Philippine Nutritionenutrition.fnri.dost.gov.ph/site/uploads/2015_MATERNAL...who have provided their inputs, involvement, and contribution to the fruition of the Updating of Nutritional

Philippine Nutrition

Facts and Figures 2015

2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of

Filipino Children and Other Population Groups

MATERNAL HEALTH and NUTRITION

and INFANT and YOUNG CHILD

FEEDING SURVEYS

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Department of Science and Technology

Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila

December 2016

2

Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2015



ISSN: 2599-4484

This report summarizes the results of the Updating of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and

Other Population Groups (Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young Child Feeding

Surveys): Philippines, 2015 undertaken by the Department of Science and Technology - Food and

Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI).

Additional information about the survey may be obtained from the DOST-FNRI, DOST Compound,

Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines 1631.

Tel. Numbers.: (632) 837-20-71 local 2282/ 2296; 839-1846

Telefax: (632) 837-2934; 839-1843

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Website: www.fnri.dost.gov.ph

Recommended Citation:

Department of Science and Technology - Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI). 2016.

Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2015: Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young

Child Feeding Surveys. FNRI Bldg., DOST Compound, Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig City,

Metro Manila, Philippines.

The Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures is published by the Department of Science and

Technology- Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI).

i






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword iii

The 2015 Updating Survey Management Team iv

Acknowledgements v

List of Acronyms vi

Operational Definition of Terms vii

List of Tables ix

List of Figures xiii

List of Appendices xvi

Summary of Findings 1

1 Introduction 3

2 Methodology 4

2.1 Sampling Design 4

2.2 Scope and Coverage 4

2.3 Subjects/Respondents 4

2.4 Method of Data Collection 5

2.5 Survey Questionnaire 5

2.6 Ethical Review 5

2.7 Data Processing and Analysis 6

3 Results 7

3.1 Maternal Health and Nutrition 7

3.1.1 Nutritional Status of Mothers 7

Pregnant Women 7

Lactating Mothers 10

Non-Pregnant/ Non-Lactating Mothers 15

3.1.2 Prenatal Care 19

3.1.3 Delivery Status 36

3.1.4 Postnatal Care 45

3.1.5 Knowledge, Health-seeking Behavior and Practices 53

ii




TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.1.6 Breastfeeding/Lactation Station and Maternity Leave 62

3.1.7 Child Immunization 72

3.1.8 Health-seeking Behavior 73

3.1.9 Hygiene Practice 77

3.1.10 Childcare 79

3.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding 80

3.2.1 Current Feeding Practices 80

Trends of Current Feeding Practice 81

Initiation of Breastfeeding 82

Prelacteal Feeding 84

Exclusive Breastfeeding 88

Predominant Breastfeeding 90

Continued Breastfeeding at 1 year and at 2 years 91

Ever Breastfeeding 94

Duration of Breastfeeding 96

Bottle-feeding 100

Content of Bottles 102

Feeding of Breastmilk Substitute 103

3.2.2 Complementary Feeding 104

Introduction to Complementary Foods 104

Age-appropriate Breastfeeding 107

Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) 109

Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF) 111

Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) 113

Intake of Iron-rich Foods 115

Intake of Vitamin A-rich Fruits and Vegetables 117

Intake of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 118

4 Conclusion 121

5 References 122

6 Appendices 123

iii






FOREWORD

The Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) has been conducting Updating Surveys in-between

National Nutrition Surveys (NNS) to update the NNS data and fill-in the long gap between the five-

year survey periods. The 2015 Updating Survey is considered a mini NNS because it covered almost

all of the components of an NNS, namely, Anthropometry, Clinical and Health, Household Dietary

Consumption, Food Security, Government Program Participation, Infant and Young Child Feeding,

Maternal Health and Nutrition, and Socioeconomic except Biochemical and Individual Dietary

Components. Unlike the past Updating Surveys, the 2015 Updating Survey also covered some

Millennium Development Goal (MDG) outcomes such as maternal mortality, reproductive health, and

infant and child mortality, among others.

Since 2015 is the end line year for MDGs, the Department of Health has collaborated with the FNRI

to collect data on the MDG outcomes to assess the country’s progress towards achieving the MDGs.

The result of the 2015 Updating Survey will also serve as the baseline data for some of the

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This monograph presents the status of maternal health and nutrition (MHN) as well as the infant and

young child feeding (IYCF) practices in the country. The MHN and IYCF components of the 2015

Updating Survey used all four replicates as the sampling frame to provide better and more reliable

estimates.

Hopefully, this monograph will serve as source of information and data for both public and private

sectors in the development of programs and policies that would address health and nutrition problems

among mothers, infants, and young children.

MARIO V. CAPANZANA, Ph.D.

Director

iv




THE 2015 UPDATING SURVEY MANAGEMENT TEAM

Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Project Director

Cecilia Cristina Santos-Acuin, M.D., Ph.D.

Project Leader

FINAL REPORT WRITERS

Mildred O. Guirindola, MPS-FNP

Catherine J. Silvestre, RND

Keren Faye M. Gaya, RND

Merjurie S. Miparanum, RND

EDITOR

Mario V. Capanzana, PhD

COMPONENT STUDY LEADERS

Marina B. Vargas, PhD (Human Nutrition)

Dietary Component

Ma. Lilibeth P. Dasco, MSAN

Anthropometry Component

Mildred O. Guirindola, MPS-FNP

Maternal Health and Nutrition

and IYCF Components

Chona F. Patalen, MPH

Clinical and Health Component

Cristina G. Malabad, MSPH (Nutrition)

Food Security Component

Milagros C. Chavez

Government Programs Participation Component

(2012 to March 2016)

Charina A. Javier, MDE

Government Programs Participation Component

(April 2016 to present)

DATA MANAGEMENT

Charmaine A. Duante, MSc Epidemiology

(Public Health)

Head, Nutritional Statistics and Informatics

Team

Glen Melvin P. Gironella

Senior Statistician and SES Component Head

Ma. Lynell M. Valdeabella-Maniego

Statistician

Eldridge B. Ferrer, MSAES

Statistician

Apple Joy D. Ducay

Statistician

Jeffrey Y. De Leon, MIT

Senior Programmer and Developer of e-DCS

Mae Ann S.A. Javier

Programmer and Developer of e-DCS

v






ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Grateful acknowledgment and appreciation are due to the following:

The Department of Health (DOH), Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau, and the DOST-

Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), through the 2015

Health Systems Research Management, for funding the project titled “Evaluation of the

Attainment of Health-Related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” integrated in the

2015 Updating Survey;

The Philippine Statistics Authority (formerly National Statistics Office) for the technical assistance in

providing the list of sample housing units and sample households;

The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Local Government Units (LGUs), the

Governors, Mayors, Barangay Captains, and their constituents for providing direct assistance

in the field survey operations;

The National Nutrition Council of the Department of Health (NNC-DOH), through its Regional

Nutrition Program Coordinators (RNPCs) and Provincial/City and Municipal Nutrition Action

Officers (PNAOs/CNAOs and MNAOs), for sharing their untiring guidance and incessant

support during field data collection;

The Department of Science and Technology Regional Directors (RDs) and Provincial Science and

Technology Directors (PSTDs) for their support, especially during field data collection,

training, and pre-survey coordination in the regions/provinces;

Dr. Arturo Y. Pacificador Jr., in his capacity as statistical consultant, for the technical guidance in

sampling design;

The FNRI Finance and Administrative Division (FAD) for their invaluable assistance in the financial

aspect of the survey;

All 42,310 households and 161,577 individuals for their indispensable participation and utmost

cooperation in the survey; and

All FNRI technical and non-technical staff, local researchers, local survey aides, and numerous others

who have provided their inputs, involvement, and contribution to the fruition of the Updating

of Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and Other Population Groups: Philippines, 2015.

vi




LIST OF ACRONYMS

ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

BMI Body Mass Index

CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon

CAR Cordillera Administrative Region

CED Chronic Energy Deficiency

CI Confidence Interval

CV Coefficient of Variation

DOH Department of Health

DOST Department of Science and Technology

e-DCS electronic Data Collection System

FNRI Food and Nutrition Research Institute

IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding

LL Lower Limit

MDG Millennium Development Goals

MIMAROPA Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan

MNCHN Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition

NCR National Capital Region

NDHS National Demographic and Health Survey

NNS National Nutrition Survey

PSA Philippine Statistics Authority

SDG Sustainable Development Goals

SE Standard Error

SOCCSKSARGEN South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Saranggani, and General Santos

City

TB Tuberculosis

TBA Traditional Birth Attendant

UL Upper Limit

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

WHO World Health Organization

vii






OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Body mass index (BMI) An index of nutritional status of adults expressed as body weight in

kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. It provides a

measure of body mass, ranging from thinness to obesity. The normal

range is from 18.5 -24.9 kg/m2.

Bottle-feeding A method of feeding an infant using a bottle with artificial nipple, the

contents of which can be any type of fluid.

Breastfeeding A method of feeding an infant directly from the breast or feeding

expressed breastmilk given through a dropper, a nasogastric tube, a cup

and spoon or a bottle with nipple.

Breastmilk The human milk from a mother (RA 10028).

Breastmilk substitute Any food being marketed or otherwise represented as partial or total

replacement of breastmilk whether or not suitable for that purpose

(RA 10028).

Colostrum The first milk secreted from the breast after childbirth, usually yellowish

in color, rich in protein and antibodies for the newborn.

Complementary Foods Any food, whether manufactured or locally prepared, suitable as a

complement to breastmilk to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the

infant (EO 51).

Ever breastfed A baby who is breastfed or given expressed breastmilk through a

dropper, a nasogastric tube, a cup and spoon or a bottle with nipple at

any point in time regardless of duration.

Expressed breastmilk The human milk which has been extracted from the breast by hand or by

breast pump. It can be fed to an infant using a dropper, a nasogastric

tube, a cup and spoon or a bottle with nipple.

Feeding Practices Collective term for all feeding practices included in the study. These

include: a) exclusive breastfeeding, b) predominant breastfeeding, c)

breastfeeding plus complementary food, d) breastmilk substitute and/or

in combination with other foods, and e) regular foods without any milk.

Exclusive breastfeeding A feeding practice where the infant receives nothing else but breast milk

(including expressed breast milk or breast milk from a wet nurse) with

the exception of oral rehydration solution (ORS), drops, syrup (vitamins,

minerals and medicines) (WHO-UNICEF, 2008).

Predominant Breastfeeding A feeding practice where breast milk (including milk expressed or from

a wet nurse) is the predominant source of nourishment and certain

liquids (water, water-based fluids, fruit juice), ORS, vitamins and

medicines are allowed to be consumed (WHO-UNICEF, 2008).

Breastfeeding plus

complementary foods

A feeding practice where the infant receives breastmilk and

complementary foods.

viii




Breastmilk substitute plus

other foods

A feeding practice where the infant receives breastmilk substitute such

as formula alone or with foods.

Regular foods without any

milk

A feeding practice where the infant is no longer receiving breastmilk or

other milk but only foods from the family pot.

Lactation stations Private, clean, sanitary, and well-ventilated rooms or areas in the

workplace or public places where nursing mothers can wash up,

breastfeed or express their milk comfortably and store this afterward.

Lactation periods/breaks Break intervals granted to nursing employees in addition to the regular

time-off for meals to breastfeed or express milk.

Low birthweight infants Infants with weight at birth of less than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds).

Micronutrient

supplementation

Distribution of iron, iodine and vitamin A supplements to infants, young

children, pregnant women and lactating mothers in preventive and

curative doses (NNC, 2001).

Normal delivery The term used to mean vaginal delivery.

Nutritional status The condition of the body resulting from the intake, absorption, and

utilization of food.

Postnatal care Practices and routine care for the first six weeks after birth which is

critical to the health and survival of a mother and her newborn. The most

vulnerable time for both is during the hours and days after birth.

Prenatal or Antenatal care An indicator of access and use of health care during pregnancy. It

constitutes screening for health and socio-economic conditions likely to

increase the possibility of specific adverse pregnancy outcomes,

providing therapeutic interventions known to be effective, and educating

pregnant women about planning for safe childbirth, emergencies during

pregnancy and how to deal with them (DOH, 2008).

Skilled Birth Professional A doctor, nurse or midwife with proficiency in managing pregnancy and

childbirth including the appropriate management of complications that

might occur.

Traditional Birth

Attendants (TBA)

Independent, non-formally trained community-based providers of care

during pregnancy, childbirth, and post-partum period using conventional

method. Under MNCHN strategy, they are made part of the formal

health system as members of the community-based Women’s Health

Teams and serve as advocates for skilled professional care.

ix






LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1 Response Rate for Maternal Health and Nutrition and IYCF Surveys 4

2 Proportion of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women by socio-demographic characteristics:

Philippines, 2015

8

3 Percent distribution of lactating mothers by nutritional status and socio-demographic

characteristics: Philippines, 2015

11

4 Percent distribution of non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers with children 0-36 months by

nutritional status and socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

16

5 Proportion of mothers with at least four prenatal visits during their last/current pregnancy by

type of health facility and socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

20

6 Proportion of mothers with on time* first prenatal check-up during their last/current pregnancy

by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

22

7 Mothers’ mean age of gestation by timing of first prenatal check-up during their last/current

pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

25

8 Proportion of mothers by reason for availing of prenatal check-up during their last/current

pregnancy: Philippines, 2015 (n=8,118)

26

9 Proportion of mothers who took supplements and the type of supplements taken during their

last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

29

10 Proportion of mothers who did not take any vitamin/mineral supplement during their


31

11 Proportion of mothers by reason of not taking any vitamin/mineral supplement during their

last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2015 (n=7,963)

32

12 Proportion of mothers who took deworming drug during their last/current pregnancy by socio-

demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

33

13 Proportion of mothers by pregnancy complications experienced during their last/current

pregnancy: Philippines, 2015 (n=955)

35

14 Percent distribution of mothers by place of delivery and socio-demographic characteristics:

Philippines, 2015

39

15 Percent distribution of mothers by assistance during delivery, socio-demographic

characteristics and region: Philippines, 2015

41

16 Percent distribution of mothers by type of delivery, socio-demographic characteristics and

region: Philippines, 2015

43

17 Proportion of mothers by reason of not giving birth in a health facility during their last/current


45

18 Proportion of mothers with postnatal check-up by socio-demographic characteristics:

Philippines, 2015

45

19 Percent distribution of mothers on the timing of receiving first postnatal check-up by socio-


49

x





20 Percent distribution of mothers by intention on how to feed their child during their last/current

pregnancy and by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

55

21 Proportion of mothers by reason for breastfeeding their child: Philippines, 2015 (n=6,992) 57

22 Proportion of mothers by intended breastfeeding duration for their child: Philippines, 2015

(n=6,676)

57

23 Proportion of mothers with correct knowledge on the right duration of exclusive breastfeeding


58

24 Proportion of mothers with correct knowledge on the right timing of introduction of

complementary foods by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

60

25 Proportion of mothers by source of information on the timing, consistency, type and amount

of complementary foods given: Philippines, 2015

61

26 Proportion of mothers who were aware of breastfeeding/lactation station by socio-


62

27 Proportion of mothers who had utilized breastfeeding/lactation station by socio-demographic


64

28 Proportion of mothers who experienced different breastfeeding problems while breastfeeding

their child: Philippines, 2015

65

29 Proportion of mothers who had access to breastfeeding/lactation station in their workplace by

socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

66

30 Proportion of mothers by type of equipment available at the breastfeeding/lactation station in

their workplace: Philippines, 2015 (n=99)

67

31 Proportion of working mothers who were given maternity leave by socio-demographic


68

32 Mean duration (in months) of maternity leave availed by working mothers by socio-


70

33

Proportion of working mothers who were given maternity leave by class of work: Philippines,

2015

71

34 Mean duration (in months) of maternity leave given by class of work: Philippines, 2015 72

35 Proportion of mothers who perceived that child immunization is important by socio-


72

36 Reasons of mothers on the importance of child immunization: Philippines, 2015 (n=8,190) 73

37 Percent distribution of mothers by health-seeking behavior during illness, socio-demographic


75

38 Proportion of mothers who always practice hand-washing by socio-demographic


77

39 Primary caregiver of children 0-36 months old: Philippines, 2015 (n=7,232) 79

40 Mother’s assistant in childcare activities: Philippines, 2015 (n=7,232) 79

xi







41 Proportion of children 0-23 months old who were initiated to breastfeeding within one hour

after delivery by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=6,070)

83

42 Proportion of children 0-23 months old who were given prelacteal feeds by socio-

demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=5,773)

85

43 Proportion of children 0-23 months old by type of prelacteal feed given: Philippines, 2015

(n=1,414)

87

44 Reasons of mothers for giving prelacteal feeds: Philippines, 2015 87

45 Proportion of exclusively breastfed infants 0-5 months old by socio-demographic

characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=1,377)

89

46 Proportion of predominantly breastfed infants 0-5 months old by socio-demographic


91

47 Proportion of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year and at 2 years by socio-


92

48 Proportion of ever breastfed children 0-23 months old by socio-demographic characteristics:

Philippines, 2015 (n=5,846)

95

49 Mean duration (in months) of exclusively breastfed and ever breastfed children 0-23 months

old by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

97

50 Proportion of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old by socio-demographic characteristics:


100

51 Content of bottles* given to the child: Philippines, 2015 (n=2,994) 102

52 Type of milk given to children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 2015 103

53 Proportion of children 0-23 months old by type of milk given: Philippines, 2015 103

54 Proportion of infants 6-8 months old who were introduced to complementary foods by socio-

demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=773)

104

55 Proportion of children 0-23 months old by first food given: Philippines, 2015 106

56 Proportion of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months old by socio-demographic


107

57 Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Dietary Diversity by

breastfeeding status and socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=4,765)

109

58 Dietary Diversity Score of children 6-23 months old and their consumption by food groups:

Philippines, 2015

111

59 Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Meal Frequency by


112

60 Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Acceptable Diet by


114

61 Proportion of children 6-23 months old by intake of iron-rich foods and by socio-


116

xii





62 Proportion of children with intake of Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables by socio-


118

63 Proportion of children 0-23 months old who took vitamin and mineral supplements by socio-


119

xiii






LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 Trends in the prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk* pregnant women: Philippines, 2011-2015 7

2 Prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015 9

3 Trends in the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) and overweight/obesity

among lactating mothers: Philippines, 2011-2015

10

4 Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency among lactating mothers by region: Philippines,

2013 and 2015

13

5 Prevalence of overweight/obesity among lactating mothers by region: Philippines, 2013

and 2015

14

6 Prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency and Overweight/Obesity among non-

pregnant/non-lactating mothers by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

18

7 Proportion of mothers with at least one prenatal visit during their last/current pregnancy


19

8 Proportion of mothers with at least four prenatal visits during their last/current pregnancy

by region: Philippines, 2015

21

9 Proportion of mothers with on time* first prenatal check-up during their last/current

pregnancy: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

22

10 Proportion of mothers with on time* first prenatal check-up during their last/current

pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

24

11 Mothers’ mean age of gestation by timing of first prenatal check-up during their

last/current pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

26

12 Proportion of mothers by type of prenatal services received during their last/current


27

13 Trends in the prevalence of mothers who took supplements during their last/current

pregnancy: Philippines, 2011-2015

27

14 Vitamin and mineral supplements taken by mothers during their last/current pregnancy:

Philippines, 2013 and 2015

28

15 Proportion of mothers who took supplements during their last/current pregnancy by

region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

30

16 Proportion of mothers who did not take any vitamin/mineral supplement during their

last/current pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2015

32

17 Proportion of mothers who took deworming drug during their last/current pregnancy by


34

18 Proportion of mothers with diagnosed pregnancy complications by socio-demographic


34

19 Proportion of mothers who experienced night-blindness during their last/current


35

20 Percent distribution of mothers by place of delivery: Philippines, 2015 36

21 Proportion of mothers who delivered at home by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015 37

22 Proportion of mothers who delivered in a health facility by region: Philippines, 2013 and

2015

38

23 Percent distribution of mothers by assistance during delivery: Philippines, 2013 and 2015 40

xiv




Figure No. Title Page No.

24 Proportion of mothers with postnatal check-up by region: Philippines, 2015 46

25 Percent distribution of mothers by timing of receiving first postnatal check-up: Philippines,

2013 and 2015

47

26 Percent distribution of mothers by person who rendered postnatal care: Philippines, 2015 47

27 Proportion of mothers who did not have postnatal check-up after delivery by region:


51

28 Proportion of mothers who received postnatal check-up within 2 days after delivery by


52

29 Proportion of mothers who received postnatal check-up beyond 2 days after delivery by


53

30 Proportion of mothers with correct knowledge on the right duration of exclusive

breastfeeding by region: Philippines, 2015

59

31 Proportion of mothers with correct knowledge on the right timing of introduction of

complementary foods by region: Philippines, 2015

61

32 Proportion of mothers who were aware of breastfeeding/lactation station by region:

Philippines, 2015

63

33 Proportion of mothers who had utilized breastfeeding/lactation station by region:

Philippines, 2015

65

34 Proportion of mothers who had access to breastfeeding/lactation station in their workplace


67

35 Proportion of working mothers who were given maternity leave by region: Philippines,

2015

69

36 Mean duration (in months) of maternity leave availed by working mothers by region:

Philippines, 2015

71

37 Percent distribution of children 0-23 months old by current feeding practice and age group:

Philippines, 2015

80

38 Trends in the proportion of children 0-23 months old by feeding practice and by age group:

Philippines, 2011-2015

81

39 Trends in the proportion of children 0-23 months old who were initiated to breastfeeding

within one hour after delivery: Philippines 2011-2015

82

40 Proportion of children 0-23 months old who were initiated to breastfeeding within one hour

after delivery by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015

84

41 Proportion of children 0-23 months old who were given prelacteal feeds by region:

Philippines, 2013 & 2015

86

42 Trends in the proportion of exclusively breastfed infants 0-5 months old: Philippines,

2003-2015

88

43 Proportion of exclusively breastfed infants 0-5 months old by region: Philippines, 2013 &

2015

90

44 Trends in the proportion of predominantly breastfed infants 0-5 months old: Philippines

2011-2015

90

45 Proportion of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year by region: Philippines, 2013

& 2015

93

46 Proportion of children with continued breastfeeding at 2 years by region: Philippines, 2013

& 2015

93

xv






Figure No. Title

Page No.

47 Trends in the proportion of ever breastfed children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 2011-

2015

94

48 Proportion of ever breastfed children 0-23 months old by region: Philippines, 2013 &

2015

96

49 Trends in the mean duration (in months) of any breastfeeding and exclusive

breastfeeding: Philippines, 2011-2015

97

50 Mean duration (in months) of any breastfeeding by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015 98

51 Mean duration of exclusively breastfed children by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015 99

52 Trends in the proportion of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 2011-2015 100

53 Proportion of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015 102

54 Trends in the proportion of children 6-23 months old who were introduced to

complementary foods at 6-8 months: Philippines, 2011-2015

104

55 Proportion of infants 6-8 months old who were introduced to complementary foods by

region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015

106

56 Trends in the proportion of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months old:


107

57 Proportion of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months old by region:


108

58 Trends in the proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Dietary

Diversity: Philippines, 2011-2015

109

59 Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Dietary Diversity by


110

60 Trends in the proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Meal

Frequency: Philippines, 2011-2015

111

61 Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Meal Frequency by


113

62 Trends in the proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Acceptable

Diet: Philippines, 2011-2015

114

63 Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Acceptable Diet by


115

64 Proportion of children 6-23 months old by intake of iron-rich foods and by region:


117

65 Proportion of children 0-23 months old who took vitamin and mineral supplements by


120

xvi




LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix No. Title Page No.

1 Questionnaire for mothers with youngest child, 0-36 months and pregnant women

(Booklet 3)

123

2 Questionnaire for children 0-23 months (Booklet 4A) 136

3 Maternal Tables 140

3a Proportion of mothers with at least one prenatal visit during their last/current

pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics and region: Philippines, 2015

140

3b Proportion of mothers by type of prenatal services received during their last/current


141

3c Proportion of mothers by type of supplements taken during their last/current


141

3d Proportion of mothers with diagnosed pregnancy complications by socio-demographic


142

3e Proportion of mothers who experienced night-blindness during pregnancy by socio-

demographic characteristics and region: Philippines, 2015

143

3f Percent distribution of mothers on the timing of receiving first postnatal check-up by

socio-demographic characteristics and by region: Philippines, 2015

144

3g Percent distribution of mothers on the person who rendered postnatal care by socio-


148

3h Proportion of mothers who perceived that child immunization is important by region:

Philippines, 2015

152

4 IYCF Tables 153

4a Percent distribution of children 0-23 months old by feeding practice and by age group:

Philippines, 2015

153

4b Trends of feeding practice among children 0-23 months old by age group: Philippines,

2015

154

4c Percent distribution of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year (12-15 months

old) and at 2 years (20-23 months old) by socio demographic characteristics and by


155

1






SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This monograph covers the result of maternal health and nutrition (MHN) and infant and young child

feeding (IYCF) components of the “2015 Updating of the Nutritional Status of Filipino Children and

other Population Groups.” Some of the findings of the maternal component on antenatal care and birth

delivery are the end result of the country’s Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 targets and can

be used as baseline for the country’s Sustainable Development Goals.


