly in urban areas in the Philippines. Mobility in the Philippines is dominantly

served by road transport. It has a significantly high modal share in the total trips made

both in passenger (98%) and cargo (58%). Motor vehicles have been increasing

rapidly with an average annual growth rate of 6.0% in the past decade. These motor

vehicles emit vast amount of air pollutants, such as PM, SO2, NOx, CO, and CO2.

Particularly, the jeepneys are the major sources of the air pollutants. Jeepneys

accounts for 26% in modal share and 40% in ridership of public transport in Metro

Manila. They use old diesel engines, which emit more air pollutants than automobiles

with new engines. In addition the importation of second-hand engines and vehicles

further contributed to the worsening pollution from the road traffic. The car-oriented

traffic system also causes serious traffic congestions in the urban areas. Although

urban rail services such as the three LRT and MRT lines have been introduced into

Metro Manila to mitigate the traffic congestion, their modal share is still very low.

To tackle these environmental and transport problems, many measures have been

implemented, including the establishment of air pollutants emission standards for

motor vehicles, roadside anti-smoke belching campaign, inspection and maintenance

program, promotion of four stroke tricycles, introduction of electric vehicles or low

emission vehicles, investment for additional LRT and MRT lines, truck ban,

development of bikeway, introduction of CNG, LPG and biofuel. Campaigns to raise

public awareness of the harm pollution is causing people have been also implemented

such as car-less day and ecosafe-driving. Additionally the environmental standards

covering air quality and fuel were introduced. Since there was no master plan or action

plan focusing mainly on transport and environment, in 2010, the Strategies and Action

Plans were formulated under the Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST). The

report proposed many actions to mitigate environmental problems in the transport

sector covering environmental monitoring, noise management, vehicle emission

control, inspection and maintenance, cleaner fuel, public transport planning and TDM,

non-motorized transport, public health, etc. However, many of these measures have

not been implemented effectively. Limited attention has been accorded to the

environmental problems in the transport sector. The environment situation in highly

urbanized cities especially in Metro Manila has not improved remarkably.

Generally the implementation of appropriate inspection and maintenance system for

motor vehicles, the introduction of low emission vehicles, and the operation of LRT

and MRT expectedly contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions from the transport


32

sector. Also, the introduction of standards for jeepneys and other import regulation of

second hand vehicles and engines may have significant potential impacts to reduce

pollutions. However, in the Philippines, the abovementioned measures have not

worked as expected. For example, the motor vehicle inspection and maintenance

program have focus mainly on road safety such as headlights and blinkers rather than

operational performance of the vehicle, and pollution emission corrective measures.

The cleaner fuel programs such as CNG and LPG have high potential to reduce

emissions from motor vehicles, these actions have been limited so far. The modal

shifts from automobiles to public transport may not be addressed only by providing

LRT and MRT. A whole package approach including both the improvement of public

transport and demand management of private car traffic should be explored.

In maritime sector, the port service (domestic/foreign ship calls and cargo throughput)

increased by over 10% from 2009 to 2010. This leads to the sharp increase of

environmental concerns from the maritime transport. It requires the maritime

stakeholders to be more concerned with the marine environment and take necessary

actions to control marine pollution from ships to arrive at comprehensive programs to

address maritime pollution.

For example, PPA has been carrying out some improvement in managing ports. While

the Philippines has a large number of ports, as mentioned in section 3.1.3, limited

environmental actions such as ―Clean and Green Program‖ and ―Infrastructure

Facilities‖ are implemented as pilot project in cooperation with LGUs. These projects

are yet to be implemented nationwide.

The national inventory of the maritime sector has been developed under UNFCCC

guideline. However the current inventory required a certain degree of accuracy. This

activity is confronted by limited budgets and human resources for data collection and

analysis. The quality basis of the UNFCC guideline is not satisfied. On the other

hand, incidents of vessel such as cargo vessels and chemical tanker/vessels collision

have occurred in Philippines. As a result, oil or HNS (Hazardous and Noxious

Substances) are spilled, attracting serious concerns on marine environment. To avoid

these incidents and to protect marine environment, the introduction of VTMS (Vessel

Traffic Management System) and MET (Maritime Education and Training) programs

should be introduced.

Finally, in the aviation sector, both air passenger and cargo traffic have increased

rapidly. In order to correspond to this upward trend, existing airports in Philippines

have been upgraded or refurbished.

The increase of aircraft movement however, is causing environmental issues such as

climate change, air pollution, noise pollution, etc. For example, the Ninoy Aquino


33

International Airport which is located near residential areas has resulted to noise

pollutions among the residents around the airport.

To avoid and reduce these environmental issues, the implementation of a

comprehensive mitigation measures, including new navigation system, the

introduction of aircraft technologies, the promotion of eco-airport, etc. should be

seriously pursued.

The details of issues and necessary actions for each sub-sector are described in the

following sections.


34

The succeeding presentations highlight the actions pursued to address the identified issues

in the transport sector that breed serious environmental problems. The presentation is by

sector such as: road, rail, maritime and aviation with their corresponding specific

improvement measures.


Major Issues Necessary Actions

・ Increasing number of motor vehicles and ridership, that lead to

higher emissions

・ Relatively high percentage, 38%, of total GHG emissions comes

from transport sector

・ More than 90% of total air pollutant emissions (VOC, CO, NOx) in

Metro Manila are emitted by mobile sources

・ I/M, standards, emission

control, low emission

vehicles, modal shift to public

transportation, TDM, cleaner

fuel, biofuel, etc.