Results of the 2015 Updating Survey show that the MDG indicators to improve maternal health in the

country were not achieved. MDG indicators with accomplishments below targets need to be

prioritized in the next planning cycle for the Sustainable Development Goals.

Prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women barely improved for the past five years. The most

affected were teen mothers who were mostly single, with lower educational attainment, non-working,

and from the poorest quintile. Among lactating mothers, a significant increase in chronic energy

deficiency (CED) (11.9% vs. 13.6%) and overweight/obesity (17.7% vs. 22.4%) was noted from 2011

to 2015. Among those who were most affected by CED were the adult mothers, widowed, no grade

level completed, non-working, from urban areas and in the middle quintile. As expected, overweight

and obesity were more common among adult mothers, with higher educational attainment, working,

from urban areas, and in the richest quintile.

Prenatal services were mostly availed of by adult mothers with higher educational attainment and

wealth quintile, working and living in urban areas. In terms of delivery status, a significant increase in

home deliveries (18.7% vs. 21.7%) and a significant decline in health facility deliveries (81.3% vs.

78.0%) were observed between 2013 and 2015 surveys. Also, there was a significant decline in the

deliveries assisted by skilled birth professional from 2013 to 2015 (90.2% vs. 83.4%). Conversely,

postnatal services were mostly availed of by teen mothers, as well as those who were working,

residing in urban areas, with higher education attainment, or classified in the higher wealth quintiles.

Adult mothers with higher educational attainment, working, and belonging to the richest quintile were

more knowledgeable on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the right timing of introducing

complementary feeding.

In terms of health-seeking behavior and hygiene practice of mothers, one out of two mothers

preferred to self-medicate by buying over-the-counter drugs while eight to nine out of 10 mothers

always practice hand-washing in their daily activities.

The establishment of breastfeeding/lactation station is one of the initiatives not only by the

government but also of private establishments to address mothers’ need to express their milk when

they are away from home or in their place of work. In this survey, only three out of ten mothers were

aware of breastfeeding/lactation stations while only one out of ten utilized it.

2




In terms of maternity leave, a higher proportion of working mothers from the government sector was

granted with maternity leave compared to those from the private sector; however the mean duration of

maternity leave was shorter among the government employees than for those in private companies.

Among the regions, ARMM, MIMAROPA, and SOCCSKSARGEN were observed to be lagging

behind other regions when it comes to access to maternal health services.

Infant and Young Child Feeding

There was no particular pattern of changes observed in the infant and young child feeding practices

compared to 2013 survey. Some indicators like breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding

worsened while other indicators improved such as continued breastfeeding of the child at 1 and 2

years, and complementary feeding. Timely breastfeeding initiation decreased significantly from

77.1% to 65.1% while exclusive breastfeeding slightly declined from 52.3% to 48.8%. On the other

hand, the percentage of infants who were given breastmilk substitutes decreased from 39.3 to 32.5%

and at the same time, intake of regular food without any milk also declined from 7.3% to 5.7%.

The number of children who continue to breastfeed at 1 year significantly increased from 48.4% to

52.3% while an increased from 27.6% to 32.7% was reported among children who continue to

breastfeed at 2 years. These results suggest longer duration of breastfeeding, which also reflect the

slight improvement on both exclusive and any breastfeeding duration.

The improvement in the results of complementary feeding indicators was commendable since this

implies an improvement in diet quality and quantity of children as measured by Minimum Acceptable

Diet (MAD), which is the result of the combination of meeting Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD)

and Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF).

The number of children 6-23 months who met the MDD almost doubled from 15.5% in 2013 to

29.2% in 2015. Although the proportion is still small compared to the number of children at risk for

malnutrition and stunting, the significant increase in this indicator suggests that children in this age

group received at least four food groups from the seven food groups set by the WHO and gradually

had better intake of complementary foods with optimum quality.

However, the percentage of children meeting the MMF or those who were fed in adequate frequency

set by WHO decreased slightly from 94.1% to 91.7%. Nevertheless, the number of children meeting

the MAD still increased significantly from 6.4% in 2013 to 18.6% in 2015.

3






1. INTRODUCTION

Maternal Health and Nutrition (MHN) and Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) have been

included as components in the FNRI surveys since the 2011 Updating Survey. The IYCF survey

results of NNS and Updating Survey of DOST-FNRI are designated official statistics of the country

based on National Statistics Coordination Board Resolution series of 2011 (Appendix 5). The MHN

results, although not designated official statistics, are being used in identifying the progress of

national and local government programs on maternal health and nutrition and in analyzing the in-

depth causes of malnutrition based on the concept of the first 1000 days. This monograph presents

the result of the 2015 Updating Survey of both components in the country.

The Philippines together with other nations stand at the historic crossroads in 2015 as the Millennium

Development Goals (MDG) have come to an end. The global community aspires to achieve a new set

of goals to ensure a sustainable future by 2030. Reflecting on the MDGs, the Sustainable

Developments Goals (SDGs) also known as Global Goals were created. SDG 3 entitled “Ensure

healthy lives and promote well -being for all at all ages” embodies the global health goal (UN, 2015).

The results covered in this monograph will serve as the springboard for the next fifteen years targeting

national issues on MHN and IYCF.

Pregnancy and infancy are critically important periods and are inextricably related to one another. The

health and well-being of a mother is associated with the growth and health of her child. Poor maternal

health condition put the mother and the baby at risk and leads to negative pregnancy outcomes (WHO,

2009). The devastating impact of malnutrition during pregnancy spans generations, as they are more

likely to give birth to undernourished children. The lack of nutrition in the early life of a child can

lead to physical and mental deficiencies that are permanent and irreversible. Children with limited

cognitive and motor skills are at risk of neurological problems, poor academic achievements, poor

school attendance, and unemployment, contributing to the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition and

poverty (Young, 2014). Thus, the right nutrition during the first 1,000 days starting from conception

to child birth and her child’s second birthday has a profound impact on the country’s long term health,

stability, and prosperous future.

During pregnancy, it is essential that women have access to quality antenatal care, well balanced diet,

and vitamins and mineral supplements. The Department of Health (2011) recommends that a mother

should have at least four prenatal care visits during pregnancy and postnatal care within 24 hours after

giving birth (and additional three postnatal care on the third day [within 48 to 72 hours after birth],

between 7 to 14 days, and six weeks after birth). This is to ensure proper care was observed among

mothers and to prevent pregnancy-related complications.

Appropriate feeding practices are major contributor to lower infant mortality and morbidity. The

WHO and UNICEF (2003) strongly recommend early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive

breastfeeding from birth until the infant is six months old, and continued breastfeeding along with

appropriate complementary foods from 6 months up to 2 years and beyond. However in 2015,

declined rate was observed in the prevalence of exclusively breastfed infants, implying that a majority

of Filipino children do not receive complementary foods that are adequate and of good nutritional

quality.

The findings reported in this monograph highlight the progress of the country’s effort in achieving the

aspiring goals set out in MDG and in improving the status of MHN and IYCF as well as the remaining

gaps that needs to be prioritized. This will serve as a guide in improving nutrition sensitive

interventions and existing policies on MHN and IYCF to ensure that no Filipino mothers and children

will be left behind by 2030 and for the years to come.

4




2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Sampling Design

The 2015 Updating Survey adopted the Master Sample (MS) developed by the Philippine Statistics

Authority (PSA). The MS is a multi-stage stratified sampling design where the first stratification was

based on the country’s 17 administrative regions as the primary sampling domain or primary strata.

The MS has four replicates which was utilized for the MHN and IYCF where each replicate is capable

of providing national estimates with adequate precision.

Sub-strata were created from the provinces, highly urbanized cities, and component cities. A province

is the largest unit in the political structure of the Philippines, consists of varying numbers of

municipalities and component cities depending on geographic size. A city can be classified as highly

urbanized if the minimum population is 200,000 with the minimum latest annual income of PhP50 M

($1.07M). A component city does not meet the criteria of a highly urbanized city or an independent

city and is categorized under the province in which they are geographically located. From each of the

sub-stratum, primary sampling units (PSUs) were generated, which is defined as a barangay or

contiguous barangay with at least 500 households, which is a combination of urban and rural. From

these PSUs, enumeration areas (EAs) were drawn consisting of 150 to 200 households. The third and

final stage of sampling was the selection of households from the EAs as the ultimate sampling units

where the subject will come from.

2.2 Scope and Coverage

The 2015 Updating Survey data collection was divided into three (3) phases. The first phase was

conducted in the National Capital Region (NCR) from July to August 2015. Luzon comprised the

second phase of the survey which was covered from August to September 2015. Longer duration was

allotted to the third phase of the survey to cover areas both in the Visayas and Mindanao from

September to November 2015.

Table 1. Response Rate for Maternal Health and Nutrition and IYCF Surveys

Component Sample size Response (%)

Infant and Young Child Feeding 6,142 92.3


Non-pregnant/non-lactating with at

least 1 child 0-36 months 7,164 91.5

Pregnant with at least 1 child 0-36

months 489 99.0

Pregnant with 1st child 976 91.1

2.3 Subjects/Respondents

For the Maternal Health and Nutrition Survey, respondents were all biological mothers with the

youngest child 0-36 months. Mothers came from randomly selected households regardless of whether

the mother was pregnant, lactating or non-pregnant/non-lactating at the time of the survey.

For Infant and Young Child Feeding Survey, all children 0-23 months from the randomly-selected

households were subjects. If there was more than one child aged 0-23 months in the household, all

were included as subjects. The child’s food intake the previous day was determined using 24-hour

food recall which was provided by the mother or the child’s primary caregiver. To capture the target

5






population of children who were still breastfed beyond 24 months, the age range for children to be

included in the sample was extended to 36 months.

2.4 Method of Data Collection


Data on maternal and child health and nutrition practices such as pre-natal care, nutrition counseling,

pregnancy complications, micronutrient supplementation, and post-natal care were collected through

face-to-face interview using an electronic data collection system (e-DCS). Questions on mother’s

awareness and utilization of maternity leave, lactation station, and lactation breaks were also included

as well as questions on knowledge and practices on breastfeeding and complementary feeding, child’s

immunization, attitude and willingness on maternal and child health care, mother’s health-seeking

behaviors and practices, hygienic practices, childcare practices, and feeding practices.

One day 24-hour food recall was also administered to the mothers to determine the variety and

diversity of maternal food intake.

Infant and Young Child Feeding

For Infant and Young Child Feeding data, face-to-face interview using e-DCS was done among

mothers or primary caregivers of the 0-23 month-old children in sampled households. Intake of the

child the previous day and night was determined using 24-hr food recall form and summarized into a

checklist form to determine the dietary diversity score (DDS) which was later encoded in the e-DCS.

For all the components, data collection was implemented nationwide from July to November 2015

involving approximately 230 researchers.

2.5 Survey Questionnaire

A pretested 15-page questionnaire (Booklet 3) was used to collect information on maternal health and

nutrition (Appendix1). Likewise, a pretested 6-page questionnaire (Booklet 4-Form 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5)

was used to collect information for children 0-23 months old (Appendix 2).

2.6 Ethical Review

The 2015 Updating Survey was granted approval by the FNRI Institutional Ethics and Review

Committee.

Written consent to participate in the Updating Survey was obtained from the respondents and subjects

(through the mother or guardian for children < 7 years old and below) prior to the interview and other

measurements. An informed assent form was also obtained from children 7-15 years old. In addition

to individual consent, there was also a household consent form accomplished by the head of the

household to secure the household’s approval to participate in the survey (see copy of consent form in

the 2015 Updating Survey Overview Facts and Figures Appendices).

6




NSCB/PSA Review and Approval

PSA granted clearance for the 2015 Updating Survey Questionnaire Booklet 3 – Mothers with

Youngest Child 0-36 Months and Pregnant Women with NSCB Approval No. FNRI-1534-03, and

Booklet 4 – Children 0-23 Months with NSCB Approval No. FNRI-1534-04.

2.7 Data Processing and Analysis

The collected information was organized and validated to check for incorrect inputs, double entries,

and possible outliers. Analysis was done using STATA version 13.0. Statistical analyses included

frequencies and cross tabulations as well as descriptive statistics such as weighted means, median, and

confidence intervals.

7






3. RESULTS

3.1 Maternal Health and Nutrition

Mothers in the survey were classified as: (1) non-pregnant/non-lactating mother with children 0-36

months; (2) lactating mother with children 0-36 months; (3) pregnant mother either first time

pregnant, pregnant with child under 36 months, and pregnant mother with child beyond 36 months.

3.1.1 Nutritional Status of Mothers

Pregnant Women

Figure 1. Trends in the prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk* pregnant women: Philippines,

2011-2015

Figure 1 shows that the prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women barely decreased from

25.0% in 2011 to 24.7% in 2015.

Table 2 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women. There

were significantly more teenage pregnant women (<20 years old) (39.6%, CI: 33.1, 46.4) who were

nutritionally-at-risk than adult women (≥20 years old) ([21.9%, CI: 19.5, 24.6], p=<0.0001). Single

mothers (33.3%) and those with four to five children (26.6%) tend to be more nutritionally-at-risk

than those who were married (18.3%) and with only two to three children (17.3%). Mothers with

lower educational attainment were more likely to be nutritionally-at-risk than mothers with higher

education. Non-working pregnant mothers (26.4%) and those who live in urban areas (24.8%) were

more nutritionally-at-risk compared to their counterparts who were working (17.9%) and those from

rural areas (23.8%). Mothers from poorest households (29.7%) were more nutritionally-at-risk

compared to mothers who belong to the rich (22.1%) and richest (18.6%) quintiles.

25.0

24.8 24.7

0

10

20

30

40

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

*(Magbitang, 1988)

8




Table 2. Proportion of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women by socio-demographic


Characteristics n

Nutritionally at risk*

(%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Philippines 1491 24.7 22.2 27.1

Mother's Age

<20 years old 230 39.6 33.1 46.4

20 years old above 1225 21.9 19.5 24.6

Mother's Civil Status

Single 174 33.3 25.9 41.6

Married 732 18.3 15.5 21.5

Widowed 7 10.4 1.3 49.4

Separated 21 32.9 15.9 56.1

Live-in 521 28.9 25.0 33.1

Parity

1 333 22.7 18.4 27.8

2-3 405 17.3 13.8 21.4

4-5 159 26.6 19.2 35.7

≥6 90 18.1 11.4 27.6

Educational Attainment

No Grade Completed 15 49.0 23.7 74.9

Elementary Undergraduate 135 30.5 22.5 40.0

Elementary Graduate 150 18.3 12.8 25.5

High School Undergraduate 325 24.3 19.9 29.4

High School Graduate 453 28.6 24.4 33.1

Vocational Undergraduate 16 27.7 10.3 55.9

Vocational Graduate 65 19.8 10.6 34.0

College Undergraduate 138 20.8 14.4 29.1

College Graduate 152 15.0 9.9 22.1

Working Status

Not working 1129 26.4 23.6 29.3

Working 326 17.9 14.0 22.7

Type of residence

Rural 883 23.8 20.9 27.0

Urban 572 24.8 21.2 28.8

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 375 29.7 24.8 35.1

Poor 367 24.4 20.0 29.5

Middle 308 24.1 19.5 29.4

Rich 234 22.1 17.0 28.1

Richest 171 18.6 13.0 26.0

*Based on Magbitang et al. (1988) classification

9






At the national level, prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women slightly declined from 2013

to 2015 (24.8% vs. 24.7%) (Figure 2). By region, MIMAROPA (35.1%), Western Visayas (31.5%),

and Zamboanga Peninsula (29.6%) had the highest rates of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women

compared with the national estimate in 2015 while Ilocos Region (14.4%), Northern Mindanao

(15.4%), and ARMM (19.5%) had the lowest rates.

Figure 2. Prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women by region: Philippines, 2013

and 2015

28.3

19.5

23.1

25.1

15.4

29.6

23.4

27.0

31.5

27.6

35.1

26.6

23.2

21.5

14.4

22.1

20.8

24.7

14.7

24.3

20.8

32.0

24.1

28.5

12.6

22.7

32.4

33.0

29.5

28.0

16.5

33.6

21.4

18.6

23.1

24.8

0 10 20 30 40 50

2013

2015

PROPORTION

10




*2011 – Lactating mothers with children 0-5 years old **2013 & 2015 – Lactating mothers

Lactating Mothers

Figure 3 shows that among lactating mothers, CED and overweight/obesity increased significantly

between 2011 and 2015 ([11.9% vs. 13.6%, p=0.0302] and [17.7% vs. 22.4%, p=<0.0001],

respectively) but not significantly between 2013 and 2015 ([12.5% vs. 13.6%] and [21.7% vs. 22.4%],

respectively).

Figure 3. Trends in the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) and

overweight/obesity among lactating mothers: Philippines, 2011-2015

Table 3 illustrates the nutritional status of lactating mothers according to their socio-demographic

characteristics. CED was more prevalent among adult (13.5%) than teenage mothers (11.6%). There

was also a higher rate of CED among widowed mothers (17.1%) compared to married (12.0%) and

separated mothers (14.1%). In terms of educational status, CED was highest among mothers with no

grade level completed (21.4%) and vocational graduates (16.0%) while lowest among college

graduates (7.5%) and vocational undergraduates (11.5%). Non-working mothers (14.0%) were more

at-risk for CED compared to their working counterparts (10.2%). Mothers in urban areas (13.9%) and

those in the middle quintile (15.8%) were also more likely to have CED than mothers in rural areas

(13.1%) and those in the richest quintile (10.1%).

In terms of overweight/obesity, a significantly higher prevalence was noted among adult (23.2%, CI:

21.7, 24.7) than teenage mothers (10.7%, CI: 7.6, 14.9) (p=<0.0001). Widowed mothers (31.8%)

were also more overweight/obese than single mothers (18.7%) and mothers with live-in partners

(19.3%). In terms of parity, prevalence of overweight/obesity increased with increasing number of

children. Likewise, overweight/obesity was more prevalent among mothers with higher educational

attainment compared to those with lower education. Working mothers (29.8%) were more likely to

become overweight/obese than their non-working counterparts (20.9%). Mothers residing in urban

areas (25.2%) were observed to be more overweight/obese compared to their counterparts in rural

areas (20.3%). Mothers in the richest quintile (32.9%) were more at-risk to overweight/obesity than

mothers belonging to the poorest quintiles (16.5%).

17.7

21.7 22.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

Overweight/Obesity

11.9 12.5 13.6

0

5

10

15

20

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

Chronic Energy Deficiency

11

Ph

ilipp

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Table 3. Percent distribution of lactating mothers by nutritional status and socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

Characteristics n

CED/Low BMI Normal Overweight/ Obese

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.

Philippines 4005 13.6 12.3 14.8 64.0 62.5 65.6 22.4 21.0 23.8

Mother's Age

<20 years old 297 11.6 8.3 16.1 77.6 72.2 82.2 10.7 7.6 14.9

20 years old above 3543 13.5 12.3 14.8 63.3 61.6 65.0 23.2 21.7 24.7


Single 317 15.2 11.4 19.9 66.1 60.2 71.6 18.7 14.5 23.6

Married 2296 12.0 10.6 13.6 63.5 61.4 65.7 24.5 22.6 26.4

Widowed 24 17.1 6.5 38.0 51.1 30.6 71.3 31.8 15.4 54.5

Separated 67 14.1 7.8 24.4 63.9 51.0 75.1 22.0 13.0 34.7

Live-in 1135 15.4 13.3 17.8 65.3 62.3 68.2 19.3 16.9 21.9

Parity

1 960 14.9 12.6 17.5 68.1 64.9 71.2 17.0 14.7 19.7

2-3 1545 13.9 12.1 15.9 63.0 60.4 65.5 23.1 20.9 25.5

4-5 801 10.8 8.8 13.3 63.9 60.4 67.3 25.2 22.2 28.5

≥6 526 12.5 9.8 15.8 61.8 57.3 66.2 25.7 21.9 29.8


No Grade Completed 67 21.4 10.9 37.6 68.1 53.9 79.6 10.5 5.1 20.5

Elementary Undergraduate 465 14.2 11.3 17.7 65.7 61.1 70.0 20.1 16.3 24.5

Elementary Graduate 403 13.4 10.2 17.4 64.1 59.1 68.8 22.5 18.5 27.0

High School Undergraduate 764 13.1 10.7 15.8 63.6 59.8 67.2 23.3 20.3 26.6

High School Graduate 1242 14.2 12.2 16.5 65.5 62.7 68.3 20.3 17.9 22.8

Vocational Undergraduate 39 11.5 4.5 26.3 69.0 51.8 82.1 19.5 9.2 36.7

Vocational Graduate 165 16.0 10.7 23.1 58.5 50.3 66.2 25.6 19.0 33.5

College Undergraduate 384 13.5 10.1 17.8 61.6 56.2 66.7 24.9 20.6 29.8

College Graduate 305 7.5 5.0 11.2 64.0 58.2 69.5 28.4 23.5 34.0

12

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Characteristics n


(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.


Working Status

Not working 3200 14.0 12.8 15.4 65.1 63.3 66.8 20.9 19.4 22.4

Working 638 10.2 7.8 13.1 60.0 55.9 64.1 29.8 26.0 33.8

Type of residence

Rural 2492 13.1 11.6 14.7 66.7 64.7 68.6 20.3 18.6 22.0

Urban 1348 13.9 12.0 16.0 60.9 58.2 63.5 25.2 22.9 27.7

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1243 15.0 12.9 17.4 68.5 65.7 71.1 16.5 14.5 18.8

Poor 997 12.4 10.4 14.7 66.8 63.6 69.9 20.8 18.3 23.6

Middle 729 15.8 13.0 19.1 59.9 56.0 63.7 24.3 21.2 27.7

Rich 521 11.3 8.7 14.6 63.3 58.9 67.5 25.4 21.7 29.5

Richest 347 10.1 7.2 13.9 57.0 51.3 62.6 32.9 27.9 38.3

13




Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2015 Across regions (Figure 4), prevalence of CED lactating mothers in 2015 was highest in MIMAROPA

(18.4%), Ilocos Region (18.3%), and Western Visayas (17.9%) and lowest in CAR (6.9%), Northern

Mindanao (7.2%), and Caraga (9.3%). The prevalence of CED was significantly higher in Western

Visayas (17.9%, CI: 13.5, 23.5) compared to the Philippine average (13.6%, CI: 12.3, 14.8)

(p=0.0350). On the other hand, prevalence in CAR ([6.9%, CI: 4.1, 11.3], p=0.0077) and in Northern

Mindanao ([7.2%, CI: 3.7, 13.7], p=0.0175) was significantly lower compared to the national

estimate. A significant increase was noted in NCR between 2013 and 2015 (7.8%, CI: 3.3, 12.3 vs.

15.8%, CI: 12.0, 20.6) (p=0.0104).

Figure 4. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency among lactating mothers by region:


Results in 2015 showed that the regions with the highest prevalence of overweight/obese lactating

mothers were NCR (30.7%), CAR (30.7%), and Northern Mindanao (28.4%) while Bicol (13.3%),

MIMAROPA (17.0%), and Western Visayas (17.3%) were the regions with the lowest proportions

(Figure 5). Regions with significantly higher prevalence than the national average (22.4%, CI: 21.0,

23.8) were NCR ([30.7%, CI: 25.6, 36.3], p=0.0022) and CAR ([30.7%, CI: 24.4, 37.8], p=0.0075)

while the regions with significantly lower prevalence than the national average were Bicol Region

([13.3%, CI: 9.6, 18.1], p=0.0003) and Western Visayas ([17.3%, CI: 13.3, 22.3], p=0.0369). In

9.3

10.9

12.5

9.7

7.2

11.8

10.8

10.5

17.9

14.7

18.4

10.8

17.8

15.9

18.3

6.9

15.8

13.6

8.8

16.6

14.4

14.8

4.0

8.7

11.7

9.4

16.6

14.9

19.9

14.1

13.8

13.0

15.8

6.2

7.8

12.5

0 10 20 30

2013

2015

PROPORTION

14




comparison with the 2013 survey results, a significant decrease was noted in Bicol Region (22.3%,

CI: 16.0, 28.6 vs. 13.3%, CI: 9.6, 18.1) (p=0.0096) in 2015.

Figure 5. Prevalence of overweight/obesity among lactating mothers by region:


25.1

24.4

17.8

24.9

28.4

20.5

24

22.6

17.3

13.3

17

23.4

18.8

22.3

21.4

30.7

30.7

22.4

26.1

17.5

21.5

19.1

32.4

26.2

19.5

19.5

11.9

22.3

11.4

19.9

25.5

14.2

16.5

29.9

32.3

21.7

0 10 20 30 40

20132015PROPORTION

15




Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2015 Non-pregnant/Non-lactating Mothers

At the national level, prevalence of CED among mothers who were not pregnant nor lactating but with

children 0-36 months old was at 10.8% (Table 4). By socio-demographic characteristics, the

prevalence of CED was higher among teenage (13.0%) than adult mothers (10.7%). Single mothers

(16.4%) and those with only one child (14.6%) were more at-risk to CED than married mothers

(8.8%) and those with four to five children (6.8%). Elementary (13.7%) and high school graduate

(12.7%) mothers had higher percentage of having CED compared to college graduate (6.7%) and

vocational undergraduate (8.6%) mothers. A higher proportion of CED was also noted among non-

working mothers (12.5%) and those who live in rural areas (11.0%) than their counterparts who were

working (7.5%) and those who reside in urban areas (10.7%). By wealth quintile, there was a

decreasing proportion of CED as wealth increased. Mothers who belonged to the poorest (14.3%) and

middle (14.3%) quintiles were more at-risk to CED than the richest quintile (5.3%).

In the Philippines, approximately three out of 10 mothers (27.7%) were overweight/obese. A higher

proportion was observed among non-pregnant/non-lactating adult mothers (28.1%) and those who

were married (31.4%) than among teen mothers (17.4%) and those who were single (18.9%). By

parity, the trend of overweight/obesity was directly related to the number of children. Mothers with

only one child (24.3%) had the lowest proportion of overweight/obesity while mothers with six or

more children (33.8%) had the highest proportion. In terms of educational attainment, mothers who

had no grade completed (37.9%) and those who graduated from college (33.6%) had the highest

proportion of overweight/obesity while the lowest proportion was seen among mothers who were

elementary undergraduates (24.7%) and high school graduates (24.9%). Mothers who were working

(30.7%) were more likely to become overweight/obese compared to their non-working (26.2%)

counterpart. By residence, mothers who reside in urban areas (30.2%) had higher prevalence of

overweight/obesity than their counterpart who reside in rural areas (24.5%). By wealth quintile, there

was an increase in overweight/obesity with wealth quintile. Mothers in the richest quintile (34.1%)

had the highest prevalence while the lowest prevalence was in the poorest quintile (18.9%).

16

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Table 4. Percent distribution of non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers with children 0-36 months by nutritional status and socio-demographic


Characteristics n


(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.


Philippines 3218 10.8 9.7 12.0 61.5 59.7 63.3 27.7 26.1 29.3

Mother's Age

<20 years old 143 13.0 8.4 19.6 69.7 60.4 77.5 17.4 11.4 25.5

20 years old above 3075 10.7 9.6 12.0 61.2 59.4 63.0 28.1 26.4 29.8


Single 332 16.4 12.5 21.3 64.6 58.8 70.1 18.9 14.7 24.1

Married 1933 8.8 7.5 10.2 59.8 57.5 62.1 31.4 29.3 33.6

Widowed 30 10.1 2.8 30.4 64.1 46.0 78.9 25.8 13.6 43.5

Separated 81 12.2 6.7 21.1 63.7 51.6 74.3 24.1 16.0 34.7

Live-in 842 13.0 10.8 15.5 63.7 60.2 67.0 23.4 20.5 26.5

Parity

1 1008 14.6 12.5 17.1 61.1 57.8 64.2 24.3 21.5 27.3

2-3 1290 9.6 8.0 11.4 63.6 60.7 66.4 26.8 24.4 29.4

4-5 563 6.8 5.0 9.2 60.5 56.0 64.7 32.8 28.7 37.1

≥6 337 10.4 7.5 14.2 55.8 50.0 61.5 33.8 28.6 39.5





High School Undergraduate

474 9.7 7.2 12.8 60.5 55.7 65.1 29.8 25.7 34.3






17

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Characteristics n


(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.


Working Status

Not working 2215 12.5 11.1 14.0 61.3 59.2 63.4 26.2 24.3 28.2

Working 1003 7.5 5.9 9.4 61.9 58.6 65.1 30.7 27.7 33.8

Type of residence

Rural 1709 11.0 9.6 12.7 64.5 62.0 66.8 24.5 22.4 26.7

Urban 1509 10.7 9.1 12.4 59.1 56.5 61.7 30.2 27.8 32.7

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 681 14.3 11.8 17.3 66.8 62.9 70.4 18.9 16.1 22.2

Poor 670 13.0 10.5 15.9 63.7 59.8 67.5 23.3 20.0 27.0

Middle 623 14.3 11.7 17.4 59.3 55.1 63.3 26.4 22.8 30.4

Rich 642 8.7 6.6 11.2 58.3 54.0 62.3 33.1 29.3 37.1

Richest 599 5.3 3.7 7.5 60.7 56.6 64.6 34.1 30.3 38.0

18




Figure 6 shows that the prevalence of CED among non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers was highest in

Bicol Region (17.8%), MIMAROPA (15.7%), and Ilocos Region (14.2%). Among these three

regions, only Bicol Region (17.8%, CI: 13.5, 23.2) had significantly higher prevalence compared to

the national estimate (10.8%, CI: 9.7, 12.0) (p=0.0016). Regions with the lowest proportions of CED

were seen in CAR (4.3%), ARMM (5.9%), and Central Luzon (7.2%). Regions CAR ([4.3%, CI: 1.7,

10.2], p=0.0272) and ARMM ([5.9%, CI: 3.2, 10.8], p=0.0439) had significantly lower prevalence

than the national average. In comparison with the 2013 survey, there was a significant increase in

CED in Bicol Region ([8.1%, CI: 4.2, 12.0] vs. [17.8%, CI: 13.5, 23.2], p=0.0043) and a significant

decrease in Central Luzon ([16.3%, CI: 11.8, 20.8] vs. [7.2%, CI: 4.8, 10.7], p=0.0006) in 2015.

Figure 6. Prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency and Overweight/Obesity among non-

pregnant/non-lactating mothers by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

Regions with the highest proportions of overweight/obesity among non-pregnant/non-lactating

mothers were in NCR (34.3%), ARMM (32.5%), and Northern Mindanao (31.2%) whereas the lowest

proportions were in MIMAROPA (18.4%), Bicol (19.9%), Caraga (22.3%), and Eastern Visayas

(22.3%). Notably, NCR ([34.3%, CI: 29.5, 39.6], p=0.0077) had significantly higher proportions of

overweight/obesity than the national average (27.7%, CI: 26.1, 29.3) while Bicol ([19.9%, CI: 15.1,

25.7], p=0.0126) had significantly lower proportions compared to the Philippine average. Only

Caraga had a significant decline in the prevalence of overweight/obesity among non-pregnant/non-

lactating mothers between 2013 and 2015 ([26.1%, CI: 18.4, 33.8] vs. [22.3%, CI: 17.2, 28.3],

p=0.0155).

19





3.1.2 Prenatal Care

Figure 7 shows that in the Philippines, almost all mothers had at least one prenatal visit during their

last/current pregnancy. Slightly higher proportion of adult mothers (95.3%) had at least one prenatal

visit than teenage mothers (94.6%). In terms of parity, a decreasing proportion of mothers with at least

one prenatal visit was noted with increasing number of children. Mothers living in urban areas

(96.7%) and in the richest quintile (98.9%) had higher proportions of having at least one prenatal visit

as compared to those residing in rural areas (94.0%) and in the poorest quintile (89.5%).

Figure 7. Proportion of mothers with at least one prenatal visit during their last/current


Based on the minimum of four prenatal care, regardless of birth attendant, about eight out of 10

mothers or 75.8% had at least four prenatal check-ups during their last or current pregnancy (Table 5).

By age group, a higher percentage of adult mothers (76.7%) had at least four prenatal check-ups than

teenage mothers (63.5%). Mothers with live-in partners (76.6%) and those who were married (76.2%)

had the highest proportions of having at least four prenatal visits compared to those who were

separated to their husbands (69.6%). A decreasing proportion of mothers with at least four prenatal

check-ups was observed as their children increased in number. On the other hand, the percentage of

mothers having at least four prenatal check-ups increased with increasing educational attainment and

wealth status. Working mothers (79.3%) and those who were living in urban areas (79.6%) had higher

proportions of availing at least four prenatal check-ups as compared to their non-working counterparts

(74.7%) and from rural areas (72.4%). The highest proportion of mothers who had at least four

prenatal visits availed their prenatal care in a private hospital/clinic (86.9%) while the lowest

proportion availed prenatal care at home (61.0%) through midwife visits.

95.3 94.6 95.3 97.2 96.5 93.9 88.9

94.0 96.7 89.5

95.0 96.6 98.1 98.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

Phil. <20 ≥20 1 2-3 4-5 ≥6 Rural Urban PoorestPoor Middle RichRichest

Perc

en

t (%

)

Age Parity Residence Location

Wealth Quintile

20




Table 5. Proportion of mothers with at least four prenatal visits during their last/current

pregnancy by type of health facility and socio-demographic characteristics:

Philippines, 2015

Characteristics n (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8322 75.8 74.7 76.9

Mother's Age

<20 years old 652 63.5 59.6 67.4

20 years old above 7670 76.7 75.5 77.8


Single 802 72.8 69.4 75.9

Married 4846 76.2 74.8 77.5

Widowed 61 75.1 60.2 85.8

Separated 167 69.6 62.1 76.2

Live-in 2445 76.6 74.6 78.4

Parity

1 2260 81.1 79.3 82.7

2-3 3163 79.8 78.1 81.4

4-5 1483 73.6 71.0 76.0

≥6 936 63.2 59.8 66.5











Working Status

Not working 6398 74.7 73.5 75.9

Working 1922 79.3 77.2 81.2

Type of residence

Rural 4992 72.4 70.8 73.9

Urban 3330 79.6 77.9 81.2

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2253 63.6 61.0 66.0

Poor 1993 72.7 70.6 74.8

Middle 1627 77.5 75.1 79.8

Rich 1366 82.3 80.1 84.4

Richest 1076 88.5 86.3 90.3

Place of Visit

At Home 63 61.0 41.3 77.7

Government Hospital 925 80.1 77.2 82.8

Rural/ Urban Health Center 3121 77.9 76.2 79.5

Barangay Health Station 2412 77.8 76.0 79.5

Private Hospital/Clinic 1313 86.9 84.9 88.7

NGO-based Hospital/Clinic 12 84.8 53.1 96.5

Industry-based Hospital/Clinic 17 81.9 55.5 94.2

21





At the regional level (Figure 8), the highest proportions of mothers with at least four prenatal visits

were noted in Central Visayas (85.8%, CI: 82.6, 88.5), CALABARZON (82.6%, CI: 79.6, 85.2), and

Western Visayas (82.5%, CI: 78.3, 86.0). These regions also had significantly higher proportions than

the national estimate (75.8%, CI: 74.7, 76.9) (p=<0.0001, <0.0001 and 0.0003, respectively).

Meanwhile the lowest proportions were observed in ARMM (39.7%, CI: 33.9, 45.8),

SOCCSKSARGEN (63.2%, CI: 57.4, 68.7), and MIMAROPA (64.8%, CI: 74.7, 76.9) which also had

lower proportions than the Philippine average (p=<0.0001).

Figure 8. Proportion of mothers with at least four prenatal visits during their last/current

pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2015

Although not statistically significant (p=0.2499), percentage of mothers with on time first prenatal

check-up slightly increased from 68.6% in 2013 to 69.5% in 2015 (Figure 9).

82.0

39.7

63.2

79.7

81.5

78.1

75.2

85.8

82.5

67.1

64.8

82.6

77.7

72.0

77.1

81.1

80.0

75.8

0 25 50 75 100

PROPORTION

22




Figure 9. Proportion of mothers with on time* first prenatal check-up during their

last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

Table 6 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of mothers with prenatal check-up on-time

which is within the first trimester of their last or current pregnancy. By age group, adult mothers

(70.1%, CI: 68.8, 71.3) had significantly higher proportion of early prenatal check-up compared to

teenage mothers (61.4%, CI: 57.2, 65.4) (p=<0.0001). Married mothers (72.4%) and those with two to

three children (74.1%) had higher proportions of timely first prenatal check-up compared to their

counterparts who were single (59.2%) and those with more than six children (57.0%). An increasing

proportion of mothers who have had first prenatal check-up on-time was observed as educational

attainment and wealth status increased. Working mothers (75.2%) and those who were living in urban

areas (70.0%) were noted to have higher proportions of timely first prenatal check-up as compared to

their counterparts who were non-working (67.7%) and living in rural areas (69.1%).

Table 6. Proportion of mothers with on time* first prenatal check-up during their



L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8007 69.5 68.3 70.7

Mother's Age

<20 years old 618 61.4 57.2 65.4

20 years old above 7389 70.1 68.8 71.3


Single 781 59.2 55.4 62.8

Married 4635 72.4 70.9 73.9

Widowed 55 69.9 56.3 80.7

Separated 157 63.8 55.7 71.2

Live-in 2378 68.0 65.8 70.2

Parity

1 2224 70.3 68.2 72.3

2-3 3092 74.1 72.3 75.9

4-5 1406 63.3 60.5 66.0

≥6 847 57.0 53.5 60.5

68.6 69.5

0

20

40

60

80

2013 2015

Pe

rce

nt

(%)

*within 3 months or first trimester of pregnancy

23






L.L. U.L.











Working Status

Not working 6141 67.7 66.2 69.1

Working 1864 75.2 72.9 77.3

Type of residence

Rural 4750 69.1 67.5 70.6

Urban 3257 70.0 68.1 71.8

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2041 63.9 61.5 66.2

Poor 1918 65.2 62.8 67.6

Middle 1593 68.0 65.5 70.5

Rich 1358 72.5 69.7 75.2

Richest 1091 81.2 78.5 83.5

By region (Figure 10), Western Visayas (75.1%), Cagayan Valley (73.9%), and CALABARZON

(71.6%) had the highest proportions of mothers who have had timely prenatal check-up in 2015 while

the lowest proportions were seen in MIMAROPA (61.5%), ARMM (64.9%), and SOCCSKSARGEN

(65.3%). Western Visayas (75.1%, CI: 70.9, 78.9) was noted to have a significantly higher proportion

than the national estimate (69.5%, CI: 68.3, 70.7) (p=0.0062) while MIMAROPA (61.5%, CI: 54.6,

68.1), ARMM (64.9%, CI: 58.9, 70.6) and Central Visayas (65.4%, CI: 61.0, 69.5) were the regions

with significantly lower proportions than the national average (p=0.0063, 0.0487 and 0.0444,

respectively).

Proportion of mothers with timely prenatal check-up significantly increased between 2013 and 2015

in Bicol ([62.5%, CI: 57.2, 67.9] vs. [69.6%, CI: 65.5, 73.5], p=0.0183), Eastern Visayas ([59.0%, CI:

53.7, 64.3] vs. [66.1%, CI: 61.1, 70.8], p=0.0321), Northern Mindanao ([63.1%, CI: 57.6, 68.7] vs.

[71.0%, CI: 65.2, 76.1], p=0.0276), and ARMM ([53.9%, CI: 47.1, 60.7] vs. [64.9%, CI: 58.9, 70.6],

p=0.0079).


24




Figure 10. Proportion of mothers with on time* first prenatal check-up during their


Table 7 shows that the mean month of first prenatal check-up was at 3.3 months which was within the

DOH recommended timing. By socio-demographic characteristics, adult pregnant mothers (3.2

months), married mothers (3.2 months), and mothers with 2-3 children (3.1 months) had first prenatal

check-up earlier compared to teenage mothers (3.6 months), single mothers (3.6 months), and those

with more than six children (3.7 months). Mothers with no grade level completed (3.8 months), those

who were not working (3.3 months) and those who were in the poorest quintile (3.5 months) had

prenatal check-up at a later time than college graduate mothers (2.6 months), those who were working

(3.0 months) and mothers belonging to the richest quintile (2.7 months).

67.4

64.9

65.3

68.6

71.0

70.5

66.1

65.4

75.1

69.6

61.5

71.6

70.5

73.9

70.7

68.4

70.1

69.5

64.8

53.9

63.3

66.6

63.1

65.1

59.0

64.9

71.5

62.5

60.4

72.7

71.7

69.3

75.5

68.7

74.7

68.6

0 25 50 75 100

20132015

PROPORTION


25





Table 7. Mothers’ mean age of gestation by timing of first prenatal check-up during their


Characteristics n Mean 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8007 3.3 3.2 3.3

Mother's Age

<20 years old 618 3.6 3.5 3.8

20 years old above 7389 3.2 3.2 3.3


Single 781 3.6 3.5 3.7

Married 4635 3.2 3.1 3.2

Widowed 55 3.4 2.9 3.8

Separated 157 3.4 3.1 3.7

Live-in 2378 3.3 3.2 3.4

Parity

1 2224 3.2 3.1 3.3

2-3 3092 3.1 3.1 3.2

4-5 1406 3.5 3.4 3.6

≥6 847 3.7 3.6 3.8











Working Status

Not working 6141 3.3 3.3 3.4

Working 1864 3.0 2.9 3.1

Type of residence

Rural 4750 3.3 3.2 3.3

Urban 3257 3.3 3.2 3.3

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2041 3.5 3.4 3.6

Poor 1918 3.4 3.3 3.5

Middle 1593 3.4 3.3 3.5

Rich 1358 3.1 3.0 3.2

Richest 1091 2.7 2.6 2.8

The mean age of gestation when first prenatal check-up was availed barely increased from 3.1 months

to 3.3 months (Figure 11). Across regions, mothers in Cagayan Valley (3.0 months) and Western

Visayas (3.1 months) had the earliest prenatal check-up while mothers in ARMM (3.6 months) and

MIMAROPA (3.5 months) had the latest. There was no significant change noted on the timing of first

prenatal check-up between 2013 and 2015.

26




Figure 11. Mothers’ mean age of gestation by timing of first prenatal check-up during their


Mothers revealed that the main reasons they availed of prenatal check-up (Table 8) were to have a

healthy pregnancy (69.0%) and to avoid pregnancy complications (46.9%) while for some mothers,

the prenatal visit was to confirm their pregnancy (26.6%).

Table 8. Proportion of mothers by reason for availing of prenatal check-up during their

last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2015 (n=8118)

Reason for availing prenatal check-up* (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

To have healthy pregnancy 69.0 67.7 70.1

To avoid pregnancy complications 46.9 45.5 48.3

To confirm pregnancy 26.6 25.3 27.9

To receive micronutrient supplement 7.0 6.4 7.7

To monitor weight gain 6.8 6.1 7.5

To check blood pressure 6.5 5.9 7.2

To get advice on proper diet 2.7 2.3 3.1

To have blood test 2.1 1.7 2.5

To get advice on breastfeeding and complementary feeding

1.7 1.3 2.1

*Multiple-response question

3.3

3.6

3.3

3.2

3.2

3.2

3.3

3.3

3.1

3.4

3.5

3.2

3.2

3.0

3.2

3.2

3.3

3.3

3.3

3.7

3.3

3.2

3.3

3.3

3.4

3.3

3.0

3.3

3.3

2.9

2.9

3.0

2.9

3.1

2.8

3.1

0 1 2 3 4 5

2013

2015PREVALENCE

27





Figure 12 shows that most mothers were monitored for their blood pressure (94.5%) and weight

(94.3%) during their prenatal check-up. Other mothers were given micronutrient supplementation

(83.2%) and tetanus toxoid vaccine shots (76.3%). Some mothers were measured for their height

(72.8%) while 58.9% had undergone urinalysis and counseling on health and nutrition (52.0%).

Figure 12. Proportion of mothers by type of prenatal services received during their

last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2015 (n=8,118)

Figure 13 shows a significant decrease in the prevalence of mothers who took any vitamin or mineral

supplements between 2011 and 2013 (86.2% vs. 84.5%, p=0.0016). The prevalence remained the

same from 2013 to 2015 at 84.5% but the decrease from 2011 to 2015 was significant (86.2% vs.

84.5%, p=0.0007).

Figure 13. Trends in the prevalence of mothers who took supplements during their

last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2011-2015

51.0

53.3

52.0

58.9

72.8

76.3

83.2

94.3

94.5

0 25 50 75 100

Ultrasound

Blood test

Counseling on health/nutrition

Urinalysis

Height measurement

Tetanus toxoid vaccine

Micronutrient supplementation

Weight monitoring

Blood pressure measurement

Percent (%)

86.2 84.5 84.5

0

20

40

60

80

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

28




In 2015, mothers reported that about nine out of ten (86.9%) took any iron supplement while

approximately three out of ten (25.5%) received any folic acid supplement (Figure 14). These

proportions were slightly higher than the proportions in 2013 (84.9% and 24.2%, respectively).

Consumption of iron (66.4%), folic acid (5.3%), multivitamins (8.4%), and single vitamin (6.4%)

supplements had improved from 2013 to 2015 (75.1%, 12.8%, 20.7%, and 9.8%, respectively).

However the consumption of iron-folic acid combinations declined from the past two survey periods

(19.1% vs. 13.1%).

Figure 14. Vitamin and mineral supplements taken by mothers during their last/current

pregnancy: Philippines, 2013 and 2015.

Table 9 shows the proportion of mothers who took any vitamin or mineral supplements and the

different types of supplements they had taken during their last/current pregnancy. In general, the

highest proportion of mothers who took any vitamin or mineral supplements were the adult mothers,

those with live-in partners, mothers with only one child, those who were working, those who were

college graduates, mothers in the richest quintile, and those who were living in rural areas.

By type of supplements taken, the highest consumption of folic acid or any folic acid supplement,

iron-folic acid, multivitamins, and single vitamin was observed among mothers who were adult, with

only one child, college graduates, working, residing in urban areas, and belonged to the richest

quintile. Meanwhile, the highest proportion of mothers who consumed ferrous sulfate/iron or any iron

supplement were mothers who were teenagers, had more than six children, with no grade completed,

not working, lived in rural areas and belonged to the poorest quintile. By civil status, mothers with

live-in partners had the highest proportion of consuming any vitamin or mineral supplements. Single

mothers consumed more folic acid or any folic acid supplement, iron-folic acid and multivitamins

while married women had the highest consumption of any iron supplement. Ferrous sulfate/iron

supplement was consumed more by mothers who were already separated.

84.9

24.2

66.4

19.1

5.3 8.4 6.4

86.9

25.5

75.1

13.1 12.8 20.7

9.8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Any Iron Any FolicAcid

Iron Iron-folic Acid Folic Acid Multivitamins SingleVitamin

Perc

en

t (%

)

2013

2015

29





Table 9. Proportion of mothers who took supplements and the type of supplements taken

during their last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics:

Philippines, 2015

Characteristics Took

Supplements

Any

Iron

Any

Folic

Ferrous

Sulfate

Folic

Acid

Iron-

folic

Multi-

vitamins

Single

Vitamin

Mother's Age

<20 years old 79.1 87.3 21.7 76.9 10.7 11.5 19.8 8.0

20 years old above 84.8 86.9 25.8 75.0 13.0 13.3 20.7 9.9


Single 84.2 85.2 29.5 71.9 14.9 15.0 23.0 9.9

Married 84.4 87.2 25.6 75.2 12.9 13.2 20.2 10.5

Widowed 78.4 84.0 24.8 70.7 11.5 13.3 17.9 6.5

Separated 79.1 86.0 19.0 79.2 11.2 7.8 21.2 4.6

Live-in 85.0 87.1 24.5 75.7 12.2 12.9 20.9 8.7

Parity

1 87.6 84.5 30.3 72.4 16.9 14.0 22.9 11.6

2-3 85.7 87.6 25.3 75.7 12.5 13.1 21.1 10.2

4-5 83.2 89.9 19.1 79.4 8.3 11.1 15.9 6.2

≥6 78.3 91.4 17.6 80.8 6.6 11.4 13.2 4.8


No Grade Completed 40.0 95.9 5.5 90.4 - 5.5 3.8 4.8

Elementary Undergraduate 71.6 92.7 14.6 82.1 3.4 11.1 9.6 3.8

Elementary Graduate 82.5 90.5 14.7 81.2 5.1 9.6 14.1 4.0

High School Undergraduate 82.2 90.8 16.6 81.9 6.7 10.2 15.5 4.0

High School Graduate 86.5 87.7 23.5 76.2 11.5 12.4 20.3 7.6

Vocational Undergraduate 90.7 80.9 33.5 71.2 22.2 12.8 25.9 12.5

Vocational Graduate 90.1 83.1 37.8 68.1 21.1 17.6 25.4 14.5

College Undergraduate 88.5 85.9 31.9 72.4 16.7 15.8 27.1 15.9

College Graduate 90.8 76.7 45.5 60.2 28.0 18.6 32.4 22.9

Working Status

Not working 84.4 87.9 23.9 76.4 11.4 12.9 19.4 8.7

Working 84.7 84.0 30.6 71.1 17.4 14.0 24.4 12.9

Type of residence

Rural 84.7 89.0 20.9 77.7 9.0 12.1 16.7 6.0

Urban 84.2 84.7 30.5 72.2 17.0 14.3 25.0 13.9

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 77.4 93.3 13.5 84.2 4.0 9.5 11.1 2.5

Poor 84.5 89.5 17.5 78.8 6.7 11.2 15.8 6.1

Middle 86.1 87.1 24.0 75.6 11.6 12.7 20.8 8.9

Rich 86.5 85.0 32.9 70.8 17.4 16.4 25.5 11.8

Richest 90.1 77.6 44.6 62.9 28.2 17.2 33.7 22.2

By region (Figure 15), the highest proportion of mothers who took supplements were in CAR (94.0%,

CI: 91.0, 96.1), Western Visayas (93.8%, CI: 91.4, 95.6), and Central Visayas (92.9%, CI: 90.3, 94.9).