・ Roads are the dominant means for mobility. Very high share by

road passenger trips (98.14%) and low share by railways

(0.15%), that are causes of higher emission in transport sector

・ Travel in Metro Manila is characterized by high levels of

congestion, slow travel speeds, long journey times and limited

road capacity. (El-Hifnawi and Jenkins, 2002)

・ 30 percent of trips are less than 2 kilometers in length and these

trips are thought to be contributing to a large amount of the

congestion that leads to higher emissions. (MMUTIS, 1996)

・ Modal shift to railway or more

efficient means of

transportation, TDM

・ Utility vehicles (jeepneys) are the major source of GHG (37% of

the transport total), PM and CO

・ Around 40% of person trips in Metro Manila is done by jeepneys,

most of these have very old type diesel engines

・ Since jeepney has no sets of standard, there are many issues

concerning the safety, comfort and emissions. (Bacero and

Vergel, 2010)

・ Jeepney use second-hand engines, these are usually old,

inefficient, consume more fuel and high emitters (Kirby, et al.,

1986).

・ In 2007, based on the study conducted by UPNCTSFI, only 31 %

of the 212 in-use public utility jeepneys tested passed the

emission standard set by Department of Environment and

Natural Resources (DENR). (Bacero and Vergel, 2010)

・ Modal shift to more efficient

means of transportation,

standards, emission control,

I/M, electric vehicle, TDM etc.

・ Issuance of standards for

Customized Local Road

Vehicle(CLRV)

・ Motorcycles and tricycles are major contributors for VOC ・ Emission control, I/M

・ Electrification


35

・ Conversion of two-stroke to

four-stroke

・ Introduce electric tricycle

・ Motor vehicle inspection does not focus in operational

performance and addressing pollution (Diaz, 2001 Environmental

Policy and Road Transportation in the Philippines)

・ I/M

・ There are a total of 1.38 million motor vehicles registered in

Metro Manila; 66.3 percent of these vehicles are gas-fed while

33.7 are diesel-fed.

・ Alternative fuel such as CNG,

biofuel and electric vehicles

・ High proportion of unpaved road, only 21% of the entire road

network paved, that leads to much travel time and fuel

consumptions

・ Increase paved road to save

the travel time and fuel

consumption, emissions



・ The railway subsector plays a very small role in the inter- and

intra-urban transport of passengers. Its share in freight transport

is even more negligible.

・ Insufficient network of urban railways and lack of capacity result

in limited role in railways.

・ Connections with buses or other mode of transportations are not

sufficient enough to increase the ridership of the railways (PNR).

・ Extension and new

development of LRT and MRT

・ Enhancement of existing

railway services



・ Lack of capability to enforce maritime safety regulations,

pollution prevention. (Garcia, 2005)

・ Emission control, standards,

regulation

・ The importance of maritime education and training (MET) can not

be understated. Around 80 to 90 percent of maritime accidents

are ascribed to human error. (Baylon et al., 2012)

・ The country‘s ageing inter-island fleet consists of secondhand

vessels imported mostly from Japan. Importation of

secondhand vessels is a practice that has contributed to the

country‘s poor maritime safety record. (Garcia, 2005)

・ Upgrade of maritime schools

curricular.

・ Upgrade vessels and study

end-of-life scrapping system

・ Harbor Center only handles non-containerized cargoes.

Batangas and Subic handle very low TEU volumes. The present

・ Rationalize container terminal

utilization to decongest


36

NCR port usage has created traffic problems, adding to the

extreme congestion of Metro Manila, and a contributor to

passenger and cargo traffic as well as industrial concentration in

the capital. (Arangkada Philippines, 2010)

Manila

・ Oil spillage from ships ・ Introduce vessel traffic

management system and

maritime education and

training programme.

・ Limited emission inventory ・

3.4.5 Air transport


・ Current navigation cannot sufficiently allow efficient use of

airspace (route placement, fuel efficiency, noise abatement) .

(CAAP, 2011)

・ Airport terminal use much electricity for lighting, monito rs of

check-in counters, etc.

・ Airport infrastructure

- Tropicalized airports

・ A population of 43,300 is exposed to noise levels from 70 to

75dBA (LDN) and 161,300 from 65 to 70 dBA (LDN) due to the

noise produced by aircrafts operating at the Ninoy Aquino

International Airport. (Ernesto B. et al., 2011)

・ Airport infrastructure, Aircraft

technology, Environmental

Monitoring

・ At the Ninoy Aquino

International Airport, Runway-

1330 utilization is not allowed

from 6PM to 5AM

・ Issuance of noise standard

and regulation for air services

related noise pollution

・ Aircraft emissions produce air contaminants such as NOx, HC

and fine particulate matter (PM), which in turn can involve

broader environmental issues related to ground level ozone (O3),

acid rain and climate change, and present potential risks relating

to public health and the environment. (Popescu et al., 2011) is

still limited

・ Aircraft technology,

Environmental Monitoring,

Inventory

・ Waste water ・ All new airports are required

to put up sewerage treatment

plant

・ Ground power utilization ・ Push/pull aircraft parking is

employed

Chapter 4 Visions

Chapter 4 Visions

4.1 Visions

Paradigm Shift:

‖PRESERVING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE PASSENGER

AND GOODS MOVEMENTS PROPELLED BY CLEAN ENERGY‖

4.2 Goals

The followings are indicators and targets of characterizing vision for low-carbon and

low-pollution transport systems.(Dr. R. Regidor, UP-NCTS,2009)

4.2.1. Air Pollution Improvements Actions

・ PM10 reduction by 30% in 2011(DENR vows 30% cleaner air by 2011-Metro, The

Philippine Start August 25 2010)

・ Reduction in PM10 by around 12 to 16 tons per day due to MVIS and operation of

4 stroke by tricycles

・ Reduction in PM10 by around 11 tons per day due to Urban Rail Expansion

4.2.2. Green House Gases (GHG) Emission Mitigation

・ 10% reduction in VKT of CO2 by Public transport route rationalization (2015)

・ 30% reduction in VKT of CO2 through Demand Management Measure and

improving public transportation (2015)

・ 20% reduction in VKT of CO2 through better freight and logistics management

(2015)

・ Waste water and solid waste management at air and marine terminals

・ Rationalization of power utilization at air and marine terminals

4.2.3 Update of Noise Pollution Standard and Regulations

- Issuance of DENR Administrative Order mandating the enforcement of updated

standards and regulations of noise pollution from the transport sector

Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs

38


The NIP identified long term programs and projects. Several actions are either on their

developmental stages or are proposed to be implemented or completed beyond 2016.

These proposals either require intensive capitalization or the technology is still under

research and development (R&D) stages.

These proposals are presented in this chapter to alert the authorities of the future

actions required. The presentation is by sector, like the previous tables.

5.1 Road

5.1.1 Outline of the Actions

Pillar of measures Outline

1. Emission control, Standards,

I/M

- Establishment of Motor Vehicle Inspection System

- Improvement of vehicle inspection and maintenance system

- Regulation of secondhand vehicle

- Introduction of Jeepney standard

- Introduction of new or revised emission standards e.g. Euro4,

fuel economy, noise

2. Vehicle Technology

- Operation of fuel efficient vehicles

- Operation of vehicles using alternative fuel

- Conversion of tricycles to electric tricycles

- Operation of CNG, electric and hybrid buses

3. Public Transportation

- Operation of Bus Rapid Transit(BRT)

- Promotion of MRT, LRT, BRT

- Enhance ferry services

- Multi modal service in nautical highways

- Development of PNR commuter and inter-regional services

4. Travel demand management

- Truck Ban on certain periods of the day

- Introduction of pedestrian only streets

- Promotion of staggered work and school hours

- Development of sub-urban cities

- Vehicle ownership policy

5. NMT

- Promotion of Bikeway and installation of bike lanes

- Promotion of vehicle traffic utilization reduction campaign e.g.

car free day, mobility week


39

6. Freight and logistics - Improvement of freight transportation complex, truck terminals

and physical distribution centers

7 Cleaner fuel - Alternative fuel introduction (CNG, LPG, etc.) in the national

development plan

8. Biofuel - Alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.) in the national

development plan

9. Behavioral changes - Promotion of ecosafe-driving

10. Environmental monitoring - Introduction of environmental monitoring systems e.g. noise,

PM

11. Inventory - Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. vehicle

emission factors, registrations

12. Infrastructures

- Expansion/completion of missing road network（ ring road,

bypass) and bridges

- Restoration of signalized (vehicle actuated traffic signal

system) intersections in Metro Manila

- Grade separation at main interchanges

- Establishment of integrated and multi-modal terminals

13. Institutional/Legislative

measures

- Operationalization of People Survival Fund (PSP) for climate

change adaptation

- Operationalization of laws that legislate tax subsidies for

electric vehicle development manufacturing and importation

5.1.2 Details of the Actions (Planned/proposed)

1) Emission control, Standards, I/M

Title of action

(Implementing Agency) Description/Status

Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule

Contribution to environmental

matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Development of National

Motor Vehicle Inspection

and Maintenance

Program (DOTC/LTO)

TBD 2012

-2015 X X X

Motor Vehicle Type

Approval System Test

covering emission test

proposed in 2012 (DOTC)

Installation of Type

Approval System Center

to cover emission, tire,

and glass

X X X

Philippines

Harmonization of Vehicle

Standard and

Classification for

submission to ASEAN

(DOTC)

X X X


40

Philippines version of the

ASEAN Agreement on

Mutual Recognition of the

Vehicle Type Approval

System Arrangement for

submission to ASEAN

(DOTC)

X X X

Intensify advocacy for

conduct of Preventive

Maintenance of vehicles

X X X

Allow fleet operators, bus

corporations and

transport cooperatives

self emission test upon

presentation of

acceptable maintenance

plan/actions

X X X

Submission of annual

maintenance activities to

support application for

extension of validity of

franchise (authority)

X X X

Issue Guidelines

Requiring Commercial

Vehicles (Public

transport) to submit

Maintenance program to

support franchise

(authority) applications

X X X

Improve Private Emission

Testing Centers operation

by introducing ICT in test

result transmission

X X

Empower local

government units in anti

smoke belching

campaigns

X

Develop fuel efficiency

standards for PT

vehicles/fuel efficiency

ratings for private modes

(for PT to aid in LTFRB

fare setting)

X X

Develop vehicle

scrappage program X X

Encourage enactment of

local ordinances to

impose fees and set aside

collection as a local clean

air fund

X

Encourage creation of

LGU ASBUs with training X

2) Vehicle Technology

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Promotion of fuel efficient

passenger cars and light

commercial vehicles

X X

Development of

Standards of Customize

Local Road Vehicle

X X X


41

3) Public Transportation

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Urban Transport Program

for Highly Urbanized

Cities: Bus Rapid Transit

System (DOTC)

TBD 2012

-2016 X X X

Metro Manila BRT system

feasibility study will start

2012 X X

Revisit Organized Bus

Route System Along

EDSA

USD

802,000.