These regions also had significantly higher proportions compared to the national estimate ([84.5%,

CI: 83.4, 85.4], p=<0.0001). The lowest proportions and also with significantly lower estimates than

30




the national average were in ARMM ([52.5%, CI: 46.2, 58.7], p=<0.0001), NCR ([78.2%, CI: 74.4,

81.5], p=<0.0001) and SOCCSKSARGEN ([79.1%, CI: 73.1, 84.0], p=0.0033).

Proportion of mothers who took supplements significantly increased in Central Visayas (87.2% vs.

92.9%, p=0.0024), Eastern Visayas (85.8% vs. 91.1%, p=0.0120), CAR (84.4% vs. 94.0%,

p=<0.0001), and CALABARZON (76.7% vs. 86.3%, p=<0.0001) between 2013 and 2015 while

proportions in NCR (89.2% vs. 78.2%, p=<0.0001) and ARMM (84.1% vs. 52.5%, p=0.0323) had

significantly decreased between the two survey periods.

Figure 15. Proportion of mothers who took supplements during their last/current

pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

Table 10 illustrates the proportion of mothers who did not take any vitamin/mineral supplement all

throughout their last/current pregnancy. A higher proportion of teenage mothers (20.9%), widowed

(21.6%) and with more than six children (21.7%) did not consume any vitamin/mineral supplement

than adult mothers (15.2%), those who had live-in partners (15.0%) and with only one child (12.4%).

A decreasing proportion of mothers who did not take any supplements was observed with increasing

level of education and wealth quintile. Non-working mothers (15.6%) and those who lived in urban

areas (15.8%) had slightly higher proportions of not consuming any vitamin/mineral supplements than

working mothers (15.3%) and those who were in rural areas (15.3%).

88.6

52.5

79.1

90.5

88.5

87.4

91.1

92.9

93.8

83.1

83.0

86.3

84.8

89.7

88.6

94.0

78.2

84.5

60.2

84.1

83.9

87.5

88.4

83.2

85.8

87.2

91.3

86.0

81.8

76.7

83.2

87.5

88.3

84.4

89.2

84.5

0 25 50 75 100

20132015PROPORTION

31





Table 10. Proportion of mothers who did not take any vitamin/mineral supplement during

their last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines,

2015


L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8526 15.5 14.6 16.6

Mother's Age

<20 years old 669 20.9 17.5 24.7

20 years old above 7857 15.2 14.2 16.2


Single 826 15.8 13.3 18.7

Married 4968 15.6 14.3 16.9

Widowed 61 21.6 11.2 37.6

Separated 170 20.9 14.6 28.8

Live-in 2500 15.0 13.4 16.7

Parity

1 2307 12.4 10.9 14.0

2-3 3244 14.3 13.0 15.7

4-5 1520 16.8 14.8 18.9

≥6 958 21.7 18.9 24.8











Working Status

Not working 6552 15.6 14.5 16.7

Working 1972 15.3 13.7 17.1

Type of residence

Rural 5094 15.3 14.0 16.6

Urban 3432 15.8 14.4 17.4

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2299 22.6 20.6 24.9

Poor 2038 15.5 13.6 17.6

Middle 1662 13.9 12.0 16.0

Rich 1399 13.5 11.6 15.6

Richest 1121 9.9 8.0 12.1

By region (Figure 16), the highest proportions of mothers who did not take any vitamin/mineral

supplements were noted in ARMM (47.5%), NCR (21.8%) and SOCCSKSARGEN (20.9%) while the

lowest proportions were in CAR (6.0%), Western Visayas (6.2%) and Central Visayas (7.1%).

32




Figure 16. Proportion of mothers who did not take any vitamin/mineral supplement during

their last/current pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2015

Most mothers reported that the main reasons they did not take any vitamin/mineral supplements were

because they did not have money to buy vitamins (2.9%), they did not like the taste of it (2.8%), and

taking vitamin/mineral supplements was not important (1.6%). Some mothers said that there was no

available vitamins for free (1.5%) or had ran out of stock (0.4%) (Table 11).

Table 11. Proportion of mothers by reason of not taking any vitamin/mineral supplement

during their last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2015 (n=7,963)

Reason (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

No money to buy vitamins 2.9 2.5 3.4

Does not like the taste 2.8 2.3 3.3

It is not important 1.6 1.2 2.2

No available vitamins for free 1.5 1.2 1.9

Ran out of stock 0.4 0.2 0.6

Table 12 presents the proportion of mothers who took deworming drug during their last/current

pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics. Overall, only 3.1% of the mothers had taken

deworming drug during their last/current pregnancy. A higher proportion of teenage mothers (3.9%)

had been dewormed compared to adult mothers (3.1%). Mothers with two or more children had higher

proportions of taking deworming drug than mothers with only one child. Elementary undergraduates

(4.5%) had the highest proportion of mothers who consumed deworming drug while the vocational

11.4

47.5

20.9

9.5

11.5

12.6

8.9

7.1

6.2

16.9

17.0

13.7

15.2

10.3

11.4

6.0

21.8

15.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

PROPORTION

33





graduates (1.6%) had the lowest. Non-working mothers (3.2%), urban dwelling mothers (3.2%), and

mothers from the poorest quintile (3.5%) had higher proportions of taking deworming drugs than their

counterparts who were working (2.8%), in rural areas (3.1%), and in the richest quintile (2.6%).

Table 12. Proportion of mothers who took deworming drug during their last/current



L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8210 3.1 2.7 3.6

Mother's Age

<20 years old 667 3.9 2.4 6.0

20 years old above 7818 3.1 2.7 3.6


Single 821 3.7 2.4 5.4

Married 4942 2.9 2.4 3.5

Widowed 61 4.4 1.3 14.1

Separated 168 2.0 0.7 5.7

Live-in 2492 3.4 2.7 4.4

Parity

1 2296 3.0 2.3 3.9

2-3 3232 3.3 2.6 4.1

4-5 1510 3.1 2.4 4.2

≥6 954 3.3 2.3 4.5











Working Status

Not working 6518 3.2 2.7 3.8

Working 1965 2.8 2.1 3.7

Type of residence

Rural 5071 3.1 2.6 3.7

Urban 3414 3.2 2.6 4.0

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2290 3.5 2.7 4.4

Poor 2029 3.3 2.6 4.3

Middle 1657 2.8 2.1 3.8

Rich 1386 3.2 2.2 4.6

Richest 1116 2.6 1.7 3.9

At the regional level (Figure 17), the highest proportions of mothers who had been dewormed during

their last/current pregnancy were in Davao Region (13.0%), CAR (7.9%) and SOCCSKSARGEN

(6.0%) while the lowest proportions were in Central Luzon (0.6%), Bicol Region (1.1%), ARMM

(1.1%) and Ilocos Region (1.4%).

34




Figure 17. Proportion of mothers who took deworming drug during their last/current

pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2015

Figure 18 shows that there were more teenage mothers (13.5%) with diagnosed pregnancy

complications than adult mothers (12.2%). By parity, mothers with only one child (14.1%) had the

highest proportion of pregnancy complications as diagnosed by health professionals whereas mothers

with four to five children (9.2%) had the lowest. An increasing proportion of mothers with diagnosed

pregnancy complications was noted with increasing wealth status. Mothers in urban areas (13.9%) had

a higher proportion of pregnancy complications than those who lived in rural areas (10.7%).

Figure 18. Proportion of mothers with diagnosed pregnancy complications by socio-


3.1

1.1

6.0

13.0

2.9

2.2

1.8

3.6

2.9

1.1

2.2

1.5

0.6

2.4

1.4

7.9

5.4

3.1

0 5 10 15

13.5 12.2

14.1 12.3

9.2

12.9

10.7

13.9

9.4 11.1

12.7

15.0 14.1

0

5

10

15

20

<20 ≥20 1 2-3 4-5 ≥6 Rural Urban Poorest Poor Middle Rich Richest

Pe

rce

nt

(%)

Age Parity Residence Location Wealth Quintile

PREVALENCE

35





Hypertension (20.2%) was the most common pregnancy complication experienced by mothers during

their last/current pregnancy (Table 13), followed by diabetes (5.9%), asthma (3.8%), goiter (2.4%),

heart disease (2.2%), and tuberculosis (0.1%).

Table 13. Proportion of mothers by pregnancy complications experienced during their

last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2015 (n=955)

Pregnancy complication* (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Hypertension 20.2 17.6 23.0 Diabetes 5.9 4.2 8.3 Asthma 3.8 2.7 5.4 Goiter 2.4 1.6 3.7 Heart disease 2.2 1.5 3.3 Tuberculosis 0.1 0.0 0.5

*Multiple response question

The proportion of mothers who experienced night-blindness during their last/current pregnancy was

greater among teenage mothers (8.7%) than adult mothers (6.9%) (Figure 19). Mothers with six or

more children (12.5%) had the highest proportion of having night-blindness than mothers with one to

five children (6.0% to 6.9%). A decreasing proportion of mothers having difficulty seeing at dusk was

observed with increasing wealth. There was no difference in the proportions between rural and urban

areas.

Figure 19. Proportion of mothers who experienced night-blindness during their


8.7

6.9 6.0 6.4 6.9

12.5

7.0 7.0

10.1

7.5 6.0 6.2

4.1

0

5

10

15

<20 ≥20 1 2-3 4-5 ≥6 Rural Urban PoorestPoor Middle Rich Richest

Pe

rce

nt

(%)

Age Parity Residence Location Wealth Quintile

36




3.1.3 Delivery Status

Figure 20 shows that about one in every five deliveries (21.7%) happened at home while about eight

out of ten (78.0%) deliveries were in a health facility. Majority of the health facility deliveries were

conducted at government hospitals (38.2%) followed by lying-in clinics (16.5%), rural/urban health

centers (11.6%), and private hospitals (10.9%). A small percentage of mothers had given birth in

NGO-based clinics (0.7%) and industry-based clinics (0.1%).

Figure 20. Percent distribution of mothers by place of delivery: Philippines, 2015

Based on Figure 21, results showed that home delivery increased significantly between 2013 and 2015

(18.7%, CI: 17.4, 20.0) vs. (21.7%, CI: 20.5, 22.9) (p=<0.0001). In 2015, regions with the highest

proportions of home delivery across all the regions and also with significantly higher proportions than

the national average were observed in ARMM ([72.7%, CI: 66.5, 78.1], p=<0.0001), MIMAROPA

([38.6%, CI: 31.6, 46.1], p=<0.0001), and SOCCSKSARGEN ([36.1%, CI: 30.6, 41.9], p=<0.0001)

while Ilocos ([8.5%, CI: 5.6, 12.6], p=<0.0001), NCR ([10.4%, CI: 8.2, 13.2], p=<0.0001) and

Central Luzon ([13.0%, CI: 9.9, 16.8], p=<0.0001) were the regions with the lowest proportions and

at the same time had significantly lower percentages of delivery at home than the national estimate.

Between 2013 and 2015, significant increase of home delivery was seen in SOCCSKSARGEN

([22.6%, CI: 18.1, 27.8] vs. [36.1%, CI: 30.6, 41.9], p=0.0004) and ARMM ([47.7%, CI: 35.3, 60.3]

vs. [72.7%, CI: 66.5, 78.1], p=<0.0001).

21.7

38.2

11.6 10.9 16.5

0.7 0.1 0.3 0

10

20

30

40

50

At Home GovernmentHospital

Rural/UrbanHealth Center

Private Hospital Lying-in Clinic NGO-basedClinic

Industry-basedClinic

Others

Perc

en

t (%

)

Health facility delivery: 78.0%

Private Health facility: 28.2%

37





Figure 21. Proportion of mothers who delivered at home by region: Philippines, 2013 and

2015

Figure 22 shows that health facility delivery significantly declined from 2013 to 2015 (81.3%, CI:

80.0, 82.6) vs. (78.0%, CI: 76.8, 79.3) (p=<0.0001). Across regions, Ilocos (91.5%, CI: 87.4, 94.4),

NCR (89.2%, CI: 86.4, 91.5) and Central Luzon (87.0%, CI: 83.2, 90.1) had the highest proportions

of delivery in a health facility and significantly higher proportions than the national average

(p=<0.0001). On the other hand, ARMM (27.0%, CI: 21.6, 33.2), MIMAROPA (60.7%, CI: 53.2,

67.7), and SOCCSKSARGEN (63.7%, CI: 57.9, 69.1) had the lowest proportions of health facility

delivery and also significantly lower than the Philippine average (p=<0.0001).

Compared to the 2013 survey, health facility delivery in SOCCSKSARGEN and ARMM significantly

declined in 2015 ([77.4%, CI: 72.2, 81.9] vs. [63.7%, CI: 57.9, 69.1], p=0.0003 and [52.3%, CI: 39.7,

64.7] vs. [27.0%, CI: 21.6, 33.2], p=<0.0001, respectively). Conversely, a significant improvement in

health facility delivery was noted in CALABARZON ([74.1%, CI: 69.5, 78.2] vs. [80.3%, CI: 76.7,

83.5], p=0.0108).

21.0

72.7

36.1

21.7

25.7

24.9

20.5

15.7

17.3

23.9

38.6

19.2

13.0

17.5

8.5

16.2

10.4

21.7

17.4

47.7

22.6

21.4

20.7

32.5

14.7

16.2

15.5

20.7

31.8

25.9

17.1

21.2

11.5

15.7

10.4

18.7

0 20 40 60 80

20132015

PROPORTION

38




Figure 22. Proportion of mothers who delivered in a health facility by region: Philippines,

2013 and 2015

Table 14 illustrates that adult mothers (22.0%) were more likely to deliver at home than teenage

women (16.1%). Home delivery was also more common among widowed mothers, those with six

children or more, non-working mothers, and those who were rural dwellers. A decreasing proportion

of mothers who practiced home delivery was observed with increasing level of education and wealth

quintile.

For the health facility delivery, teen mothers were more likely to deliver in a government hospital and

industry-based clinic whereas delivery in a rural/urban health center, private hospital, and lying-in

clinic or in an NGO-based clinic was mostly preferred by adult mothers. Single mothers preferred to

give birth in private hospitals and industry-based clinics while separated mothers delivered mostly in

government hospitals or in a rural/urban health centers. A higher proportion of widowed mothers gave

birth in lying-in clinics while a higher proportion of NGO-based delivery was from the married

mothers. By parity, mothers with only one child had the highest proportion of delivery in a

government and private hospitals while there were more mothers with four to five children who

preferred to deliver in a rural/urban health center and in NGO-based clinics.

A higher proportion of non-working mothers gave birth in government hospitals and rural/urban

health centers while there were more working women who delivered in private hospitals and lying-in

clinics. Delivery in health centers was mostly preferred by those living in rural areas while urban

dwellers were more likely to give birth in government or private hospitals, lying-in clinics, and NGO-

78.8

27.0

63.7

78.3

74.3

74.4

83.8

83.8

82.5

75.5

60.7

80.3

87.0

82.3

91.5

83.8

89.2

78.0

82.6

52.3

77.4

78.6

79.3

67.5

85.3

83.8

84.5

79.3

68.2

74.1

82.9

78.8

88.5

84.3

89.6

81.3

0 25 50 75 100

2013

2015PROPORTION

39





based clinics. By wealth quintile, the highest proportion of deliveries in government hospital and

lying-in clinic was noted among mothers who were in the rich quintile while the poorest households

had the highest proportion of giving birth in a rural/urban health centers. Those from richest quintile

were more likely to deliver in private hospitals and industry-based clinics while the middle quintile

had the highest proportion of NGO-based clinic delivery.

Table 14. Percent distribution of mothers by place of delivery and socio-demographic


Characteristics n At

Home

Govern-

ment

Hospital

Rural/

Urban

Health

Center

Private

Hospital

Lying-

in

Clinic

NGO-

based

Clinic

Industry-

based

Clinic

Others

Philippines 7553 21.7 38.2 11.6 10.9 16.5 0.7 0.1 0.3

Mother's Age

<20 years old 479 16.1 49.2 10.9 7.3 15.4 0.2 0.5 0.4

20 years old above 7074 22.0 37.6 11.7 11.1 16.6 0.7 0.1 0.3


Single 682 12.0 42.3 10.4 15.1 19.5 0.4 0.3 0.0

Married 4508 24.7 36.1 11.6 12.3 14.4 0.6 0.0 0.3

Widowed 56 32.4 30.9 9.7 6.6 20.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Separated 153 20.5 43.4 14.1 5.2 16.4 0.5 0.0 0.0

Live-in 2153 18.7 40.8 12.0 7.3 19.6 1.1 0.1 0.4

Parity

1 2137 11.2 46.4 9.4 15.5 16.5 0.7 0.2 0.1

2-3 3020 19.9 35.7 12.3 12.2 18.7 0.8 0.1 0.3

4-5 1436 31.1 34.5 13.1 5.1 15.1 0.8 0.0 0.3

≥6 915 40.4 32.5 12.4 3.6 10.1 0.2 0.0 0.7


No Grade Completed 101 80.6 9.7 6.0 0.7 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Elementary Undergraduate 802 49.4 23.5 14.2 2.7 8.8 0.3 0.0 1.2

Elementary Graduate 729 35.9 35.5 14.3 1.9 11.8 0.4 0.0 0.1

High School Undergraduate 1356 27.6 37.5 14.6 2.9 16.5 0.6 0.0 0.3

High School Graduate 2400 16.0 42.2 12.8 7.5 20.2 1.0 0.0 0.3

Vocational Undergraduate 85 10.5 39.8 9.2 18.8 19.0 2.8 0.0 0.0

Vocational Graduate 377 11.1 46.7 7.6 19.6 14.6 0.4 0.0 0.0

College Undergraduate 821 11.2 41.9 10.0 15.5 20.3 0.7 0.4 0.0

College Graduate 864 6.0 37.9 4.5 36.2 14.6 0.6 0.2 0.0

Working Status

Not working 5803 23.4 38.2 12.6 8.4 16.1 0.7 0.1 0.4

Working 1748 16.2 38.1 8.5 18.6 17.7 0.7 0.1 0.0

Type of residence

Rural 4505 29.0 36.5 15.5 7.4 11.1 0.3 0.1 0.3

Urban 3048 13.8 40.1 7.5 14.7 22.4 1.2 0.1 0.3

40




Characteristics n At

Home

Govern-

ment

Hospital

Rural/

Urban

Health

Center

Private

Hospital

Lying-

in

Clinic

NGO-

based

Clinic

Industry-

based

Clinic

Others

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2088 45.8 25.5 17.0 2.2 8.8 0.3 0.1 0.4

Poor 1784 22.7 40.6 16.2 3.9 15.8 0.4 0.0 0.3

Middle 1450 17.0 45.3 10.8 5.2 20.2 1.3 0.0 0.2

Rich 1226 9.6 48.4 7.2 13.0 21.0 0.8 0.1 0.0

Richest 998 4.3 33.1 3.6 38.0 19.2 1.0 0.3 0.4

Figure 23 shows that delivery with the assistance of skilled birth professionals (doctor/nurse/midwife)

significantly declined between 2013 and 2015 ([90.2%, CI: 89.1, 91.1 vs. 83.4%, CI: 82.2, 84.5],

p=<0.0001) while delivery assisted by traditional birth attendants (TBA) significantly increased

([9.4%, CI: 8.5, 10.4 vs. 15.4%, CI: 14.3, 16.6], p=<0.0001).

Figure 23. Percent distribution of mothers by assistance during delivery: Philippines, 2013

and 2015

Based on Table 15, mothers who were more likely to be assisted by skilled birth professionals

(doctor/nurse/midwife) during childbirth were teen mothers, those who were single, mothers with

only one child, those who were college graduates, working mothers, those who were residing in urban

areas, and those who belonged to the richest quintile. Conversely, TBA-assisted delivery was more

notable among adult mothers, those who were widowed, mothers with six or more children, those who

did not complete any grade level, non-working, residing in rural areas, and those who were in the

poorest quintile.

At the regional level, the highest proportion of delivery assisted by skilled birth professionals were in

NCR (96.4%), Ilocos Region (96.1%), and Central Luzon (94.5%) while the lowest proportions were

in ARMM (32.1%), MIMAROPA (66.3%), and SOCCSKSARGEN (67.3%). On the contrary, regions

ARMM (66.7%), SOCCSKSARGEN (31.0%), and MIMAROPA (28.6%) had the highest proportions

of TBA-assisted delivery while NCR (3.4%), Ilocos Region (3.4%), CAR (4.6%), and Central Luzon

(5.0%) had the lowest proportions.

90.2

9.4 0.5

83.4

15.4

1.2 0

25

50

75

100

Doctor/Nurse/Midwife Traditional Birth Attendant Others

Perc

en

t (%

)

2013

2015

41

Ph

ilipp

ine N

utritio

n F

acts a

nd

Fig

ures 2

01

5

Fo

od

and

Nu

trition

Research

Institu

te

Dep

artmen

t of S

cience an

d T

echno

log

y

Table 15. Percent distribution of mothers by assistance during delivery, socio-demographic characteristics and region: Philippines, 2015

Characteristics n

Doctor/ Nurse/ Midwife

Traditional Birth Attendant

Others

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.


Philippines 7301 83.4 82.2 84.5 15.4 14.3 16.6 1.2 1.0 1.5

Mother's Age

<20 years old 459 86.7 82.2 90.2 12.2 8.8 16.7 1.1 0.4 2.5

20 years old above 6842 83.2 82.0 84.3 15.6 14.5 16.7 1.2 1.0 1.5


Single 663 92.1 89.5 94.2 7.3 5.4 9.9 0.5 0.2 1.4

Married 4369 80.3 78.7 81.8 18.4 16.9 19.9 1.3 1.0 1.7

Widowed 55 67.0 51.2 79.7 29.5 18.9 43.0 3.5 0.9 13.2

Separated 145 84.8 78.2 89.7 14.6 9.8 21.2 0.5 0.1 3.7

Live-in 2068 86.9 85.2 88.4 11.9 10.4 13.5 1.2 0.8 1.8

Parity

1 2069 92.7 91.3 93.8 6.9 5.8 8.2 0.4 0.2 0.8

2-3 2928 85.7 84.3 87.1 13.3 12.0 14.8 0.9 0.6 1.3

4-5 1393 73.9 71.3 76.4 24.6 22.2 27.2 1.4 0.9 2.2

≥6 881 65.3 61.7 68.8 30.3 27.0 33.9 4.3 3.2 5.9











42

Ph

ilipp

ine N

utritio

n F

acts a

nd

Fig

ures 2

01

5

Fo

od

and

Nu

trition

Research

Institu

te

Dep

artmen

t of S

cience an

d T

echno

log

y

Characteristics n

Doctor/ Nurse/ Midwife

Traditional Birth Attendant

Others

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.