TBD

Not yet X X

Operation of CNG,

electric vehicle and

alternative fuelled public

transport services

X X

4) Travel demand management

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Implement Unified

Vehicle Volume

Reduction Program X X

Introduction of bike lanes X X X

Introduction of more toll

roads X X

Increase utilization of

electronic payment

system (EPS)

X X

5) NMT

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Introduction of bikeways x x x

Restoration of pedestrian

sidewalks x x x

Introduction of pedestrian

haven and covered

walkways

x x x


42

6) Freight and logistics

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Rationalization of

logistics

providers/operation

Issue regulations on

vehicle franchising and

registration x x

7) Cleaner fuel

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Provision of fiscal and

non-fiscal incentives for

producers and users of

cleaner fuels (National:

DOE)

X X

Incentives for assemblers

of cleaner fuel vehicle;

incentives for clean fuel

conversion/retrofit

companies) (National:

DOE, BOI, DOF)

X X

Negotiate for sources of

natural gas supply (e.g.

Malampaya or imported)

(National: DOE, BOI,

DOF)

X X

Develop standards for

LPG conversion of

tricycles (National: DOE,

BOI, DOF)

X X

Conduct of FS for

additional CNG refueling

stations (National: DOE,

DOTC)

X X

Encourage investors for

LNG terminals and

pipeline distribution

system (National: DOE,

DOTC)

X X

Promote operation of

vehicles using alternative

fuels

X X

Study feasibility of Fuel

Tax X X

Study on appropriate

fuels for

motorcycle/tricycles (e.g.

conversion of 2-stroke to

LPG) (National: DOE,

DOTC)

X X


43

8) Biofuel

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Harmonization of biofuel

blends with Euro 4

standards (National:

DOE, DOTC)

X X

Suitability of E10 to

carbureted vehicles

(National: DOE, DOTC) X X

9) Behavioral changes

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Promotion of

Ecosafe-driving X X X

Promotion to stop idling

at intersections X X

Full implementation of

People Survival Fund

(PSF)

10) Environmental monitoring

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Purchase of noise level

meters (National:


ASBU)

X

Installation of additional

Ambient Air Quality

Monitoring Network and

modernization of test

equipment (National:

EMB. Local: LGUs of

HUCs)

X

Dissemination of template

of ordinance (samples,

ex. QC) (National: EMB,

HLURB, DOTC. Local:

LGU)

X


44

11) Inventory

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Establish baseline data

for other criteria

pollutants; determine

contribution of transport

to emissions

(inventory)—emission

factor development and

AAQ modeling; source

apportionment/ speciation

(EMB)

X X


45

5.2 Railway



1. Rail infrastructure

- Urban railway network expansion

* Completion of south and west Extensions

* Completion of MRT7 and North Rail

* Metro Cebu LRT system

* Feasibility Studies of Central Visayas and Mindanao Rail

systems

* Rehabilitation of PNR South and PNR commuter service

- Railway capacity expansion

* Common Ticketing System for all Rail lines in Metro Manila

- Improvement of transport nodes

2. Inventory - Introduction of experiences and knowledge to estimate the

emissions

3. Environmental Monitoring - Introduction of environmental monitoring systems

5.2.2 Details of the Actions

1) Rail infrastructure

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Privatization of Northrail

Operation and

Management (DOTC) TBD

2012

-2015 X X

Main Line South

Upgrading/ Modernization

(DOTC/PNR) TBD

2012

-2015 X X

Mindanao Railway

System (DOTC) TBD

2012

-2016 X X

Introduction of

regenerative brake and

power inverters in the

trains to reduce power

consumption

X X

Unified Ticketing System


46

2) Inventory

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule

Contribution to environmental matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Introduction of

experiences and

knowledge to estimate

the emissions

X X

3) Environmental Monitoring

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Introduction of

environmental monitoring

systems

X X


47

5.3 Maritime



1. Emission control, standards,

regulation

- Introduction of emission standards

- Promotion of fuel switch (low sulfur)

- Regulation of secondhand vessel/ferry

2. Port infrastructure

- Improvement of cargo handling system at port

- Promotion of Onshore Power Supply (OPS)

- Improvement of port facilities

3. Inventory - Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g.

emission factors

4. Decongestion of the Manila

International Container

Terminal

- Development of programs for optimum utilization of container

terminals as Batangas and Subic Ports.

5. To introduce Energy

Efficiency Design Index

(EEDI)

-Promote power efficiency


1) Emission control, standards, regulation

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Introduction of emission

standards

Introduction of newly

emission standards X X

Regulation of

secondhand vessel/ferry

Regulation of

secondhand vessel/ferry X X

Promotion of fuel switch

(low sulfur) X


48

2) Port infrastructure

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Development of New

Cebu Port (CPA) X X

Maritime Aids to

Navigation Program

(DOTC/PCG)

X X

Solid Waste Management

System (SWMS) (PPA) X

Shore Reception Facility

(SRF) (PPA) X X X

3) Inventory

Title of action


Project

cost

Implemen

tation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollut

ants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Development of local data

in estimating emissions,

e.g. emission factors X X


49

5.4 Aviation



1. Airport infrastructure - Improvement of air traffic control system (New CNS/ATM)

- Promotion of eco-airport

2. Aircraft technology - Introduction of noise reduction technologies

3. Environmental Monitoring - Introduction of air quality monitoring at airport

4. Inventory - Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g.

emission factors


1) Airport infrastructure

Title of action


Project

cost

Implement

ation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollu

tants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Mactan-Cebu

International Airport

Development Project

(MCIAA)

TBD 2012

-2015 X X X X X

Privatization of NAIA and

DMIA Development

(DOTC/MIAA/CIAC)

TBD 2012

-2015 X X

Balabac Airport

Development Project

(DOTC) TBD

2012

-2014 X X X X X

Introduction of alternative

fuel or shift to electric, for

ramp vehicles X X

Introduction of movable

type (power supply car)

GPU.

X X X

Improvement of air traffic

control system (New

CNS/ATM) (CAAP)

X X X

Use of energy saving

lights for buildings X

Adoption of "Green

Architecture Design" in

the conceptual design

X

Use of automatic switch

for restrooms X

Optimize use of room

lights X

Full implementation of

Ground Water Sewage

System

X


50

2) Aircraft technology

Title of action


Project

cost

Implement

ation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

polluta

nts

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Introduction of noise

reduction technologies X

3) Environmental Monitoring

Title of action


Project

cost

Implement

ation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

polluta

nts

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Introduction of air quality

monitoring at airport X X

4) Inventory

Title of action


Project

cost

Implement

ation

schedule


matters

GHG

Air

pollu

tants

Noise Waste

water

Solid

waste

Development of local data

in estimating emissions,

e.g. emission factors

X X

Chapter 7 Way Forward

51

Chapter 6 Implementation Plan

6.1 Implementation bodies

The main organizations who will implement the NIP are DOTC, DENR, DOE, DTI

and MMDA/LGU. The table below shows the organizations related to the

implementation of the NIP.

In the Philippines, tricycle operations and local traffic management systems are

implemented and managed by Local Government Units (LGUs). Hence, LGUs are

listed with relative organizations that will enforce and monitor some proposals

identified in the NIP.

Presently, to optimize financial resources Public Private Partnership (PPP) in

transport investment is promoted aggressively. Further, there are private sectors

that implement mitigation and adaptation measures. Hence, like LGU the private

sectors are identified as possible implementors and may monitor the effectiveness

and results of the environmental preservation programs and projects implemented

in the country.

Table 10 Relative Organizations

Entity Policy

Regulation Operation

/Other

Functions

Remarks Economic Technical

Road Transport (Infrastructure)

DPWH x X X

TRB X X X Regulate toll roads

PNCC X Original franchisee of NLE and SLE

LGUs x X X O&M of city roads

PEA X SOE that served as joint venture partner

in R-1 Expressway

MMDA X Reviews proposed investments in its role

under a Regional Dev't. Council

Coastal Road Corp. X Project company for the R-2 Expressway

Private X Consulting & construction firms

Transport Service

DOTC x X

LTFRB X

LTO X Vehicle registration and enforce traffic

code

OTC X X For transport cooperatives only

Private X Common carriers

IMBOA, FEJODAP,

FTODAP, etc. X Transport industry associations

Traffic Management


52

MMDA x X X X Also serves as land use & transportation

coordinating body for Metro Manila

LGU x X X X

Rail Transport (Infrastructure and services)

DOTC x X X X Operates LRT3 planning and policy

formulation

PNR x X X X O&M for suburban rail

LRTA x X X X O&M for LRT1 and 2

MRTC Operate The MRT3

Private X Consulting & construction firms

6.2 Check and evaluations

6.2.1 Implementing Bodies

For transport related issues the DOTC will conduct yearly monitoring and adjust

whenever necessary the implementation of the pillar of measures of the NIP.

Pollution Emission Monitoring will be done by the Department of Environment and

National Resources. Fuel quality monitoring will be implemented by the Department

of Energy.

DOTC

DPWH

MMDA/LGU

Transport Service

Rail Transport

Infrastructure Traffic Management

Transport related issues Pollution emission Fuel quality

Monitoring Report

Implement Stage

Monitoring Stage

DOTC

DENR

DOE

Figure 14 Implementing Bodies

6.2.2 Check and Evaluation System on Vision

The DOTC being the prime agency that finalized the National Implementation Plan

(NIP), in coordination with concerned agencies and stakeholder groups, shall

operate a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system to track the implementation


53

progress of the provisions of the NIP. The NIP is presented and is expected to form

part of and the National Climate Change Action Plan of the National Framework

Strategy on Climate Change.

6.2.3 Check and Evaluation System on Environmental Actions

As per Rule VIII, Sec.1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Climate

Change Act of 2009, the provisions of this Framework and its National Climate

Change Action Plan, review is every three (3) years using a participatory evaluation

process. However, the first major evaluation period of the Philippine NIP will be

done in 2016.