Working Status

Not working 5615 81.6 80.2 82.9 17.2 15.9 18.5 1.2 1.0 1.6

Working 1685 89.1 87.2 90.7 9.7 8.2 11.5 1.2 0.8 1.8

Type of residence

Rural 4378 75.8 73.8 77.7 22.2 20.4 24.1 2.0 1.6 2.5

Urban 2923 91.6 90.3 92.8 8.0 6.9 9.3 0.4 0.2 0.7

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2008 57.6 54.7 60.5 39.1 36.3 42.1 3.3 2.5 4.2

Poor 1728 83.6 81.5 85.5 15.2 13.4 17.3 1.2 0.7 1.9

Middle 1398 90.1 88.3 91.7 9.4 7.9 11.2 0.5 0.2 0.9

Rich 1190 96.0 94.3 97.2 3.7 2.5 5.4 0.3 0.1 0.7

Richest 970 97.8 96.7 98.6 1.7 1.1 2.7 0.4 0.1 1.2

Region

NCR 642 96.4 94.2 97.8 3.4 2.1 5.6 0.2 0.0 1.3

CAR 319 91.5 87.8 94.2 4.6 2.7 7.8 3.8 2.1 6.8

Ilocos Region 398 96.1 93.3 97.8 3.4 1.8 6.4 0.5 0.1 1.8

Cagayan Valley 397 86.2 81.0 90.1 10.8 7.5 15.4 3.0 1.5 5.7

Central Luzon 553 94.5 91.9 96.3 5.0 3.2 7.6 0.5 0.2 1.6

CALABARZON 692 87.1 84.1 89.6 12.2 9.7 15.2 0.7 0.3 1.7

MIMAROPA 246 66.3 59.5 72.6 28.6 23.3 34.7 5.0 2.6 9.7

Bicol Region 524 81.7 77.0 85.7 17.0 13.1 21.7 1.3 0.6 2.7

Western Visayas 476 86.2 79.4 91.0 12.2 7.6 19.1 1.6 0.7 3.3

Central Visayas 409 88.8 83.7 92.4 10.3 6.8 15.3 0.9 0.3 2.7

Eastern Visayas 438 81.1 75.5 85.6 17.6 13.1 23.2 1.3 0.6 2.9

Zamboanga Peninsula 297 77.4 72.4 81.7 18.5 13.9 24.3 4.1 2.1 7.9

Northern Mindanao 326 79.8 73.5 84.8 18.6 14.1 24.1 1.7 0.7 4.1

Davao Region 366 81.1 75.7 85.6 18.6 14.2 24.0 0.2 0.0 1.7

SOCCSKSARGEN 361 67.3 61.0 73.1 31.0 25.4 37.2 1.7 0.7 3.8

ARMM 500 32.1 25.8 39.2 66.7 59.7 73.1 1.1 0.4 2.8

Caraga 357 82.2 76.5 86.8 15.1 10.8 20.6 2.7 1.4 5.3

43





At the national level (Table 16), about nine out of 10 mothers (88.6%) delivered normally while one

out of 10 mothers (11.4%) delivered through caesarean section. Teenage mothers (91.9%) were more

likely to deliver normally than adult mothers (88.4%). A greater proportion of widowed mothers and

those with six or more children delivered normally while more single mothers and those with only one

child gave birth via caesarean section. An increased proportion of normal deliveries were seen with

decreasing level of educational attainment while the proportion of caesarean delivery tended to

increase with more years of maternal education. Non-working mothers, those who were residing in

rural areas, and those who were in the poorest quintile were more likely to give birth normally

whereas working mothers, those who were dwelling in urban areas, and mothers in the richest quintile

tended to deliver via caesarean section.

Across regions, ARMM (96.7%), Caraga (95.7%), and Bicol (95.1%) had the highest proportions of

normal delivery. Conversely, Central Luzon (77.2%), CAR (81.6%), and Cagayan Valley (84.4%)

were the regions with the lowest proportions of normal delivery.

Table 16. Percent distribution of mothers by type of delivery, socio-demographic


Characteristics n

Normal Delivery Caesarian Section

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.

Philippines 7274 88.6 87.7 89.4 11.4 10.6 12.3

Mother's Age

<20 years old 457 91.9 88.8 94.3 8.1 5.7 11.2

20 years old above 6817 88.4 87.5 89.2 11.6 10.8 12.5


Single 661 86.4 83.3 88.9 13.6 11.1 16.7

Married 4351 87.7 86.5 88.7 12.3 11.3 13.5

Widowed 55 94.7 83.5 98.5 5.3 1.5 16.5

Separated 145 88.0 80.0 93.1 12.0 6.9 20.0

Live-in 2061 91.0 89.5 92.3 9.0 7.7 10.5

Parity

1 2065 85.3 83.6 86.9 14.7 13.1 16.4

2-3 2913 86.3 84.8 87.6 13.7 12.4 15.2

4-5 1388 94.1 92.7 95.3 5.9 4.7 7.3

≥6 879 96.5 95.0 97.6 3.5 2.4 5.0


No Grade Completed 95 99.0 93.2 99.9 1.0 0.1 6.8

Elementary Undergraduate 760 97.3 95.9 98.3 2.7 1.7 4.1

Elementary Graduate 707 96.1 94.3 97.3 3.9 2.7 5.7

High School Undergraduate 1299 93.6 91.9 95.0 6.4 5.0 8.1

High School Graduate 2320 90.0 88.5 91.3 10.0 8.7 11.5

Vocational Undergraduate 81 87.0 76.9 93.1 13.0 6.9 23.1

Vocational Graduate 364 77.0 71.7 81.6 23.0 18.4 28.3

College Undergraduate 795 87.9 85.2 90.2 12.1 9.8 14.8

College Graduate 835 70.1 66.7 73.3 29.9 26.7 33.3

44




Characteristics n

Normal Delivery Caesarian Section

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.

Working Status

Not working 5590 90.3 89.4 91.2 9.7 8.8 10.6

Working 1683 83.2 81.1 85.1 16.8 14.9 18.9

Type of residence

Rural 4361 91.6 90.5 92.5 8.4 7.5 9.5

Urban 2913 85.3 83.9 86.7 14.7 13.3 16.1

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1998 96.9 96.1 97.6 3.1 2.4 3.9

Poor 1722 94.0 92.5 95.2 6.0 4.8 7.5

Middle 1397 91.1 89.4 92.5 8.9 7.5 10.6

Rich 1184 84.3 82.0 86.4 15.7 13.6 18.0

Richest 966 70.8 67.5 73.9 29.2 26.1 32.5

Region

NCR 638 84.7 81.4 87.4 15.3 12.6 18.6

CAR 319 81.6 76.8 85.6 18.4 14.4 23.2

Ilocos Region 395 86.3 82.5 89.4 13.7 10.6 17.5

Cagayan Valley 396 84.4 80.2 87.9 15.6 12.1 19.8

Central Luzon 550 77.2 73.4 80.6 22.8 19.4 26.6

CALABARZON 691 86.0 82.9 88.6 14.0 11.4 17.1

MIMAROPA 246 92.8 88.6 95.5 7.2 4.5 11.4

Bicol Region 521 95.1 93.1 96.5 4.9 3.5 6.9

Western Visayas 475 89.7 86.5 92.3 10.3 7.7 13.5

Central Visayas 408 94.5 91.4 96.5 5.5 3.5 8.6

Eastern Visayas 436 93.1 90.1 95.3 6.9 4.7 9.9

Zamboanga Peninsula 297 93.6 90.1 95.9 6.4 4.1 9.9

Northern Mindanao 324 91.5 87.4 94.3 8.5 5.7 12.6

Davao Region 365 91.0 87.3 93.7 9.0 6.3 12.7

SOCCSKSARGEN 360 91.5 87.9 94.1 8.5 5.9 12.1

ARMM 499 96.7 94.8 97.9 3.3 2.1 5.2

Caraga 354 95.7 92.7 97.5 4.3 2.5 7.3

Mothers reported the reasons they did not give birth in a health facility during their last/current

pregnancy were because health facility delivery cost too much (34.3%) or the health facility was too

far or they did not have transportation to go there (27.9%) (Table 17). Other mothers mentioned that it

was not necessary to give birth in a health facility (9.6%) while others said that the health facility was

not open (2.9%) when they were about to give birth. Other reasons were: it was not customary (2.5%),

they did not trust the facility or the facility had poor quality of service (2.3%), their husband/family

did not allow them to give birth in a health facility (1.1%) or there was no female provider at the

facility prior to their delivery (0.2%).

45





Table 17. Proportion of mothers by reason of not giving birth in a health facility during

their last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2015 (n=1,751)

Reason* (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Cost too much 34.3 31.8 36.9

Facility too far/no transportation 27.9 25.2 30.9

Not necessary 9.6 8.2 11.2

Facility not open 2.9 2.1 4.2

Not customary 2.5 1.8 3.5

Don’t trust the facility/poor quality of service

2.3 1.6 3.2

Husband/family did not allow 1.1 0.6 1.9

No female provider at the facility 0.2 0.0 0.5 *Multiple response question

3.1.4 Postnatal Care

Table 18 summarizes the proportion of mothers who had their postnatal check-up after they had given

birth to their last child. A higher proportion of teen mothers (95.1%) had postnatal check-up than

adult mothers (91.7%). Single mothers (95.4%) and those with only one child (96.6%) had the highest

proportions of availing postnatal check-up. Vocational undergraduate mothers (99.1%) and those who

were working (94.3%) had higher proportions of having postnatal check-up compared to mothers with

no grade completed (51.7%) and non-working mothers (91.1%). Urban dwellers (95.7%) were more

likely to have postnatal check-up than mothers in rural areas (88.3%). An increasing proportion of

having postnatal check-up was also noted with increasing wealth.

Table 18. Proportion of mothers with postnatal check-up by socio-demographic



L.L. U.L.

Philippines 7483 91.9 91.0 92.7

Mother's Age

<20 years old 478 95.1 91.8 97.1

20 years old above 7005 91.7 90.8 92.5


Single 679 95.4 93.4 96.9

Married 4457 90.6 89.3 91.7

Widowed 55 84.0 71.0 91.9

Separated 151 92.4 87.0 95.6

Live-in 2140 93.4 92.1 94.5

Parity

1 2125 96.6 95.6 97.4

2-3 2993 93.3 92.2 94.3

4-5 1420 87.8 85.9 89.5

≥6 897 80.2 77.2 83.0

46





L.L. U.L.











Working Status

Not working 5743 91.1 90.0 92.1

Working 1738 94.3 92.9 95.4

Type of residence

Rural 4451 88.3 86.7 89.8

Urban 3032 95.7 94.8 96.4

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2053 78.5 75.8 81.0

Poor 1763 92.8 91.3 94.0

Middle 1437 95.1 93.7 96.2

Rich 1222 97.9 96.9 98.6

Richest 1001 99.2 98.5 99.6

By region (Figure 24), the highest proportions of mothers with postnatal check-up were observed in

NCR (98.8%), CAR (97.2%), and Ilocos (96.8%) while the lowest proportions were in ARMM

(64.2%), MIMAROPA (78.3%), and SOCCSKSARGEN (84.8%).

Figure 24. Proportion of mothers with postnatal check-up by region: Philippines, 2015

93.1

64.2

84.8

92.2

89.8

89.4

90.9

93.9

95.1

93.4

78.3

92.7

95.7

95.1

96.8

97.2

98.8

91.9

0 25 50 75 100

PREVALENCE

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Figure 25 compares the timing of receiving first postnatal check-ups of mothers between 2013 and

2015. Receiving of a first postnatal check-up immediately after birth and within 3 hours after delivery

significantly increased between the two survey periods ([82.0% vs. 85.5%, p=<0.0001] and [0.2% vs,

1.8%, p=0.0022], respectively) while postnatal check-up two days after delivery significantly

decreased (1.0% vs. 0.7%, p=<0.0001).

Figure 25. Percent distribution of mothers by timing of receiving first postnatal check-up:


Figure 26 shows that most mothers who had postnatal care were checked by a doctor (50.6%) while a

few of them were seen by a midwife (34.0%). Some were assisted by a nurse (8.0%) and the rest were

seen by TBAs (7.4%).

Figure 26. Percent distribution of mothers by person who rendered postnatal care:

Philippines, 2015

Table 19 presents the percentage distribution of mothers by timing of receiving their first postnatal

check-up after their delivery to their last child. Results showed that adult mothers (8.5%) had a higher

proportion of not having postnatal check-up than teenage mothers (5.1%). By civil status, widowed

mothers (16.5%) had the highest proportion without postnatal check-ups while single mothers (4.7%)

had the least proportion. Mothers with six or more children (20.5%) usually neglected to have

postnatal check-up compared to mothers with only one child (3.5%). A decreasing proportion of

mothers who did not have postnatal check-ups were seen with increasing maternal education and

wealth quintile. Non-working mothers (9.2%) and those who lived in rural areas (12.1%) tended to

82.0

0.2 0.7 1.0 8.3 7.8

85.5

1.8 1.3 0.7 2.2 8.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

Immediatelyafter birth

Within 3 hoursafter delivery

Within 4-24hours after

delivery

2 days afterdelivery

Beyond 2 days Did not havepostnatal check-

up

Perc

en

t (%

)

2013

2015

50.6

8.0

34.0

7.4

0

20

40

60

Doctor Nurse Midwife TBA

Perc

en

t (%

)

48




not avail of a postnatal check-up compared to their counterparts who were working (5.8%) and those

who were living in urban areas (4.4%).

There were more teenage mothers (93.6%) who had their postnatal check-up within two days after

delivery than adult mothers (89.2%) while a higher proportion of adult mothers (2.3%) availed of their

first postnatal check-up beyond two days after they gave birth than teen mothers (1.3%). The highest

proportion of mothers with postnatal check-ups within two days of delivery were the single mothers

(94.8%) and those with a single child (95.5%) while the lowest proportions were the widowed

(81.6%) and mothers with four to five children (83.6%). On the other hand, married mothers (2.7%)

and those with four to five children (3.7%) were observed to have the highest proportions of having

their first postnatal check-up more than two days after their delivery. Percentages of women having

postnatal check-up within two days decreased with decreasing level of education and wealth. On the

contrary, proportions of mothers who availed postnatal check-up beyond two days decreased with

increasing level of education and wealth quintile.

By work status and type of residence, working mothers (92.6%) and those who were in urban areas

(94.5%) were more likely to have their postnatal check-up within two days after delivery than their

counterparts who were non-working (88.4%) and those who were residing in rural areas (84.6%).

49

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Table 19. Percent distribution of mothers on the timing of receiving first postnatal check-up by socio-demographic characteristics:

Philippines, 2015

Characteristics n No postnatal care Within 2 days Beyond 2 days

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.


Philippines 7272 8.3 7.5 9.3 89.4 88.4 90.3 2.2 1.9 2.7

Mother's Age

<20 years old 463 5.1 3.0 8.5 93.6 90.1 95.9 1.3 0.6 3.0

20 years old above 6809 8.5 7.7 9.4 89.2 88.2 90.1 2.3 1.9 2.7


Single 667 4.7 3.2 6.7 94.8 92.7 96.3 0.6 0.2 1.5

Married 4317 9.7 8.5 11.0 87.6 86.2 88.8 2.7 2.2 3.4

Widowed 53 16.5 8.4 29.8 81.6 68.2 90.2 1.9 0.3 12.2

Separated 145 7.9 4.6 13.4 90.4 84.7 94.2 1.6 0.5 5.0

Live-in 2089 6.7 5.6 8.0 91.4 89.9 92.6 1.9 1.4 2.7

Parity

1 2081 3.5 2.7 4.5 95.5 94.5 96.4 1.0 0.6 1.6

2-3 2921 6.8 5.8 8.0 91.0 89.7 92.1 2.2 1.7 2.9

4-5 1361 12.7 10.9 14.7 83.6 81.5 85.6 3.7 2.8 4.9

≥6 863 20.5 17.6 23.7 76.0 72.6 79.1 3.5 2.5 4.8











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Characteristics n No postnatal care Within 2 days Beyond 2 days

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.


Working Status

Not working 5559 9.2 8.1 10.3 88.4 87.2 89.4 2.5 2.0 3.0

Working 1711 5.8 4.6 7.2 92.6 91.1 93.9 1.6 1.1 2.3

Type of residence

Rural 4286 12.1 10.6 13.8 84.6 82.9 86.1 3.3 2.7 4.0

Urban 2986 4.4 3.7 5.3 94.5 93.5 95.3 1.1 0.8 1.6

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1931 22.9 20.2 25.8 72.7 69.9 75.3 4.4 3.4 5.8

Poor 1720 7.4 6.1 8.9 90.4 88.8 91.8 2.2 1.6 3.1

Middle 1411 5.0 3.9 6.4 92.6 91.0 94.0 2.4 1.6 3.4

Rich 1209 2.1 1.4 3.2 96.9 95.7 97.8 1.0 0.5 1.8

Richest 996 0.8 0.4 1.5 98.7 97.9 99.2 0.5 0.2 1.1

51





Figure 27 shows that the proportion of mothers with no postnatal check-ups after they gave birth to

their youngest child increased between 2013 and 2015 (7.8% vs. 8.3%) but not significantly

(p=0.3234). Regions with the highest proportions of no postnatal check-ups were ARMM (39.1%, CI:

30.4, 48.5), MIMAROPA (22.1%, CI: 17.1, 28.2), and SOCCSKSARGEN (16.3%, CI: 12.4, 21.2).

These regions also had higher proportions than the Philippine average (8.3%, CI: 7.5, 9.3)

(p=<0.0001). On the contrary, regions with the lowest proportions of no postnatal check-up and at the

same time had lower proportions than the national estimate were NCR ([1.2%, CI: 0.7, 2.4],

p=<0.0001), CAR ([2.8%, CI: 1.4, 5.5], p=0.0004), and Ilocos ([3.3%, CI: 1.9, 5.6], p=0.0003).

In comparison with the 2013 survey, the following regions had significantly lower proportion of

mothers who did not have postnatal check-up in 2015: Central Luzon ([7.6%, CI: 5.3, 10.8 vs. 4.4%,

CI: 2.9, 6.6], p=0.0332), Zamboanga Peninsula ([22.2%, CI: 15.2, 31.1 vs. 11.1%, CI: 8.0, 15.2],

p=0.0011), Davao ([15.8%, CI: 10.7, 22.7 vs. 8.1%, CI: 5.2, 12.5], p=0.0045), and NCR ([5.4%, CI:

3.6, 8.0 vs. 1.2%, CI: 0.7, 2.4], p=<0.0001). On the other hand, regions with significantly lower

proportions between 2013 and 2015 surveys were ARMM ([22.3%, CI: 15.1, 31.6 vs. 39.1%, CI:

30.4, 48.5], p=0.0034) and MIMAROPA ([11.5%, CI: 6.9, 18.8 vs. 22.1%, CI: 17.1, 28.2], p=0.0059).

Figure 27. Proportion of mothers who did not have postnatal check-up after delivery by


7.3

39.1

16.3

8.1

10.5

11.1

9.3

6.2

5.0

6.8

22.1

7.5

4.4

5.1

3.3

2.8

1.2

8.3

8.3

22.3

13.5

15.8

8.7

22.2

6.2

6.8

5.6

7.1

11.5

5.5

7.6

7.4

4.9

5.6

5.4

7.8

0 10 20 30 40 50

2013

2015PROPORTION

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Postnatal check-ups within two days postpartum significantly increased between 2013 and 2015

surveys (83.9% vs. 89.4%, p=<0.0001) (Figure 28). Regions with the highest proportions of mothers

who received postnatal check-up within two days after delivery in 2015 and also with significantly

higher proportions than the national average (89.4%, CI: 88.4, 90.3) were NCR ([97.9%, CI: 96.6,

98.7], p=<0.0001), CAR ([96.6%, CI: 93.8, 98.2], p=<0.0001) and Ilocos ([96.0%, CI: 93.5, 97.6],

p=<0.0001). Moreover, regions with the lowest proportions and with significantly lower proportions

than the national estimate were ARMM ([53.7%, CI: 46.0, 61.3], p=<0.0001), MIMAROPA ([74.4%,

CI: 67.9, 80.0], p=<0.0001) and SOCCSKSARGEN ([81.2%, CI: 76.0, 85.5], p=<0.0001).

All regions had an improved proportion of mothers receiving postnatal check-up within two days after

delivery except for ARMM which declined but not significantly (p=0.1207).

Figure 28. Proportion of mothers who received postnatal check-up within 2 days after

delivery by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

Based on Figure 29, receiving of postnatal check-ups beyond two days significantly decreased from

2013 (8.3%) to 2015 (2.2%) (p=<0.0001). Currently, regions with the highest proportions of having

postnatal check-ups beyond two days after delivery were ARMM (7.2%), MIMAROPA (3.4%),

Cagayan Valley (3.3%), Bicol (3.3%) and Caraga (3.3%) while the lowest proportions were in CAR

(0.6%), Ilocos (0.7%) and NCR (0.9%). Only ARMM (7.2%, CI: 4.3, 11.8) had significantly higher

proportion than the national average (2.2%, CI: 1.9, 2.7) (p=<0.0001) while Ilocos (0.7%, CI: 0.2, 2.2)

89.4

53.7

81.2

89.5

87.7

87.1

88.1

92.5

93.8

89.9

74.4

90.3

93.4

91.6

96.0

96.6

97.9

89.4

85.6

62.9

78.6

79.3

82.8

69.8

85.4

86.2

87.1

81.8

72.4

79.9

86.3

80.6

90.0

88.6

90.0

83.9

0 25 50 75 100

20132015

PROPORTION

53





and NCR (0.9%, CI: 0.4, 1.9) had significantly lower proportions than the Philippine average

(p=0.0405 and 0.0251, respectively).

Proportions of having postnatal check-up beyond two days decreased significantly in all regions

between 2013 and 2015 except for Davao (p=0.0922) and Caraga (p=0.1024).

Figure 29. Proportion of mothers who received postnatal check-up beyond 2 days after

delivery by region: Philippines, 2013 and 2015

3.1.5 Knowledge, Health-seeking Behavior and Practices

Almost all of the mothers (89.8%) intended to breastfeed their child at birth (Table 20). Only 6.1% of

the mothers reported that they will feed their child with mix of breastfeeding and milk

formula/breastmilk substitutes while 3.6% of them intended to solely feed their child with milk

formula/breastmilk substitutes. The other 0.5% of mothers did not know or had no plans yet on how to

feed their child when born.

Mothers who intended to breastfeed when their child is born tended to be adult mothers, mothers

already separated with their husbands, those with six or more children, elementary graduates, non-

working, living in rural areas, and those who belonged to the poorest quintile. On the contrary,

mothers who intend to give their child solely breastmilk substitutes/milk formula were also adult

3.3

7.2

2.5

2.3

1.8

1.8

2.6

1.4

1.2

3.3

3.4

2.3

2.2

3.3

0.7

0.6

0.9

2.2

6.2

14.9

7.9

4.9

8.6

8.0

8.5

7.0

7.2

11.2

16.1

14.6

6.2

12.1

5.1

5.8

4.6

8.3

0 5 10 15 20

2013

2015PROPORTION

54




mothers, those who were widowed, mothers with six or more children, vocational undergraduates,

working mothers, residing in urban areas, and those who were in the richest quintile.

Mothers who intend to feed their child with a mix of breastmilk and milk formula were teenage

mothers, those who were single, mothers with only one child, college graduates, working mothers,

urban dwellers, and those who belonged to the richest quintile. Conversely, mothers who did not

know or had no plans on how to feed their child when born were the teen mothers, those who were

single, mothers with a single child, those who did not complete any grade level, working mothers,

those who were living in urban areas, and those who were in the richest households.

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Table 20. Percent distribution of mothers by intention on how to feed their child during their last/current pregnancy and by socio-


Characteristics n

Milk formula Breastfeeding Mix of breastfeeding

and milk formula Do not know/ No

plans

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.

Philippines 7185 3.6 3.1 4.2 89.8 88.9 90.6 6.1 5.5 6.9 0.5 0.3 0.7

Mother's Age

<20 years old 566 4.3 2.8 6.7 87.7 84.2 90.5 6.2 4.3 8.9 1.8 0.9 3.3

20 years old above 6619 3.6 3.1 4.1 89.9 89.0 90.8 6.1 5.4 6.9 0.4 0.3 0.6


Single 682 5.8 4.1 8.0 86.2 82.8 89.0 7.2 5.1 10.0 0.9 0.4 1.9

Married 4206 3.2 2.6 3.9 90.4 89.3 91.4 6.1 5.2 7.0 0.4 0.2 0.7

Widowed 53 9.2 3.5 22.3 86.8 73.3 94.1 3.9 0.8 16.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Separated 131 4.0 1.6 9.4 91.1 84.2 95.2 4.9 2.1 11.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Live-in 2112 3.6 2.8 4.6 89.7 88.2 91.1 6.1 5.0 7.3 0.6 0.3 1.2

Parity

1 1978 4.2 3.3 5.3 87.1 85.3 88.6 8.0 6.7 9.5 0.8 0.5 1.3

2-3 2728 3.3 2.7 4.2 89.9 88.5 91.2 6.5 5.5 7.7 0.2 0.1 0.4

4-5 1279 3.3 2.3 4.8 92.2 90.3 93.8 4.1 3.0 5.4 0.4 0.2 1.1

≥6 799 4.5 3.1 6.4 92.4 90.0 94.2 2.7 1.6 4.3 0.5 0.1 1.6

56

Ph

ilipp

ine N

utritio

n F

acts a

nd

Fig

ures 2

01

5

Fo

od

and

Nu

trition

Research

Institu

te

Dep

artmen

t of S

cience an

d T

echno

log

y

Characteristics n

Milk formula Breastfeeding Mix of breastfeeding

and milk formula Do not know/ No

plans

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

(%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.