Figure 15 Check / Evaluation system

6.2.4 Tool Kits potentially useful to the evaluation of the Philippines NIP


54

Chapter 7 Step 1: Evaluate the existing transport system

Chapter 8 Step 2: Develop the BAU scenario

Chapter 9 Step 3: Assessing Opportunities

Chapter 10 Step 4: Develop Alternative Scenarios

Chapter 11 Step 5: Prioritize and Plan

Chapter 12 Step 6: Implement and monitor


55

Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET)


56

Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim)


57

Other Models

Sources:

1.Mr. Caley Johnson – Sustainable Fuels & Vehicle Group Deployment & Industry

Partnership Division

2. Vehicle Cost Calculator. Compares the lifecycle costs and emissions of a vehicle over its

15 year life. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/calc/. Witt Sparks

3. Petroleum and Emission Reduction Planning (PREP) Tool. Helps fleets set petroleum

reduction goals and determine what it will take to achieve them.

https://prep.cttstest-new.nrel.gov/afdc/prep/. Witt Sparks

4. Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET)

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/calc/

https://prep.cttstest-new.nrel.gov/afdc/prep/


58

Model by Argonne National Laboratory. http://greet.es.anl.gov/. This has many fuels,

pathways, and vehicle scenarios to model. Andy Burnham (Argonne).

5. Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim). Has the capability to take

drive cycle data and vehicle characteristics (size, acceleration, coefficient of drag, etc.)

and combine them to estimate fuel use.

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/fastsim.html. Aaron Brooker.


13.1 Web based monitoring System

The Philippine NIP is a compendium of action plans of various government

agencies and best approaches implemented by local government units. In order

to ensure that the future plans of actions embodied in the NIP are implemented,

the DOTC shall head the monitoring of these activities.

As proven effective in other projects of the Philippine government, a web based

monitoring program should be developed and shall be the monitoring tool of the

NIP. Hereunder presented is the suggested format.

NIP Pillar of Measures Monitoring Report

Period: _____________

Program/Project Identified

Measures

Key

Result

Area

(KRA)

Targets Responsible

Agency/Group

Timetable Status

http://greet.es.anl.gov/

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/fastsim.html


59

13.2 Public Awareness Campaign

The DOTC as participant to the various fora on environmental conservation

activities have developed the Philippine NIP as a master list of programs and

projects envisioned to address environmental mitigation concerns and will make

copies of the NIP available both in hard and electronic copies in these venues

and to any interested parties and individuals.

To ensure effective public information dissemination of the Philippine NIP an

internet portal shall be developed. The portal will include the final version of the

NIP and the status of implementing the actions. One of the inputs will be

collected from the monitoring system similarly developed. A window shall be

provided where any visitor of the portal may register comments, improvements,

recommendations and issues on the NIP. The said information shall be

processed and if meritorious shall be included in the NIP.

In addition, during the capacity building projects of the Climate Change

Commission of the Philippines, the inter-agency meetings of the Philippine

Council for Sustainable Development and in several private sector public

awareness initiatives, presentation of the NIP coverage and proposals as

reflected in the pillar of measures shall be done.

Any result of these activities may comprise the second edition of the Philippines‘

NIP.

Appendices

60

Appendices

Existing National Roads by Surface Type, 2009 (km)

Length of National Bridges, 2009

Ridership of Road based Public Transportation

Source: MMUTIS 1996

Appendices

61

Motorized trips by mode and distance in Metro Manila (MMUTIS study area)

Predominant travel mode Total trips Trips < 2 km Percent of trips

< 2 km

Car + Utility vehicles 4,658,760 1,057,398 22.7

Tricycle-motorized 4,307,129 2,425,283 56.3

Taxi 1,152,654 184,361 16.0

Jeepney 9,574,501 3,067,772 32.0

Bus 3,034,977 126,289 4.2

Light Rail Transit (LRT) 442,164 8,108 1.8

National Railways 7,275 369 5.1

Total public 18,518,700 5,812,182 31.4

Total private 4,658,760 1,057,398 22.7

Grand total 23,177,460 6,869,580 29.6

Engines Used in Jeepneys of Metro Manila

Source: E.D.Diaz

Current situation of LRT and MRT in Metro Manila

Appendices

62

CY 2010 Cargo Throughput, Container, Passenger & Ship Calls

Source: PPA, 2010

Number of vessels in 2000

Merchant vessels 4,931

Passenger-cargo

vessels

2,297

Source: DOTC

Nautical Highway

a) Western Nautical Highway (also known as Strong Republic Nautical Highway)

• Oroquieta City-Dapitan City-Dipolog City Road

• Dipolog-Dumaguete City RORO

• Dumaguete-Samboan, Cebu RORO

• Samboan-Barili-Toledo City Road

• Toledo-San Carlos City RORO

• San Carlos- Dumaguete Road

• Dumaguete-Bacolod City Roads

- Dumaguete-Bais-Mabinay-Kabankalan-Bacolod route

- Dumaguete North Road-San Carlos Coastal-Bacolod North Road

• Bacolod-Iloilo City RORO

• Iloilo City-Caticlan (Aklan) Roads

- Iloilo City-Passi-Calinog-Ivisan-Kalibo-Nabas-Caticlan Road

Appendices

63

- Iloilo East Coast-Capiz Road

• Caticlan, Aklan-Roxas, Mindoro Oriental RORO

• Roxas-Calapan, Mindoro Oriental Road

• Calapan-Batangas City RORO

b) Central Nautical Highway

• Calinan, Davao-Buda, Bukidnon-Misamis Oriental Road

• Butuan City-Agusan del Norte-Misamis Oriental Road

• Balingoan, Misamis Oriental-Guinsiliban, Camiguin RORO

• Guinsiliban-Mambajao Road, Camiguin

• Mambajao, Camiguin-Jagna, Bohol RORO

• Jagna-Tubigon Roads, Bohol

- Bohol Circumferential Road

- [Loay Interior Road] Jagna-Sierra Bullones-Clarin-Tubigon Road

• Tubigon, Bohol-Cebu City RORO

• Cebu City-Toledo Road

• Toledo-San Carlos RORO

• San Carlos-Dumaguete Road

• Dumaguete-Samboan RORO

• Samboan-Cebu City Road

• Cebu City-San Remigio, Cebu Road

• San Remigio-Placer, Masbate RORO

• Placer, Masbate-Aroroy, Masbate Road

• Aroroy, Masbate-Boca Engano, Masbate RORO

• Boca Engano, Masbate-Claveria, Masbate Road

• Claveria, Masbate-Pantao, Albay RORO

• Claveria, Masbate-San Pascual, Masbate Road

• San Pascual, Masbate-Pasacao, Camarines Sur RORO

c) Eastern Nautical Highway

• Davao-Compostela Valley-(Alegria-Santiago, Bayugan-San

Francisco-Trento-Monkayo)-

Agusan-Surigao Road

• Surigao City-Liloan, Southern Leyte RORO

• Liloan, Southern Leyte-Naval, Biliran Highway

• Naval, Biliran-Cataingan, Masbate RORO

• Cataingan-Aroroy, Masbate Highway

Appendices

64

Aircraft Fleet in Domestic Routes

Sources: PAL, Cebu Pacific, Air Philippines

Appendices

65

Emission control, standards, I/M - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance system - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations - Introduction of 4-stroke engine - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology standard) - Lack of fuel economy target Vehicle Technology - Lack of low emission technologies (CNG, LPG, hybrid, EV, etc.)

Public Transportation - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, BRT, Bus, etc.) in urban areas - Insufficient bus lane - Inefficient transport nodes

Travel demand management - Insufficient TDM - Insufficient parking area - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass)

NMT - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week

Freight and logistics - Insufficient freight transportation complex

Cleaner fuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (CNG, LPG, etc.)

Biofuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.)

Behavioral changes - Lack of eco-driving

Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions, e.g. vehicle emission factors, registrations

Climate

Change

Increasing number

of vehicles

Increasing GHG

emissions in the road

transport sector

Increasing traffic

volume

Traffic congestion

High emission

vehicles

Inefficient driving

patterns

High proportion in the

total GHG emissions

Insufficient GHG

inventory

Environmental

problems

Current causes Issues

Current situation

Road

Appendices

66

Road

Air pollution Increasing number of vehicles

Emission control, standards, I/M - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance system - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations - Introduction of 4-stroke engine - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology standard) - Insufficient vehicle emission standard

Increasing air pollutant emissions in the transport sector Increasing traffic

volume

Traffic congestion

High emission vehicles

Inefficient driving patterns

Vehicle Technology - Lack of low emission technologies (CNG, LPG, hybrid, EV, etc.)

Public Transportation - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, BRT, Bus, etc.) in urban areas

Travel demand management - Insufficient TDM - Insufficient parking area - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass)

NMT - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week

Freight and logistics - Insufficient freight transportation complex

Cleaner fuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (CNG, LPG, etc.)

Biofuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.)


Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants emissions, e.g. vehicle emission factors, registrations

High proportion in the total air pollutants emissions

Insufficient air pollutants emissions inventory

Environmental monitoring - Insufficient monitoring stations and equipment

Insufficient monitoring

Environmental

problems

Current situation Current causes Issues

Appendices

67

Road

Noise Pollution

Increasing number of vehicles

Emission control, standards, I/M - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance system - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations - Introduction of 4-stroke engine - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology standard) - Insufficient noise standard level

Increasing noise emissions in the road transport sector

Increasing traffic volume

Traffic congestion


Inefficient driving patterns

Vehicle Technology - Lack of low noise emission technologies (EV, Hybrid, etc.)

Travel demand management - Insufficient TDM - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass)

NMT - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobi lity week

Environmental Monitoring - Lack of noise monitoring stations and equipment


High proportion in the total noise emissions

Insufficient noise pollution level

Environmental

problems


Appendices

68

Climate Change

Increasing GHG emissions in the transport sector

Traffic congestion Rail infrastructure - Insufficient network of urban railways - Lack of railway capacity (standard gauge, double truck, double-double truck, etc.) - Inefficient transport nodes - Insufficient secondhand locomotive regulations

Inventory - Lack of experiences and knowledge to estimate the emissions

Air pollution

Increasing air pollutant emissions in the transport sector

Traffic congestion


Rail infrastructure - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, etc.) in urban areas - Insufficient network of urban railways - Inefficient transport nodes - Insufficient secondhand locomotive regulations