No Grade Completed 87 5.3 2.4 11.2 89.6 82.0 94.2 2.7 0.6 10.7 2.4 0.6 9.5

Elementary Undergraduate 712 3.3 2.0 5.2 93.9 91.6 95.7 2.2 1.3 4.0 0.6 0.2 1.6

Elementary Graduate 718 2.6 1.6 4.3 94.7 92.5 96.3 2.3 1.3 3.9 0.4 0.1 1.3

High School Undergraduate 1333 3.1 2.3 4.3 92.7 91.0 94.1 3.6 2.6 4.9 0.6 0.3 1.2

High School Graduate 2275 3.6 2.8 4.6 91.1 89.7 92.4 4.9 4.0 6.0 0.3 0.2 0.7

Vocational Undergraduate 74 6.8 2.6 16.6 85.2 74.3 91.9 8.1 3.5 17.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Vocational Graduate 365 3.0 1.5 5.8 87.9 83.4 91.3 8.6 5.8 12.8 0.4 0.1 2.9

College Undergraduate 755 4.0 2.6 5.9 86.5 83.4 89.1 9.1 7.0 11.7 0.5 0.2 1.4

College Graduate 849 4.9 3.6 6.7 79.5 76.4 82.3 14.9 12.4 17.8 0.7 0.3 1.7

Working Status

Not working 5507 3.1 2.6 3.6 91.6 90.6 92.4 4.9 4.3 5.7 0.4 0.3 0.7

Working 1676 5.4 4.2 6.8 84.2 82.1 86.0 9.8 8.3 11.6 0.6 0.3 1.4

Type of residence

Rural 4268 2.3 1.8 2.8 93.5 92.6 94.3 3.8 3.2 4.6 0.4 0.2 0.7

Urban 2917 5.1 4.2 6.1 85.7 84.2 87.2 8.6 7.4 9.9 0.6 0.3 1.0

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1926 1.8 1.3 2.5 95.9 94.8 96.7 1.7 1.2 2.4 0.6 0.3 1.2

Poor 1718 2.8 2.0 3.9 93.1 91.5 94.3 3.7 2.8 5.0 0.4 0.2 0.9

Middle 1389 3.5 2.5 4.8 91.0 89.1 92.6 5.1 4.0 6.6 0.4 0.2 0.8

Rich 1174 5.1 3.9 6.7 84.0 81.6 86.2 10.4 8.6 12.5 0.4 0.2 1.0

Richest 973 5.7 4.3 7.5 81.9 79.1 84.3 11.8 9.7 14.2 0.7 0.3 1.5

57





Based on Table 21, mothers believe that breastfeeding was the most nutritious or the best feeding

practice (66.5%), thus had chosen this type of feeding for their child. Some mothers reported that it

was economical (15.5%) while others said that they had no money to buy infant formula (10.3%). The

other reasons why mothers have chosen breastfeeding were: breastfeeding was more convenient

(3.6%), their previous children were also breastfed (3.1%), for mother and child bonding (0.8%), and

because of the influence of media (0.1%).

Table 21. Proportion of mothers by reason for breastfeeding their child: Philippines, 2015

(n=6,692)

Reason (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Nutritious/Best feeding practice 66.5 65.1 67.8 Economical 15.5 14.5 16.6 No money to buy infant formula 10.3 9.4 11.1 Convenience 3.6 3.2 4.2 Previous children had the same

feeding 3.1 2.7 3.7

Mother and child bonding 0.8 0.6 1.1 Influence of media 0.1 0.1 0.3

Regarding the duration of intended breastfeeding for their child (Table 22), most mothers intended to

breastfeed their child for at least two years (41.6%) while others reported that they will breastfeed as

long as there is milk flow (21.2%) or at least six months (21.2%). Some mothers intended to

breastfeed below six months only (6.9%) while a few of them were not sure how long (5.2%) they

will be going to breastfeed their child.

Table 22. Proportion of mothers by intended breastfeeding duration for their child:


Duration (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

At least 2 years 41.6 40.2 43.0

As long as there is milk flow 21.2 20.1 22.4

At least 6 months 21.2 20.1 22.4

Below 6 months 6.9 6.2 7.6

Not sure how long 5.2 4.6 5.8

About one out of two mothers (49.9%) knew that exclusive breastfeeding should be up to six months

of age (Table 23). More adult mothers (50.3%) had the correct knowledge on the right duration of

exclusive breastfeeding than teen mothers (44.3%). The highest proportion of mothers who knew the

right duration of exclusive breastfeeding were the mothers who were already separated (51.3%),

mothers with two to three children (52.2%), and those who were vocational graduates (59.7%) while

the lowest proportions were mothers who were single (47.1%), those with six or more children

(45.9%), and those who had no grade completed (31.7%). On the other hand, working mothers

(50.9%) and those who were residing in rural areas (52.2%) were more likely to have the right

knowledge on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding than those non-working (49.5%) and those who

lived in urban areas (47.3%). Mothers in the richest quintile (53.5%) were also more knowledgeable

on the right duration of exclusive breastfeeding than mothers in the poorest quintile (47.9%).

58




Table 23. Proportion of mothers with correct knowledge on the right duration of exclusive

breastfeeding by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015


L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8264 49.9 48.6 51.2

Mother's Age

<20 years old 288 44.3 40.1 48.5

20 years old above 3887 50.3 48.9 51.6


Single 795 47.1 43.2 51.0

Married 4811 50.5 48.9 52.1

Widowed 61 45.5 32.3 59.4

Separated 169 51.3 43.3 59.2

Live-in 2427 49.6 47.4 51.9

Parity

1 2252 50.7 48.4 53.0

2-3 3151 52.2 50.3 54.2

4-5 1475 46.1 43.3 48.9

≥6 935 45.9 42.4 49.4











Working Status

Not working 6342 49.5 48.1 51.0

Working 1920 50.9 48.4 53.4

Type of residence

Rural 4962 52.2 50.5 54.0

Urban 3302 47.3 45.3 49.2

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2230 47.9 45.5 50.3

Poor 1977 50.0 47.5 52.5

Middle 1623 48.6 45.9 51.3

Rich 1344 50.5 47.5 53.6

Richest 1083 53.5 50.2 56.8

59





At the regional level (Figure 30), the highest proportions of mothers who knew that exclusive

breastfeeding should be up to six months were in CAR (66.1%), Western Visayas (61.8%), and

Eastern Visayas (60.8%) while the lowest proportions were in ARMM (37.0%), NCR (43.9%), and

Bicol (44.3%).

Figure 30. Proportion of mothers with correct knowledge on the right duration of

exclusive breastfeeding by region: Philippines, 2015

Based on the results (Table 24), about seven out of 10 mothers (66.2%) had the correct knowledge

that introduction of complementary foods to infants should be at the age of six months. A higher

proportion of adult mothers (66.8%) and those who were married (67.0%) knew this information

compared to their counterparts who were teen mothers (58.1%) and those who were separated

(58.7%). Mothers who had two to three children (69.8%) were also more knowledgeable than mothers

with six or more children (59.1%). By education and work status, a higher proportion of college

graduate (71.5%) and working (68.2%) mothers knew the right timing of introducing complementary

feeding compared to mothers who did not complete any grade level (52.9%) and those who were not

working (65.6%). Also, there were more mothers in the urban areas (67.4%) and in the richest quintile

(69.9%) with the right knowledge on the introduction of complementary foods than mothers in the

rural areas (65.2%) and those who were in the poorest households (62.5%).

50.4

37

52.1

54.5

53.5

55.5

60.8

47.9

61.8

44.3

49.3

52.7

44.5

52.1

48

66.1

43.9

49.9

0 20 40 60 80

PROPORTION

60




Table 24. Proportion of mothers with correct knowledge on the right timing of introduction

of complementary foods by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines,

2015


L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8436 66.2 65.1 67.4

Mother's Age

<20 years old 648 58.1 53.8 62.3

20 years old above 7788 66.8 65.6 68.0


Single 812 63.4 59.7 67.0

Married 4925 67.0 65.5 68.4

Widowed 61 66.1 53.1 77.0

Separated 167 58.7 50.2 66.7

Live-in 2470 66.2 64.1 68.3

Parity

1 2275 68.3 66.1 70.4

2-3 3228 69.8 68.0 71.5

4-5 1497 65.3 62.7 67.8

≥6 951 59.1 55.7 62.4











Working Status

Not working 6471 65.6 64.3 66.9

Working 1963 68.2 65.9 70.4

Type of residence

Rural 5032 65.2 63.6 66.7

Urban 3404 67.4 65.6 69.1

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2265 62.5 60.2 64.8

Poor 2009 66.0 63.7 68.3

Middle 1643 66.6 63.9 69.1

Rich 1389 67.5 64.8 70.2

Richest 1122 69.9 66.8 72.8

Across regions (Figure 31), the highest proportions of mothers with correct knowledge of introducing

complementary feeding to infants at six months of age were in Central Visayas (71.0%),

CALABARZON (70.1%), and Eastern Visayas (70.0%) while the lowest proportions were in Ilocos

(57.5%), ARMM (60.5%), and in Davao (61.3%).

61





Figure 31. Proportion of mothers with correct knowledge on the right timing of

introduction of complementary foods by region: Philippines, 2015

In general, most mothers never sought advice from other people when it comes to the timing of giving

complementary foods and the right consistency, type and amount of complementary foods to be given

to their child (Table 25). Some mothers asked their relatives/friends or neighbors about

complementary feeding while the other mothers were advised by doctors/nurses/midwives. A lower

proportion of mothers asked the BNS/BHW while some consulted the internet or social media.

Table 25. Proportion of mothers by source of information on the timing, consistency, type,

and amount of complementary foods given: Philippines, 2015

Source of information Timing

(n=7,138) Consistency

(n=7,135) Type

(n=7,134) Amount

(n=7,123)

Never seek for advice from other

people/ Self/ Own knowledge 38.5 42.6 41.5 45.0

Relatives/Friends/Neighbors 36.1 35.3 35.2 33.4

Doctor/ Nurse/ Midwife 19.7 17.0 17.9 16.9

BNS/BHW 5.2 4.7 4.9 4.4

Via internet/ social media 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.3

64.2

60.5

68.6

61.3

69.2

69.5

70.0

71.0

68.5

64.4

66.2

70.1

65.9

61.7

57.5

66.7

65.2

66.2

0 20 40 60 80

PROPORTION

62




3.1.6 Breastfeeding/Lactation Station and Maternity Leave

Table 26 shows the proportion of mothers who were aware of breastfeeding/lactation stations. About

three in every 10 mothers (28.9%) knew about breastfeeding/lactation stations. There were more adult

mothers (29.5%) who were aware than teen mothers (19.7%). A higher proportion of single mothers

(30.2%) and mothers with only one child (34.1%) were noted to be aware of breastfeeding/lactation

stations than widowed mothers (21.9%) and those with four to five children (21.6%). An increasing

awareness was noted with increasing level of education and wealth status. Working mothers (42.3%)

and those residing in urban areas were more aware of breastfeeding/lactation stations than mothers

who were non-working (24.6%) and those in rural areas (19.1%).

Table 26. Proportion of mothers who were aware of breastfeeding/lactation station by



L.L. U.L.

Philippines 7745 28.9 27.6 30.2

Mother's Age

<20 years old 606 19.7 16.3 23.6

20 years old above 7139 29.5 28.2 30.8


Single 764 30.2 26.8 33.8

Married 4502 28.4 26.9 29.9

Widowed 58 21.9 12.2 36.1

Separated 153 29.1 21.8 37.7

Live-in 2267 29.5 27.3 31.8

Parity

1 2075 34.1 31.7 36.5

2-3 2949 33.0 31.1 35.0

4-5 1392 21.6 19.3 24.1

≥6 881 13.4 11.1 16.0











Working Status

Not working 5956 24.6 23.2 26.0

Working 1788 42.3 39.7 45.0

Type of residence

Rural 4603 19.1 17.8 20.5

Urban 3142 39.3 37.2 41.5

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2074 10.2 8.8 11.9

Poor 1821 17.7 15.9 19.7

Middle 1527 27.1 24.7 29.7

Rich 1283 39.0 36.1 42.1

Richest 1033 61.0 57.8 64.1

63





Awareness on breastfeeding/lactation stations was observed to be highest in NCR (55.2%),

CALABARZON (38.2%), and Central Luzon (29.6%) (Figure 32) while lowest in ARMM (8.4%),

Northern Mindanao (15.0%), and Eastern Visayas (17.1%).

Figure 32. Proportion of mothers who were aware of breastfeeding/lactation station by


Utilization of breastfeeding/lactation stations was shown in Table 27. Only one out of 10 (8.2%)

mothers utilized breastfeeding/lactation stations while breastfeeding their youngest child. There were

more adult (8.5%) and single (9.6%) mothers who used breastfeeding/lactation stations than teenage

(2.9%) and separated (4.8%) mothers. By parity, the highest percentage of utilization was among

mothers with two to three children (10.7%) while the lowest was among those who had six or more

children (3.2%). Mothers who were vocational undergraduates (19.6%) had the highest proportion of

utilization while the lowest was among the no grade completed (0.0%) and the elementary

undergraduates (1.2%). Working mothers (11.2%) and those in urban areas (12.5%) had higher

proportions of using breastfeeding/lactation stations than their counterparts who were non-working

(7.3%) and those who were living in rural areas (4.5%). By wealth quintile, the richest quintile

(19.6%) had the highest percentage of utilization while the poorest quintile (2.2%) had the lowest.

19.4

8.4

18.6

24.9

15.0

20.5

17.1

24.0

25.4

23.3

21.9

38.2

29.6

23.3

25.5

28.8

55.2

28.9

0 20 40 60

PROPORTION

64




Table 27. Proportion of mothers who had utilized breastfeeding/lactation station by socio-



L.L. U.L.

Philippines 6550 8.2 7.4 9.1

Mother's Age

<20 years old 390 2.9 1.5 5.4

20 years old above 6160 8.5 7.7 9.4


Single 599 9.6 7.3 12.5

Married 3946 8.2 7.2 9.3

Widowed 50 0.0 0.0 0.0

Separated 131 4.8 1.9 11.2

Live-in 1823 8.2 6.9 9.8

Parity

1 1843 7.6 6.3 9.2

2-3 2607 10.7 9.4 12.1

4-5 1261 6.4 5.0 8.1

≥6 815 3.2 2.1 4.9











Working Status

Not working 5046 7.3 6.4 8.2

Working 1504 11.2 9.5 13.2

Type of residence

Rural 3975 4.5 3.8 5.2

Urban 2575 12.5 11.0 14.1

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1853 2.2 1.6 3.2

Poor 1541 4.2 3.2 5.6

Middle 1260 8.0 6.5 9.8

Rich 1055 11.5 9.5 13.9

Richest 835 19.6 16.9 22.7

Figure 33 shows that regions with the highest proportions of mothers who had utilized

breastfeeding/lactation stations were NCR (23.5%), CALABARZON (11.3%), and Central Visayas

(7.8%) while regions with the lowest proportions were Northern Mindanao (1.8%), ARMM (1.9%),

and Central Luzon (2.7%).

65





Figure 33. Proportion of mothers who had utilized breastfeeding/lactation station by


Table 28 summarizes the different problems encountered by mothers during breastfeeding. The most

common were sore breast (21.1%) and insufficient milk flow (20.9%). Other mothers experienced

cracked nipples (11.7%) and flat or inverted nipples (9.9%).

Table 28. Proportion of mothers who experienced different breastfeeding problems while

breastfeeding their child: Philippines, 2015

Problems Experienced* n (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Sore breast 7089 21.1 19.9 22.3

Insufficient milk flow 7093 20.9 19.7 22.0

Cracked nipples 7078 11.7 10.9 12.7

Flat and inverted nipples 7079 9.9 9.1 10.8 *Multiple response question

Table 29 shows that only about one in every 10 (11.5%) working mothers in the Philippines had

access to breastfeeding/lactation station in their workplace. A higher proportion was observed among

adult mothers (11.7%) compared to teen mothers (4.8%). A higher rate was also noted among single

mothers (12.5%), those with only one child (14.6%), vocational undergraduates (19.1%), those who

were residing in urban areas (14.3%), and those in the richest quintile (16.2%).

5.9

1.9

6.4

6.7

1.8

3.4

3.8

7.8

7.4

6.2

6.5

11.3

2.7

4.8

5.5

6.4

23.5

8.2

0 10 20 30

PROPORTION

66




Table 29. Proportion of mothers who had access to breastfeeding/lactation station in their

workplace by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015


L.L. U.L.

Philippines 993 11.5 9.4 14.1

Mother's Age

<20 years old 32 4.8 1.1 18.7

20 years old above 961 11.7 9.6 14.3


Single 113 12.5 7.5 20.2

Married 618 11.5 8.9 14.8

Widowed 9 0.0 0.0 0.0

Separated 31 10.0 2.5 32.7

Live-in 222 11.7 7.7 17.4

Parity

1 331 14.6 10.8 19.3

2-3 402 12.6 9.4 16.6

4-5 162 5.2 2.6 10.5

≥6 95 0.0 0.0 0.0











Type of residence

Rural 454 7.0 4.7 10.3

Urban 539 14.3 11.3 17.9

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 146 1.1 0.2 4.4

Poor 151 6.2 3.2 11.7

Middle 186 11.0 6.9 17.1

Rich 236 14.0 9.8 19.6

Richest 274 16.2 11.8 21.7

The proportion of mothers with access to breastfeeding/lactation station in their workplace was

observed to be highest in NCR (19.6%), CALABARZON (14.9%), Cagayan Valley (12.5%) and

Bicol Region (12.5%) while lowest in Caraga (2.3%), CAR (3.1%), and MIMAROPA (4.0%) (Figure

34).

67





Figure 34. Proportion of mothers who had access to breastfeeding/lactation station in

their workplace by region: Philippines, 2015

Table 30 presents the proportion of working mothers based on the reported availability of equipment

at the breastfeeding/lactation station in their workplace. Table and seat (58.9%) were the most

available equipment followed by breast pump (41.0%) and refrigerator (40.9%). Sink or water source

(34.6%) and electric outlet (21.2%) were the least available.

Table 30. Proportion of mothers by type of equipment available at the

breastfeeding/lactation station in their workplace: Philippines, 2015 (n=99)

Type of equipment* (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Table and seat 58.9 48.4 68.6

Breast pump 41.0 31.0 51.9

Refrigerator for storing breastmilk 40.9 30.6 52.0

Water source/sink 34.6 25.2 45.4

Electrical outlet for breast pumps 21.2 13.6 31.5 *Multiple response question

About three in every five (56.6%) working mothers were given maternity leave (Table 31). Majority

of them were adult (57.9%) and married (64.2%) mothers as compared to teen (11.6%) and separated

(24.8%) mothers. Those with two to three children (64.9%) had the highest proportion than mothers

2.3

5.1

7.5

9.8

2.9

9.8

5.8

8.7

10.5

12.5

4.0

14.9

7.5

12.5

6.0

3.1

19.6

11.5

0 5 10 15 20 25

PROPORTION

68




with six or more children (23.2%). Mothers who had graduated college (78.4%), those living in urban

areas (61.5%), and belonged to the richest quintile (74.2%) had a greater advantage of having

maternity leave than mothers with no grade level completed (0.0%) or elementary undergraduates

(8.2%), those who were in the rural areas (48.1%), and those in the poorest quintile (22.1%).

Table 31. Proportion of working mothers who were given maternity leave by socio-



L.L. U.L.

Philippines 981 56.6 53.0 60.1

Mother's Age

<20 years old 32 11.6 4.2 28.2

20 years old above 949 57.9 54.2 61.4


Single 116 48.7 39.4 58.2

Married 605 64.2 59.7 68.4

Widowed 7 46.3 14.6 81.2

Separated 35 24.8 12.5 43.2

Live-in 218 46.8 40.2 53.5

Parity

1 332 60.0 54.1 65.6

2-3 385 64.9 59.5 70.0

4-5 142 40.0 31.4 49.2

≥6 71 23.2 14.0 36.1











Type of residence

Rural 435 48.1 42.6 53.6

Urban 546 61.5 57.0 65.8

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 110 22.1 15.1 31.2

Poor 138 31.3 23.7 40.1

Middle 193 48.9 41.2 56.7

Rich 256 64.9 58.5 70.8

Richest 284 74.2 68.5 79.1

Across regions (Figure 35), NCR (67.8%), Cagayan Valley (62.5%), and Zamboanga Peninsula

(62.2%) had the highest proportions of mothers who were granted with maternity leave while Ilocos

(37.2%), Northern Mindanao (41.5%), and ARMM (46.4%) had the lowest proportions.

69





Figure 35. Proportion of working mothers who were given maternity leave by region:

Philippines, 2015

The mean duration of maternity leave given to working mothers was 2.2 months (Table 32). A higher

proportion was observed among teens (2.4 months), single or with live-in partner (2.4 months), and

those with two to three children (2.3 months) than adult mothers (2.2 months), those who were

separated (1.9 months), and those with six or more children (2.0 months). Further, more mothers who

were given a longer maternity leave was noted among elementary graduates (3.6 months), urban

dwellers (2.2 months), and those who were poor (2.3 months).

57.3

46.4

52.5

59.4

41.5

62.2

55.4

53.8

54.1

54.0

48.0

56.1

51.8

62.5

37.2

57.5

67.8

56.6

0 20 40 60 80

PROPORTION

70




Table 32. Mean duration (in months) of maternity leave availed by working mothers by


Characteristics n Mean

(in months)

95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Philippines 524 2.2 2.1 2.3

Mother's Age

<20 years old 3 2.4 1.8 3.0

20 years old above 521 2.2 2.1 2.3


Single 52 2.4 1.9 3.0

Married 372 2.1 2.0 2.2

Widowed 3 2.0 1.4 2.7

Separated 9 1.9 1.5 2.4

Live-in 88 2.4 2.0 2.7

Parity

1 189 2.1 1.9 2.2

2-3 247 2.3 2.1 2.5

4-5 55 2.2 1.8 2.5

≥6 12 2.0 1.2 2.8











Type of residence

Rural 202 2.1 1.9 2.3

Urban 322 2.2 2.1 2.4

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 23 1.9 1.5 2.3

Poor 43 2.3 1.9 2.7

Middle 88 2.1 1.8 2.5

Rich 165 2.2 2.1 2.4

Richest 205 2.2 2.0 2.3

At the regional level (Figure 36), the regions with the longest duration of maternity leave were Central

Luzon (2.6 months), Cagayan Valley (2.5 months), and Bicol (2.4 months) while regions with the

shortest duration were MIMAROPA (1.6 months), Zamboanga Peninsula (1.7 months), and

SOCCSKSARGEN (1.8 months).

71





Figure 36. Mean duration (in months) of maternity leave availed by working mothers by


Among mothers who were given maternity leave (Table 33), majority of them came from the

government sector (73.0%), followed by the private sector (56.3%), and lastly, mothers who were

self-employed or working in family-owned business (12.6%).

Table 33. Proportion of working mothers who were given maternity leave by class of work:

Philippines, 2015

Class of work n (%) C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Private 585 56.3 51.8 60.7

Government 303 73.0 67.3 78.0

Self-employed/ family-owned business

89 12.6 6.7 22.5

Conversely, the longest mean duration of maternity leave was noted among self-employed or mothers

working in family businesses (2.5 months) while the shortest duration was observed among

government employees (2.1 months) (Table 34).

2.2

2.2

1.8

1.9

2.1

1.7

2.0

1.9

2.3

2.4

1.6

2.2

2.6

2.5

2.3

2.0

2.1

2.2

0 1 2 3

PROPORTION

72




Table 34. Mean duration (in months) of maternity leave given by class of work:

Philippines, 2015

Class of work n Mean C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Private 299 2.2 2.1 2.3

Government 214 2.1 1.9 2.3

Self-employed/ family-owned business

9 2.5 2.1 3.0

3.1.7 Child Immunization

Child immunization was considered to be important by mothers regardless of their age, civil status,

parity, educational attainment, work status, type of residence and wealth status (Table 35).