Inventory - Lack of experiences and knowledge to estimate the emissions

Noise pollution

Increasing noise emissions in the transport sector

Traffic congestion

Rail infrastructure - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, etc.) in urban areas - Insufficient network of urban railways - Inefficient transport nodes

Environmental Monitoring - Lack of noise monitoring stations and equipment



Insufficient GHG inventory

Insufficient noise pollution level

Environmental

problems


Railway

Appendices

69

Climate Change

High emission port systems

Emission control, standards, regulation - Insufficient secondhand vessel/ferry regulations

High GHG emissions at port

High emission vessels

Port infrastructure - Insufficient cargo handling system at port - Continuous engine operating when moored - Inefficient port facilities

Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions, e.g. emission factors

Air pollution

High emission port systems

Emission control, standards, regulation - Lack of emission standard - Insufficient fuel switch (low sulfur)

High air pollutants emissions at port

High emission vessels

Port infrastructure - Insufficient cargo handling system at port - Continuous engine operating when moored - Inefficient port facilities

Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants emissions, e.g. emission factors

Waste Water Ballast water drainage

Emission control, standards, regulation - Improper ballast water treatment

Waste water emissions at port

Waste water drainage

Port infrastructure - Lack of waste water treatment facility

Insufficient GHG inventory


Environmental

problems


Maritime

Appendices

70

Climate

Change

High GHG

emissions in the

aviation transport

sector

High emission

airport systems

Airport infrastructure

- Insufficient energy saving systems e.g. eco-airport

Inventory

- Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions,

e.g. emission factors

Air pollution

High air pollution

around airport High emission

airport systems


- Airport situated in urbanized/densely populated

areas

Environmental monitoring

- Lack of air quality monitoring at airport

Inventory

- Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants

emissions, e.g. emission factors

Insufficient GHG

inventory

Insufficient air

pollutants

emissions

inventory

Environmental

problems


Aviation

Appendices

71

Noise pollution

Noise pollution

around airport High emission

airport systems


- Airport situated in urbanized/densely populated

areas

Aircraft technology

- Lack of noise reduction technologies

Waste water

Waste water

pollution around

airport

Disposal of waste

water directly to

drainage


- Insufficient treatment facilities and capacity

Solid waste

Solid waste

pollution around

airport

Improper disposal

of garbage waste


- Insufficient treatment facil ities and capacity

Environmental

problems


Aviation

References

72

References

AFD, 2010: AFD Study on Climate Change Issues and Financing Needs in the Philippines,

Agence Francaise de Development.

Angelica M Baylon et al. , 2012: The Challenges in Philippine Maritime Education and

Training.

Arangkada Philippines 2010: A Business Perspective.

AusAID, 2008: National Transport Planning and Policy, Report, The Australian Agency for

International Development.

Bacero and Vergel, 2010: Assess ment of Jeepney in Metro Manila for the Development of

Specifications and Standards, 12th WCTR, July 11 -15, 2010 – Lisbon, Portugal.

Ballesteros, Marife M., Land Use Planning in Metro Manila and the Urban Fringe,

DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2000 -20.

Baylon et al. 2012: The Challenges in Philippine Maritime Education and Training.

CAAP, 2011: ADVISORY CIRCULAR AC 08 -007.

Diaz, 2001: Environmental Policy and Road Transportation in the Philippines, National

Center for Transportation Studies. University of the Philippines.

DOE: 2010 Energy Sector Accomplishment Report.

El-Hifnawi and Jenkins, 2002: Alleviating Traffic Congestion in Manila, Appraisal of the

Pasig Expressway.

Ernesto B. et al. , 2011: The Impact of Aircraft Noise on Communit ies in the Vicinity of the

Ninoy Aquino International Airport.

Fabian and Gota, 2009: CO2 Emissions from the Land Transport Sector in the Philippines:

Estimates and Policy Implications, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the

Transportation Science Society of the Philip pines.

Francisc Popescu et al. , 2011: Direct measurements an numerical simulations issues in airport

air quality.

Garcia, 2005: Progress in the Implementat ion of the Philippine National Marine Policy: Issues

and Options.

JICA, 1996: Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study (MMUTIS).

JICA, 2007: Mega Manila Public Transport Study (MMPTS) Final Report.

Karl N. Vergel, 2004: A Study on Roadside Noise Generated by Tricycles.

Manila Observatory, 2005: Integrated Environmental Strategies Philippines Pr oject Report

Metropolitan Manila, Focus on the Transport Sector.

Michael Garcia, 2005: Progress in the Implementation of the Philippine National Marine

Policy: Issues and Options.

References

73

NCTS: Philippine Transportation Statistics, National Center for Transportati on Studies,

Philippines.

NSO, 2012: The Philippines in Figures 2012, National Statistics Office.

Popescu et al. , 2011: Direct measurements an numerical simulations issues in airport air

quality.

PPA, 2010: Annual Report 2010, Philippine Ports Authority.

Ruperto Alonzo, 2007: THE ROAD-RORO TERMINAL SYSTEM: Bicol Mainland-Masbate-Cebu

Connection.

USAID, 2007: Philippines Country Report, the United States Agency for International

Development.

World Bank, 2009: A Strategic Approach to Climate Change in the Phil ippines: An

Assessment of Low-Carbon Interventions in the Transport and Power Sectors.

Please send your comments to Mr. Arnel Manresa, DOTC Chief Road Transport

Planning Division at [email protected]

Documents

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