Table 35. Proportion of mothers who perceived that child immunization is important by



L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8376 97.9 97.5 98.3

Mother's Age

<20 years old 653 96.9 95.4 98.0

20 years old above 7723 98.0 97.6 98.4


Single 806 97.8 96.6 98.6

Married 4885 97.7 97.1 98.1

Widowed 59 97.7 86.6 99.7

Separated 166 98.1 94.9 99.3

Live-in 2459 98.5 97.9 98.9

Parity

1 2280 98.3 97.6 98.8

2-3 3191 98.4 97.9 98.8

4-5 1493 97.3 96.2 98.2

≥6 940 96.4 94.8 97.5











73






L.L. U.L.

Working Status

Not working 6419 97.8 97.4 98.2

Working 1955 98.3 97.6 98.8

Type of residence

Rural 4998 97.5 96.9 98.0

Urban 3378 98.4 97.8 98.8

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2243 96.1 94.9 97.0

Poor 2002 98.0 97.3 98.6

Middle 1633 98.2 97.4 98.7

Rich 1382 98.9 98.2 99.3

Richest 1109 99.1 97.9 99.6

Mothers believed that child immunization is important because it prevents life-threatening diseases

(45.5%), it protects the child from infectious diseases (38.2%), and helps the child to be healthy or not

to be sickly (16.1%) (Table 36).

Table 36. Reasons of mothers on the importance of child immunization: Philippines, 2015

(n=8,190)

Reasons (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Prevent life-threatening disease 45.5 44.1 46.9

Protect the child from infectious disease 38.2 37.0 39.5

Help the child to be healthy or not to be sickly

16.1 15.1 17.2

Others 0.1 0.0 0.2

3.1.8 Health-seeking Behavior

The health-seeking behavior of mothers during illness was presented in Table 37. Majority (54.5%) of

the mothers bought over the counter drugs for self-medication while 10.7% did nothing when they got

sick. Only 15.4% consulted a health professional in a public health facility and 11.3% in a private

health facility.

Married mothers preferred to consult health professionals, whether in a public or private health

facilities. Mothers who consulted in a public health facility were more likely to be the teenage

mothers, those who had six or more children, elementary graduates, and those who belonged to the

poorest quintile while mothers who consulted in a private health facility were the adult mothers, those

who had two to three children, college graduates, mothers who were working, those who were

dwelling in urban areas, and mothers in the richest quintile.

74




Mothers who preferred to self-medicate by buying over-the-counter drugs were the adult mothers,

those who were widowed, mothers with only one child, those who did not complete any grade level,

non-working mothers, and those in the rural areas. On the other hand, mothers who resorted to seek

for traditional healer’s help were teen mothers, those who were widowed, mothers with six or more

children, those who had no grade level completed, non-working mothers, those in rural areas, and

mothers in the poorest quintile.

Adult mothers, as well as those with six or more children, elementary graduates, and those who were

residing in rural areas preferred to buy herbal/traditional medicine or resorted to traditional

practices/beliefs for self-medication.

Across regions, NCR (17.2%) had the highest proportion of mothers who consulted health

professionals in private health facility while Western Visayas (23.7%) had the highest number of

consultations in public health facilities. Mothers in MIMAROPA (4.6%) preferred to consult

traditional healers when they got sick while mothers in Davao (61.3%) preferred to buy over-the-

counter drugs for self-medication. Zamboanga Peninsula (8.4%) had the highest proportion of

mothers who buy herbal/traditional medicine while resorting to traditional practices/beliefs was

highest in NCR (4.1%).

Ph

ilipp

ine N

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acts a

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and

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75

Table 37. Percent distribution of mothers by health-seeking behavior during illness, socio-demographic characteristics and region:

Philippines, 2015

Characteristics n Do

nothing

Consult

health

professional

in private

facility

Consult

health

professional

in public

facility

Consult

traditional

healer

Buy over the

counter

drugs for

self-

medication

Buy

herbal/traditional

medicine for self-

medication

Resort to

traditional

practices/beliefs

for self-

medication

Philippines 8257 10.7 11.3 15.4 1.3 54.5 4.4 2.5

Mother's Age

<20 years old 639 15.6 8.9 16.5 1.7 52.3 3.7 1.4

20 years old above 7618 10.3 11.4 15.3 1.3 54.6 4.5 2.5


Single 805 13.3 10.2 14.5 1.4 55.4 3.5 1.7

Married 4793 9.7 12.5 15.7 1.4 52.9 5.0 2.7

Widowed 60 13.8 9.1 8.8 2.2 62.2 2.3 1.7

Separated 165 11.7 10.1 10.0 - 60.4 3.0 4.8

Live-in 2433 11.4 9.6 15.5 1.2 56.4 3.8 2.2

Parity

1 2246 11.5 11.7 13.3 1.0 56.4 3.9 2.2

2-3 3131 8.9 12.3 15.1 1.0 55.9 4.3 2.5

4-5 1477 9.2 9.7 17.0 1.4 55.3 5.0 2.4

≥6 932 11.9 6.1 19.1 2.8 50.7 6.3 3.2


No Grade Completed 99 13.7 5.7 9.0 5.4 59.1 4.4 2.6

Elementary Undergraduate 851 10.9 6.3 16.3 2.8 54.8 5.6 3.3

Elementary Graduate 814 8.6 6.6 18.9 0.9 54.8 6.5 3.8

High School Undergraduate 1530 11.3 6.6 17.9 1.5 55.6 4.8 2.4

High School Graduate 2654 11.2 9.8 15.1 1.3 56.4 4.4 1.7

Vocational Undergraduate 93 9.4 17.6 17.0 1.5 51.5 1.4 1.5

Vocational Graduate 407 9.5 13.9 16.0 0.5 53.7 4.0 2.4

College Undergraduate 877 11.8 15.0 12.8 0.6 53.9 3.5 2.5

College Graduate 914 9.0 25.0 11.6 0.7 47.9 2.9 2.9

Working Status

Not working 6351 10.6 9.8 15.4 1.4 55.6 4.6 2.4

Working 1904 10.8 15.9 15.2 1.0 50.8 3.9 2.5

Ph

ilipp

ine N

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acts a

nd

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and

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76

Characteristics n Do

nothing

Consult

health

professional

in private

facility

Consult

health

professional

in public

facility

Consult

traditional

healer

Buy over the

counter

drugs for

self-

medication

Buy

herbal/traditional

medicine for self-

medication

Resort to

traditional

practices/beliefs

for self-

medication

Type of residence

Rural 4935 9.7 8.6 17.3 1.4 54.7 5.7 2.5

Urban 3322 11.7 14.2 13.2 1.2 54.2 3.0 2.4

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2238 10.1 6.0 18.5 2.6 52.6 7.4 2.9

Poor 1975 10.8 7.0 17.9 0.9 56.4 4.6 2.4

Middle 1623 10.9 9.2 16.4 1.3 56.0 4.2 1.9

Rich 1344 11.1 14.2 13.2 0.7 56.1 3.1 1.6

Richest 1070 10.5 24.4 8.4 0.8 50.8 1.5 3.6

Region

NCR 719 15.2 17.2 13.3 1.7 46.8 1.7 4.1

CAR 323 10.1 15.7 21.3 0.3 44.8 4.1 3.7

Ilocos Region 421 9.4 12.6 15.3 0.2 59.1 1.6 1.7

Cagayan Valley 443 10.0 10.5 16.5 0.7 54.6 3.7 4.0

Central Luzon 640 12.9 13.3 11.2 0.4 56.8 3.9 1.4

CALABARZON 781 10.4 13.0 15.1 0.8 55.8 3.5 1.3

MIMAROPA 278 4.5 10.5 11.7 4.6 58.1 6.7 3.8

Bicol Region 604 10.2 9.6 16.4 2.8 51.7 7.0 2.4

Western Visayas 537 9.3 9.4 23.7 0.9 51.3 2.9 2.4

Central Visayas 561 6.0 11.8 17.3 1.3 58.1 3.7 1.8

Eastern Visayas 508 8.2 9.0 20.4 0.4 52.5 6.6 2.9

Zamboanga Peninsula 337 10.8 6.3 14.9 1.1 56.1 8.4 2.4

Northern Mindanao 365 13.9 8.0 18.7 0.8 48.5 7.7 2.4

Davao Region 398 7.1 9.5 12.8 1.0 61.3 6.1 2.2

SOCCSKSARGEN 402 11.5 7.6 15.1 1.1 57.4 5.1 2.2

ARMM 547 11.9 4.5 9.2 4.1 60.8 7.0 2.5

Caraga 393 9.0 7.8 16.9 1.2 57.2 5.1 2.8

77





3.1.9 Hygiene Practice

About eight to nine in every 10 mothers reported that they always practice hand-washing with soap

before preparing their food, before and after eating, after using the toilet, before feeding their child,

and after attending to a child who defecated (Table 38).

The highest proportions of mothers who practice hand-washing at all times were among the adult

mothers, those who were widowed, non-working mothers, and those who were in the rural areas.

Mothers with two to three children always washed their hands after using the toilet and before feeding

their child, while mothers with four to five children consistently wash their hands before food

preparation, before and after eating, and after attending to their child who defecated. By educational

attainment, vocational undergraduates usually washed their hands before food preparation while

vocational undergraduate mothers were more likely to wash before and after eating and after using the

toilet. Elementary graduates tended to wash hands before feeding their child while college

undergraduates washed after attending to a child who defecated. The richest quintile had higher

proportion of mothers who practiced hand-washing before preparing their food, before they eat, after

toilet use, and before feeding their child at all times while middle income mothers had the highest

proportion of hand-washing after eating. Mothers who were poor were more likely to wash hands

after attending to a child who defecated.

By region, the highest proportion of mothers who claimed the practice of always washing their hands

before food preparation was in Western Visayas (93.9%) while Zamboanga Peninsula had the highest

proportion of hand-washing before (94.6%) and after eating (95.1%), after using the toilet (96.2%),

and after attending to a child who defecated (89.8%). Always hand-washing after attending to a child

who defecated was reported to be highest in Northern Mindanao (88.9%).

Table 38. Proportion of mothers who always practice hand-washing by socio-


Characteristics

Before food

preparation (n=8564)

Before eating

(n=8563)

After eating

(n=8563)

After toilet use

(n=8563)

Before feeding

the child (n=8562)

After attending to a child

who defecated (n=8562)

Philippines 89.7 90.9 91.4 92.9 83.8 84.9

Mother's Age

<20 years old 82.2 82.8 83.9 87.4 59.0 60.6

20 years old above 90.2 91.5 91.9 93.3 85.6 86.6


Single 85.3 85.9 86.8 90.6 74.1 75.5

Married 90.7 91.9 92.1 93.4 87.8 88.8

Widowed 93.6 94.6 96.5 100.0 88.0 93.1

Separated 92.6 93.6 95.2 95.2 81.5 84.7

Live-in 89.0 90.6 91.0 92.4 79.8 80.6

Parity

1 89.8 91.2 91.3 93.5 86.7 88.0

2-3 91.0 92.2 92.7 94.1 90.1 91.1

4-5 91.2 92.7 93.2 94.0 89.6 91.3

≥6 90.0 90.9 91.0 92.4 89.3 89.5

78

Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures



Characteristics

Before food

preparation (n=8564)

Before eating

(n=8563)

After eating

(n=8563)

After toilet use

(n=8563)

Before feeding

the child (n=8562)

After attending to a child

who defecated (n=8562)


No Grade Completed 77.7 80.8 82.4 85.3 78.2 80.3

Elementary Undergraduate 87.2 88.3 89.0 89.9 84.5 85.4

Elementary Graduate 90.1 90.6 90.8 93.2 84.6 85.6

High School Undergraduate 88.1 90.1 90.3 92.9 83.5 85.3

High School Graduate 90.0 91.6 91.8 93.4 83.6 84.1

Vocational Undergraduate 92.1 91.2 87.9 94.0 80.2 81.7

Vocational Graduate 91.9 92.9 93.9 93.6 83.2 85.7

College Undergraduate 90.7 91.4 92.7 93.5 84.0 86.1

College Graduate 91.9 92.3 92.9 93.4 84.5 84.6

Working Status

Not working 89.9 91.0 91.6 93.1 83.8 84.9

Working 89.2 90.8 90.7 92.2 83.8 84.8

Type of residence

Rural 90.8 91.7 92.0 93.4 84.1 85.2

Urban 88.5 90.1 90.7 92.3 83.5 84.5

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 87.7 88.7 89.7 91.0 83.7 84.7

Poor 90.0 91.7 92.0 93.7 84.3 85.8

Middle 89.0 91.3 92.5 93.6 82.9 85.5

Rich 90.7 91.6 90.8 92.5 83.0 83.1

Richest 92.1 91.8 92.0 94.1 85.3 85.3

Region

NCR 82.1 84.7 84.2 87.7 77.9 81.3

CAR 87.8 88.6 87.2 90.0 82.3 87.1

Ilocos Region 88.9 91.5 90.6 90.5 84.2 84.8

Cagayan Valley 86.2 87.9 88.1 92.5 79.5 80.6

Central Luzon 92.0 93.0 94.1 94.8 83.7 83.8

CALABARZON 91.5 91.7 93.5 95.3 86.2 86.5

MIMAROPA 90.0 92.2 91.2 92.8 83.8 84.8

Bicol Region 90.9 91.7 91.9 91.5 81.3 82.4

Western Visayas 93.9 93.8 93.8 95.0 86.4 88.3

Central Visayas 92.1 93.3 94.0 95.1 86.7 87.9

Eastern Visayas 91.5 92.6 93.0 94.3 83.8 84.4

Zamboanga Peninsula 93.4 94.6 95.1 96.2 88.5 89.8

Northern Mindanao 93.1 93.8 94.1 95.7 88.9 87.1

Davao Region 88.7 90.3 90.0 93.1 83.7 84.3

SOCCSKSARGEN 91.0 92.2 93.2 92.8 82.0 83.6

ARMM 88.4 89.4 91.1 91.7 86.7 86.1

Caraga 89.4 89.4 90.1 91.9 85.7 86.3

79





3.1.10 Childcare

Table 39 shows that the primary caregiver of children 0-36 months in the Philippines was their

mothers (90.7%). A very small proportions reported that the caregiver of their child was their

grandmother (3.9%), father (2.6%), or their other relatives (1.6%).

Table 39. Primary caregiver of children 0-36 months old: Philippines, 2015 (n=7,232)

Primary Caregiver (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Mother 90.7 89.8 91.5

Grandmother 3.9 3.4 4.5

Father 2.6 2.2 3.1

Other relatives 1.6 1.2 1.9

Nanny/Yaya 0.8 0.6 1.1

Grandfather 0.3 0.2 0.5

Friends/Neighbors 0.2 0.1 0.4

Mothers reported that their assistant in childcare activities (Table 40) was their husband (38.9%), their

mother/mother-in-law (25.0%), or their older sibling (11.5%). Some (12.2%) said that they had no

assistant in childcare activities.

Table 40. Mother’s assistant in childcare activities: Philippines, 2015 (n=7,232)

Mother’s assistant (%) 95% C.I.

L.L. U.L.

Husband 38.9 37.6 40.2

Mother/Mother-in-law 25.0 23.9 26.1

None 12.2 11.3 13.1

Older Sibling 11.5 10.7 12.4

Father/Father-in-law 1.5 1.2 1.8

Nanny/Yaya 1.0 0.7 1.3

Other Relatives 0.6 0.4 0.9

80




3.2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING

3.2.1 Current Feeding Practices

Figure 37 shows the graphical presentation of the proportion of children by current feeding practice

and the child’s age where each type of feeding starts, peaks, declines, or stops. During the survey,

63.2% of children less than 2 months of age were exclusively breastfed, 21.1% were fed on breastmilk

with complementary foods while 11.3% were fed purely with breastmilk substitute. At 6-7 months of

age, more than half of the infants were fed with breastmilk, breastmilk substitute, and complementary

foods while a total of 33.1% already stopped breastfeeding at this age. As early as the age less than 2

months, there were already infants who were fed with breastmilk together with complementary foods.

It peaks at age 8-9 months and gradually declines as age increases (See Appendix 2a for details).

Figure 37. Percent distribution of children 0-23 months old by current feeding practice

and age group: Philippines, 2015

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

<2 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 12-15 16-19 20-23

Perc

en

t (%

)

Age in months

Exclusive BF Predominant BF BF w/ CF

Pure breastmilk substitute Breastmilk substitute +food Regular food w/o any milk

http://www.netanimations.net/hungry-animated-baby.gif

81





Trends of current feeding practice

Among 0-5 month-old infants, exclusive breastfeeding increased from 2011 to 2013 by 3.4% but

decreased by 3.5% in 2015, however, the changes were both not statistically significant. On the other

hand, breastfeeding combined with complementary foods increased significantly from 2013 (25.6%,

Confidence Interval (CI): 22.9, 28.4) to 2015 by 3.6% (29.2%, CI: 26.6, 31.9) (p=0.0443) while the

proportion of infants who were not receiving breastmilk or those given breastmilk substitute increased

from 2011 to 2013 and decreased slightly in 2015.

In 2015, the number of children 6-11 months old who started complementary feeding slightly

increased from 2013 by 2.1%, however the difference was not statistically significant. The percentage

of those not receiving breastmilk/ given breastmilk substitute did not change significantly since 2011

(Figure 38).

Figure 38. Trends in the proportion of children 0-23 months old by feeding practice and by

age group: Philippines, 2011-2015

3.1

59.6

36.3

1.0 5.0

55.6

38.1

1.4 3.9

57.7

37.4

1.1

0

20

40

60

80

Exclusivebreastfeeding

Breastfeeding withcomplementary

foods

Breastmilksubstitute w/ foods

Regular food w/oany milk

Pe

rce

nt

(%)

2011

2013

2015

0.4

40.5

50.5

8.6

0.3

37.7

48.1

13.8

0.3

43.1 45.8

10.8

0

20

40

60

80



foods



Pe

rce

nt

(%)

2011

2013

2015

48.9

31.4

19.8

0.0

52.3

25.6 22.1

0.1

48.8

29.2 22.0

0.0 0

20

40

60

80



foods



Pe

rce

nt

(%)

2011

2013

20150-5 months

6-11 months

12-23 months

82




The prevalence of breastfeeding with complementary feeding among 12-23 months old children

decreased from 2011 to 2013 but significantly increased from 37.7% (CI: 35.6, 39.8) in 2013 to

43.1% (CI: 41.3, 45.0) in 2015 (p=<0.0001). The proportion of children who were not receiving any

milk feeding, whether breastmilk or breastmilk substitute significantly decreased from 13.8% (CI:

12.4, 15.4) in 2013 to 10.8% (CI: 9.7, 12.0) in 2015 (p=0.0008), however, the prevalence was still

alarming since there was still one out of nine young children who were no longer receiving any milk

(See Appendix 2b for details).

Initiation of Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding initiation within one hour after delivery increased significantly from 2011 to 2013 at

p=<0.0001. However, the 2015 result showed a significant decreased from 2013 by 12% (p=<0.0001).

About seven in every ten children were initiated to breastfeeding on time in 2015 compared to about

eight in every ten children in 2013 (Figure 39).

Figure 39. Trends in the proportion of children 0-23 months old who were initiated to

breastfeeding within one hour after delivery: Philippines 2011-2015

With regard to socio-demographic characteristics, sex of the infant, mother’s age, mother’s

educational level, type of residence, and wealth quintile did not affect the timing of breastfeeding

initiation. On the other hand, a higher prevalence of on-time breastfeeding initiation was seen among

mothers who had given birth more than one but less than six times, as well as among non-working

mothers (Table 41).

51.9

77.1

65.1

0

20

40

60

80

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

83





Table 41. Proportion of children 0-23 months old who were initiated to breastfeeding

within one hour after delivery by socio-demographic characteristics:


Characteristics Proportion 95% C.I.

LL UL

All 65.1 63.6 66.6

Sex Male 64.7 62.7 66.7 Female 65.6 63.5 67.6

Type of residence Rural 65.0 63.1 67.0 Urban 65.2 62.9 67.5

Wealth Quintile Poorest 67.8 65.1 70.4 Poor 67.9 65.2 70.6 Middle 65.6 62.5 68.7 Rich 64.1 60.5 67.6 Richest 57.5 53.4 61.5

Mother’s Age <20 63.3 58.1 68.3 ≥ 20 65.3 63.7 66.8

Parity 1 61.0 58.1 63.8 2 – 3 67.1 64.7 69.3 4 – 5 68.7 65.4 71.8 ≥ 6 65.8 61.5 69.8

Education No grade completed 62.0 45.5 76.1 Elementary undergraduate 70.3 65.1 75.0 Elementary graduate 63.1 58.5 67.5 High School undergraduate 69.5 66.2 72.7 High School graduate 65.0 62.6 67.3 Vocational Undergraduate 70.6 58.4 80.5 Vocational Graduate 58.1 51.2 64.7 College undergraduate 67.8 63.4 71.9 College graduate 56.5 52.0 60.9

Occupation Working 61.3 58.3 64.2 Not working 66.2 64.6 67.8

Across regions (Figure 40), the prevalence of infants initiated to breastfeeding within one hour after

delivery decreased from 77.1% in 2013 to 65.1% in 2015. The decreased in all regions were

significant except in Central Luzon, Bicol, and Eastern Visayas.

In 2015, the top 3 regions with the highest prevalence of breastfeeding initiation were Eastern Visayas

(78.1%), Davao Region (75.8%), and Northern Mindanao (74.4%). Davao Region remained in the top

3 from 2013. The lowest prevalence remained in Central Luzon (55.8%) since 2013.

84




Figure 40. Proportion of children 0-23 months old who were initiated to breastfeeding

within one hour after delivery by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015

Prelacteal Feeding

The result showed that there was about one in every four children who were given prelacteals in the

first three days of life. Prelacteal feeds are liquid feeds given to a newborn before breastfeeding is

established within three days after birth. This includes breastmilk substitute such as infant formula.

Sex of the infant, mother’s age, and mother’s educational level did not affect the provision of

prelacteals while infants from urban areas (29.9%) were more likely to be given prelacteals than those

from rural areas (22.5%). Provision of prelacteals increased as wealth quintile level improved

(poorest: 18.3% to richest: 36.9%). In addition, adult mothers (26.4%) were more likely to give

prelacteals than teenage mothers (21.8%), however, first time mothers (29.2%) had the highest

prevalence of giving prelacteals (Table 42).

65.2

58.9

63.4

75.8

74.4

74.2

78.1

73.4

70.3

65.0

62.3

57.0

55.8

57.1

61.5

64.5

67.3

65.1

85.9

76.8

81.9

88.9

82.9

83.3

79.7

85.2

91.2

71.3

72.9

71.5

57.0

71.2

71.5

85.2

83.0

77.1

0 50 100

2013 2015PROPORTION

85





Table 42. Proportion of children 0-23 months old who were given prelacteal feeds by socio-



LL UL

All 26.1 24.7 27.5

Sex

Male 26.0 24.3 27.8 Female 26.1 24.3 28.0



Mother’s Age <20 21.8 17.8 26.3 ≥ 20 26.4 25.0 27.8

Parity 1 29.2 26.8 31.8 2 – 3 24.8 22.7 26.9 4 – 5 22.9 20.1 25.9 6+ 24.6 20.9 28.7



Across regions (Figure 41), the prevalence of infants given prelacteals increased significantly from

20.9% (CI: 19.5, 22.3) in 2013 to 26.1% (CI: 24.7, 27.5) in 2015 at p=<0.0001. SOCCSKSARGEN is

the sole region which recorded a significant decreased of prelacteal feeding from 25.0% (CI: 18.7,

31.4) to 17.8% (CI: 14.0, 22.3) at p=0.0451. On the other hand, NCR ([15.9%, CI: 11.6, 20.2] vs.

[28.1%, CI: 23.7, 32.9], p=<0.0001) had the highest significant increased reported followed by

Western Visayas ([9.3%, CI: 4.6, 14.0] vs. [20.4%, CI: 16.4, 25.2], p=0.0002), and Zamboanga

Peninsula ([14.3%, CI: 8.8, 19.8] vs. [22.6%, CI: 17.5, 28.6], p=0.0323).

In 2015, Central Luzon (40.3%) had the highest prevalence of children given prelacteals while Davao

Region (12.1%) had the lowest.

86




Figure 41. Proportion of children 0-23 months old who were given prelacteal feeds by


Tables 43 and 44 present the type of prelacteals given to children and reasons for giving prelacteals

among children 0-23 months, respectively.

Infant formula (52.0%) was the most common prelacteal given to infants followed by water (38.7%)

and other breastmilk substitute (7.3%). Most mothers reported giving prelacteals to their infants

because they did not have enough milk flow or did not have any milk flow at all (48.4%). Other major

reasons were to prevent child’s dehydration (21.4%) and to cleanse or prepare baby’s gut for digestion

(11.3%). Some medical conditions also pushed mothers to give prelacteals to their infants such as

mother or infant was sick, mother underwent cesarean section delivery, infant had cleft palate/cleft

lip, and other conditions that hinder infants from breastfeeding.

18.6

31.5

17.8

12.1

13.7

22.6

18.2

19.5

20.4

23.1

24.5

35.4

40.3

26.6

27.3

14.3

28.1

26.1

9.7

25.6

25.0

11.7

10.1

14.3

16.0

12.9

9.3

19.5

22.7

28.5

42.5

26.3

20.9

9.8

15.9

20.9

0 20 40 60

2013 2015PROPORTION

87





Table 43. Proportion of children 0-23 months old by type of prelacteal feed given:


Type of Prelacteal Feed* Proportion 95% C.I.

LL UL

Infant formula 52.0 49.0 55.0 Plain water 38.7 35.8 41.7 Other breastmilk substitute 7.3 6.0 9.0 Water with sugar/honey 4.0 3.0 5.3 Herbal extract 2.1 1.4 3.2 Am 1.4 0.7 2.5 Fruit extract 0.4 0.2 1.1 Honey 0.6 0.3 1.1

*Multiple response question

Table 44. Reasons of mothers for giving prelacteal feeds: Philippines, 2015

Reasons* Proportion 95% C. I.

LL UL

No milk flow 48.4 45.6 51.2

Prevent dehydration 21.4 19.0 23.8 Cleanses/ Prepare baby's gut for

digestion 11.3 9.5 13.1

Mother's medical condition 4.1 3.0 5.2

Baby's medical condition 3.9 2.9 5.0

Tradition 2.1 1.3 2.9

Nipple problem 1.7 0.9 2.5

Poor latching 1.6 0.9 2.3

Advised by doctor 1.3 0.6 2.0

Advised by relatives 1.3 0.6 1.9

Prevent jaundice 1.2 0.6 1.7

Others 2.5 1.7 3.4 *Multiple response question

88




Exclusive Breastfeeding

The increasing trend of exclusive breastfeeding in ten years (from 2003 to 2013) was interrupted in

2015 when the prevalence dropped by 3.5%, although the decline was not significantly different

(Figure 42).

Figure 42. Trends in the proportion of exclusively breastfed infants 0-5 months old:


Exclusive breastfeeding decreased as the infant grew older (Table 45). There were approximately

seven out of 10 infants who were exclusively breastfed at 0 months and dropped to one out of four

children at the age of 5 months. Sex of the infant did not affect the practice of exclusive breastfeeding.

Younger mothers (60.1%) tend to exclusively breastfeed their infants more than older mothers

(48.1%). On the other hand, mothers who gave birth at least four times (59.4%) practiced exclusive

breastfeeding more than mothers who gave birth only once (47.0%).

Infants of mothers from rural areas (56.3%), from lowest wealth quintile (66.4%), lower educational

level (72.1%). and non-working (54.6%) had higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding than their

counterparts.

29.7

35.9

48.9

52.3

48.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2003 2008 2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

* For comparison purposes, note that estimates in 2003 and 2008 were based on the usual feeding of the children at the

time of the survey while estimates in 2011, 2013 and 2015 were based on the 24-hour food recall the previous day.

** 2003 and 2008 estimates were based only on one replicate of the Master Sample while 2011, 2013 and 2015 utilized

the four replicates of the Master Sample.

89





Table 45. Proportion of exclusively breastfed infants 0-5 months old by socio-

demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n= 1,377)


LL UL

All 48.8 46.1 51.6

Single Age (in months) 0 68.0 61.0 74.3 1 58.3 51.3 64.9 2 53.7 46.5 60.7 3 45.1 39.0 51.4 4 43.5 36.9 50.4 5 24.7 19.0 31.4

Sex Male 50.0 46.1 53.9 Female 47.6 43.6 51.8



Mother’s Age <20 60.1 51.9 67.9

≥20 48.1 45.0 51.1

Parity 1 47.0 42.2 51.9 2 – 3 47.5 42.4 52.6 4 – 5 59.4 52.5 65.9 ≥ 6 57.3 48.5 65.6



Across regions (Figure 43), MIMAROPA (74.0%) and CAR (72.1%) had the highest prevalence of

exclusive breastfeeding while NCR (31.8%) and CALABARZON (32.4%) had the lowest.

Comparing between 2013 and 2015 results, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in some regions

improved while declined in others. However, the only significant decreased of exclusive breastfeeding

rate between 2013 and 2015 was observed in Eastern Visayas ([77.9%, CI: 66.3, 86.4] vs. [60.8%, CI:

49.0, 71.4], p=0.0208) and NCR ([48.6%, CI: 38.1, 59.2] vs. [31.8%, CI: 23.9, 40.9], p=0.0131) while

90




significant increase was observed in Western Visayas ([41.9%, CI: 30.6, 54.2] vs. [58.3%, CI: 48.1,

67.9], p=0.0307) and MIMAROPA ([45.5%, CI: 28.0, 64.2] vs. [74.0%, CI: 50.6, 88.8], p=0.0169).

Figure 43. Proportion of exclusively breastfed infants 0-5 months old by region:


Predominant Breastfeeding

Predominant breastfeeding in the country increased from 6.6% in 2013 to 8.3% in 2015 (Figure 44).

Figure 44. Trends in the proportion of predominantly breastfed infants 0-5 months old:


51.0

59.3

52.6

64.4

59.5

54.1

60.8

55.2

58.3

64.1

74.0

32.4

36.6

49.8

49.0

72.1

31.8

48.8

56.7

61.6

61.7

71.0

66.7

61.5

77.9

44.2

41.9

70.5

45.5

40.6

33.5

55.3

48.6

72.7

48.6

52.3

0 50 100

2013 2015

7.2 6.6

8.3

0

4

8

12

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

PREVALENCE

91





There was one out of 12 (8.3%) infants who were predominantly breastfed at the time of the survey (Table

46). By single age, 3 month-old infants (13.1%) had the highest proportion of predominant

breastfeeding.

Table 46. Proportion of predominantly breastfed infants 0-5 months old by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n= 1,377)


LL UL

All 8.3 6.8 10.0

Single Age (in months) 0 4.5 2.4 8.3 1 3.7 1.7 7.8 2 6.0 3.4 10.2 3 13.1 9.4 18.1 4 11.0 7.5 15.8 5 10.5 7.0 15.5

Sex Male 7.2 5.4 9.5 Female 9.4 7.3 12.2



Mother’s Age <20 8.9 5.0 15.3 ≥ 20 8.3 6.7 10.1

Parity 9.3 6.8 12.8 1 7.2 5.1 10.0 2 – 3 9.0 5.8 13.8 4 – 5 9.8 5.8 16.2 ≥ 6 9.3 6.8 12.8



Continued breastfeeding at 1 year and at 2 years

Prevalence of continued breastfeeding decreased as the child grew older. There was approximately

one out of two (53.2%) children who were still breastfeeding at 1 year but dropped to one out of three

children (32.7%) at 2 years (Table 47).

92




More children from rural areas continue to breastfeed at 1 and 2 years (63.2% and 36.5%,

respectively) compared to children from urban areas (43.3% and 28.9%, respectively). Continued

breastfeeding rate at 1 and 2 years decreased with improved wealth, from 68.3% among the poorest

quintile to 27.7% among the richest quintile at 1 year and from 38.9% to 19.5% at 2 years,

respectively. The same pattern was found with regard to mother’s educational attainment. Mothers

with lower education level breastfed their infants longer than mothers with higher level of education

at 1 year (89.1% among mothers who did not finish any grade level to 28.4% among those who

graduated from college) and at 2 years (73.9% among mothers who did not finish any grade level to

20.1% among those who graduated from college).

On the other hand, as mother’s parity increased the prevalence of continued breastfeeding at 1 and 2

years also increased. Non-working mothers tended to continue breastfeeding longer than mothers who

were working (61.8% vs36.0% at 1 year and 38.7% vs 24.0% at 2 years).

Table 47. Proportion of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year and at 2 years by socio-


Characteristics Continued Breastfeeding at

1 Year (n=1,047) Continued Breastfeeding at

2 Years (n=1,102)

All 53.2 32.7

Sex Male 53.4 30.8 Female 53.0 34.9

Type of residence Rural 63.2 36.5 Urban 43.3 28.9

Wealth Quintile Poorest 68.3 38.9 Poor 64.2 38.8 Middle 47.3 33.1 Rich 48.6 28.4 Richest 27.7 19.5

Mother’s Age <20 57.5 25.8

≥ 20 54.9 35.0

Parity 1 46.2 32.5 2 – 3 60.3 36.2 4 – 5 61.3 45.3 ≥ 6 75.5 39.7

Education No grade completed 89.1 73.9 Elementary undergraduate 65.3 40.9 Elementary graduate 63.6 41.6 High School undergraduate 69.2 41.2 High School graduate 56.9 33.5 Vocational Undergraduate 68.9 27.0 Vocational Graduate 38.4 33.0 College undergraduate 49.3 31.0 College graduate 28.4 20.1

Occupation Working 36.0 24.0 Not working 61.8 38.7

Figures 45 and 46 present the comparison of continued breastfeeding rate at 1 and 2 years by region

between the 2013 and 2015 surveys.

93





Figure 45. Proportion of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year by region:


Figure 46. Proportion of children with continued breastfeeding at 2 years by region:


49.6

57

60.2

51

43.1

50.3

64.4

52.6

67.6

56.6

76.4

47.9

54.3

69.7

57.4

73.8

39.1

53.2

66

56

51.3

54.2

44.3

55.8

58.4

62.7

60.6

48

54.1

39.3

44.8

65.8

50.3

68.3

28.3

48.8

0 20 40 60 80 100

2013 2015

24.2

26.0

42.0

33.7

36.7

23.8

28.3

40.4

45.2

28.1

43.6

33.1

25.8

37.4

30.9

42.7

29.6

32.7

14.9

36

27.4

17.6

33.1

17.7

28.5

27.7

38.8

38.1

48.1

21.1

22.1

15.5

33.2

40.8

25.5

27.6

0 20 40 60

2013 2015

PREVALENCE

PREVALENCE

94




In comparison with 2013, there was an increased continued breastfeeding rate in 2015, both at 1 year

([48.4%, CI: 44.6, 52.2] vs. [53.2%, CI: 50.0, 56.4], p=0.0462) and at 2 years ([27.6%, CI: 24.5, 30.8]

vs. [32.7%, CI: 29.8, 35.7], p=0.0162), and these increases were significant. At 1 year, almost all the

regions had increased continued breastfeeding rates except for the regions of Central Visayas,

Zamboanga, Northern Mindanao, Davao, and Caraga.

Cagayan Valley Region noted a significant increase of continued breastfeeding at the age of 2 years

between 2013 and 2015 ([15.5%, CI: 6.0, 25.1] vs. [37.4%, CI: 26.4, 49.8], p=0.0182). Although not

statistically significant, most of the regions also had increased rate of continued breastfeeding except

for Eastern Visayas with rate that almost remained the same. Ilocos, Bicol, ARMM, and MIMAROPA

noted a decline on continued breastfeeding rate.

Ever Breastfeeding

The percentage of mothers who had ever breastfed their children regardless of duration and

exclusivity significantly increased from 88.8% (CI: 87.8, 89.9) in 2013 to 93.1% (92.3, 93.8) in 2015

(p=<0.0001) (Figure 47).

Figure 47. Trends in the proportion of ever breastfed children 0-23 months old:


By socio-demographic characteristics (Table 48), ever breastfeeding decreased from the poorest to the

richest quintile while (97.2% to 89.2%) non-working mothers (95.3%) had higher prevalence of ever

breastfeeding than working mothers (89.5%). Other characteristics like child’s sex, maternal age,

parity, and educational attainment as well as type of residence did not show any effect in the practice

of ever breastfeeding.

92.9 88.8 93.1

0

25

50

75

100

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

95





Table 48. Proportion of ever breastfed children 0-23 months old by socio-demographic



LL UL

All 93.1 92.3 93.8

Sex Male 92.9 91.8 93.8 Female 93.4 92.2 94.3



Mother’s Age <20 96.2 93.7 97.7

≥ 20 93.8 92.9 94.5

Parity 1 93.9 92.5 95.1 2 – 3 95.1 94.0 96.1 4 – 5 95.0 92.9 96.5 ≥ 6 94.5 91.9 96.3



Generally, ever breastfeeding had improved in all regions with highest increased rates in Western

Visayas (88.4% to 97.6%), MIMAROPA (91.1% to 98.6%), and Central Visayas (89.1% to 96.2%)

(Figure 48). In 2015, MIMAROPA (98.6%) had the highest prevalence of ever breastfeeding while

CALABARZON (88.7%) had the lowest.

96




Figure 48. Proportion of ever breastfed children 0-23 months old by region: Philippines,

2013 & 2015

Duration of Breastfeeding

Figure 49 shows that duration of any breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding changed slightly from

the 2013 data and fell short of the WHO recommendation of 24 months and 6 months, respectively.

Mothers from rural areas had longer duration of any breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding than

mothers from urban areas (8.9 months against 7.7 months and 4.5 months against 3.9 months,

respectively) (Table 49). The same pattern was seen by wealth quintile. Mothers from the poorest

wealth quintile breastfeed their infants longer (9.6 months) than mothers from the richest wealth

quintile (6.1 months), and for exclusive breastfeeding at 4.7 months from the poorest to 3.4 months

from the richest. Consistently, mothers who had more children breastfed longer compared to mothers

who gave birth only once. Non-working mothers and those with lower educational attainment

breastfed longer than working mothers and those with higher educational level.

93.6

93.2

96.0

92.7

95.8

96.3

95.8

96.2

97.6

94.3

98.6

88.7

89.2

94.3

93.3

96.1

91.0

93.1

90.0

93.3

94.5

92.0

92.3

94.3

90.0

89.1

88.4

91.3

91.1

84.4

86.1

90.6

89.0

96.0

86.2

88.8

70 80 90 100

2013 2015PROPORTION

97





Figure 49. Trends in the mean duration (in months) of any breastfeeding and exclusive

breastfeeding: Philippines, 2011-2015

Table 49. Mean duration (in months) of exclusively breastfed and ever breastfed children 0-23

months old by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015

Characteristics

Mean Duration (in months)

Exclusive breastfeeding (n=4,522)

Any Breastfeeding (n=5,269)

All 4.2 8.3

Sex Male 4.2 8.2 Female 4.3 8.4

Type of residence Rural 4.5 8.9 Urban 3.9 7.7

Wealth Quintile Poorest 4.7 9.6 Poor 4.3 8.9 Middle 4.4 8.4 Rich 3.9 7.4 Richest 3.4 6.1

Mother’s Age <20 3.7 6.6

≥ 20 4.3 8.5

Parity 1 3.8 7.1 2 – 3 4.4 8.7 4 – 5 4.5 9.3 ≥ 6 4.7 9.5

7.7 8.2

8.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

2011 2013 2015

Mo

nth

s

Duration of any breastfeeding

3.7 4.1

4.2

0

2

4

2011 2013 2015

Mo

nth

s

Duration of exclusive breastfeeding

98




Characteristics

Mean Duration (in months)

Exclusive breastfeeding (n=4,522)

Any Breastfeeding (n=5,269)

Education No grade completed 5.2 10.8 Elementary undergraduate 4.6 9.3 Elementary graduate 4.6 10.0 High School undergraduate 4.5 9.0 High School graduate 4.4 8.4 Vocational Undergraduate 4.0 7.6 Vocational Graduate 4.2 7.7 College undergraduate 3.9 7.5 College graduate 3.1 5.9

Occupation Working 3.9 7.6 Not working 4.4 8.6

There were no significant changes between the 2013 and 2015 results across regions with regard to

the mean duration of any breastfeeding (Figure 50) and exclusive breastfeeding (Figure 51) compared

with the national estimate.

In 2015, children from CAR were breastfed the longest (9.4 months) while the shortest (7.2 months)

were from Central Luzon. Infants from CAR again were exclusively breastfed the longest (5 months),

while infants from Northern Mindanao were exclusively breastfed the shortest (3.9 months) compared

with the national prevalence.

Figure 50. Mean duration (in months) of any breastfeeding by region: Philippines, 2013 &

2015

8.2

8.9

8.5

8.1

8.1

8.2

8.9

9.2

9.0

9.0

9.3

7.6

7.2

8.9

8.7

9.4

7.6

8.3

7.6

8.8

8.0

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.7

9.3

9.0

8.9

9.1

7.8

7.3

9.0

8.1

9.0

7.1

8.2

0 5 10

2013 2015MONTHS

99





Figure 51. Mean duration of exclusively breastfed children by region: Philippines, 2013 &

2015

4.3

4.7

4.1

4.6

3.9

4.1

4.6

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.7

4.0

4.1

4.1

4.6

5.0

4.0

4.2

4.3

4.0

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3

4.0

3.9

4.1

3.7

4.4

4.0

4.3

3.7

4.1

0 2 4 6

2013 2015MONTHS

100




Bottle-feeding

There is an increasing trend of bottle-feeding in the country since 2011, with a significant increase

from 2013 to 2015 ([48.8%, CI: 47.2, 50.3] to [52.3, CI: 50.8, 53.7], p=0.0003) (Figure 52).

Figure 52. Trends in the proportion of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old: Philippines,

2011-2015

By background characteristics, Table 50 showed that children at 6 to 7 (56.3%) months and 10 to 11

months (56.7%) age groups had the highest percentage of bottle feeding. Children from urban areas

(61.9%) tend to be bottle-fed more than children residing in the rural areas (43.1%). Consequently,

bottle feeding increased from the poorest to the richest (32.1% to 75.9%).

Mother’s parity or number of children affects the provision of bottle feeding, as the prevalence of

bottle-feeding decreased with increasing parity (57.7% to 36.6%). By education, higher percentage of

mothers who bottle-fed their children finished higher educational levels. Working mothers (70.5%)

also tended to bottle feed their children than their counterparts (44.9%).

Table 50. Proportion of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old by socio-demographic

characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n= 6,101)

Characteristics Proportion 95% CI

LL UL

All 52.3 50.8 53.7

Age Group (in months) <2 35.1 30.4 40.1 2-3 42.7 38.0 47.6 4-5 48.2 42.9 53.6 6-7 56.3 51.8 60.7 8-9 54.4 50.0 58.6 10-11 56.7 52.5 60.9 12-15 54.1 50.8 57.2 16-19 55.7 52.2 59.1 20-23 54.9 51.6 58.1

Sex Male 53.4 51.5 55.3 Female 51.1 49.0 53.1

44.7 48.8

52.3

0

20

40

60

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

101





Characteristics Proportion 95% CI

LL UL



Mother’s Age <20 44.9 39.7 50.2 ≥ 20 51.6 50.1 53.1

Parity 1 57.7 55.0 60.3 2 – 3 50.6 48.3 52.9 4 – 5 41.0 37.8 44.2 ≥ 6 36.6 32.6 40.8



Figure 53 shows that the percentage of bottle-fed children in the Philippines had increased

significantly from 2013 to 2015 (48.8% to 52.3%, p=0.0003). Remarkable increased rates were

observed in the regions of Zamboanga (29.0% to 48.7%) and Caraga (35.5% to 49.3%). On the other

hand, declined rates were seen in MIMAROPA (43.1% to 36.0%), Central Visayas (43.7% to 43.3%),

and SOCCSKSARGEN (45.9% to 42.6%).

In 2015, NCR had the highest prevalence of bottle-feeding (68.2%) which was higher than the

national estimate. CAR, on the other hand, had the lowest prevalence at 34.5%.

102




Content of bottles

Breastmilk substitute (90.6%) was the most common or popular liquid given through a bottle,

followed by water (21.7%). It was noted that 1.3% of bottle contained expressed breastmilk (Table

51).

Table 51. Content of bottles* given to the child: Philippines, 2015 (n= 2,994)

Content Percentage 95% C.I.

Breastmilk substitute 90.6 89.3 91.8 Water 21.7 19.9 23.4 Am 1.5 0.9 2.0 Breastmilk 1.3 0.9 1.8 Chocolate drinks 1.3 0.8 1.7

* based on 24-hour food recall

49.3

34.8

42.6

44.3

40.3

48.7

40.8

43.3

46.6

49.3

36

64.2

64.6

42.5

51.8

34.5

68.2

52.3

35.5

33.9

45.9

37.9

39.9

29.0

39.7

43.7

45.3

44.9

43.1

55.2

61.7

39.8

52.1

31.8

61.5

48.8

0 20 40 60 80

2013 2015PROPORTION

Figure 53. Proportion of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015

103





Feeding of Breastmilk Substitute

Table 52 shows the type of breastmilk substitute given to children 0-23 months. Growing-up milk was

the most type of breastmilk substitute given to children followed by infant formula and follow-on

milk. A 12.3% of children were fed with family milk and 11.7% were fed with full cream milk.

Table 52. Type of milk given to children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 2015

Type of Milk Proportion 95% C. I.

LL UL

Growing-up formula 30.0 28.1 31.9

Infant formula 26.2 24.2 28.2

Follow-on formula 19.5 17.8 21.2 Filled/recombined/reconstituted/family milk 12.3 11.0 13.8

Full cream milk/whole milk 11.7 10.3 13.2

Skimmed/non-fat/low fat milk 0.2 0.1 0.4

Evaporated milk 0.1 0.0 0.6

Condensed milk 0.1 0.0 0.4

By age group, results showed that infant formula, which is ideally given to infants 0-5 months was

still given to 22.9% children 6-11 months. On the other hand, follow-on milk which is given to

children beyond 6 months was given earlier to infants 0-5 months (3.8%) and to children 12-23

months (7.5%). Growing-up milk which is intended for children one year old and above was given

very early to infants 0-5 months (3.2%) and among 6-11 months (7.5%). There were also infants who

were given full cream milk and filled milk at their young age (Table 53).

Table 53. Proportion of children 0-23 months old by type of milk given: Philippines, 2015

Type of Milk by Age Proportion 95% C. I.

LL UL

Infant formula

0-5.9m 87.1 83.4 90.1

6-11.9m 22.9 19.4 26.7

12-23.9m 9.3 7.7 11.3

Follow-on formula 0-5.9m 3.8 2.2 6.5

6-11.9m 55.4 51.1 59.7

12-23.9m 7.5 6.1 9.2 Growing-up formula

0-5.9m 3.2 1.7 5.6 6-11.9m 7.5 5.6 9.9 12-23.9m 48.4 45.6 51.3

Full cream milk/whole milk 0-5.9m 2.7 1.5 4.8

6-11.9m 6.0 4.4 8.1 12-23.9m 17.1 15.0 19.4

Filled/recombined/reconstituted/family milk 0-5.9m 3.0 1.7 5.2

6-11.9m 8.0 6.2 10.3 12-23.9m 17.2 15.2 19.3

104




3.2.2 Complementary Feeding

Introduction to Complementary Foods

The prevalence of children who were introduced to complementary foods at 6-8 months barely changed

from 2013. The current result (80.3%) implies that there was one in every five children who were

introduced to complementary foods either earlier or later than the recommended timing (Figure 54).

Figure 54. Trends in the proportion of children 6-23 months old who were introduced to

complementary foods at 6-8 months: Philippines, 2011-2015

Introduction to complementary foods increased from aged six months (66.1%) until eight months

(91.5%). Infants from rural areas (82.0%) and households in the poor and middle quintiles (84.8% and

81.9%, respectively) had higher percentage with timely introduction of complementary foods compared to

their urban counterparts (78.6%) and wealthier households (74.7% and 78.9%). Adults (80.2%) and

working mothers (78.4%) were less likely to give timely complementary foods to infants at 6-8 months

(Table 54).

Table 54. Proportion of infants 6-8 months old who were introduced to complementary foods

by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n= 773)


LL UL

All 80.3 77.2 83.1

Age Group (in months) 6 66.1 59.3 72.2 7 83.7 77.9 88.2 8 91.5 87.3 94.4

Sex Male 78.0 73.2 82.0 Female 82.8 78.3 86.5



83.7

80.5 80.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

(%

)

105






LL UL

Mother’s Age <20 82.7 69.7 90.8 ≥ 20 80.2 76.8 83.2

Parity 1 84.8 78.1 89.7 2 – 3 76.7 71.0 81.6 4 – 5 82.1 74.8 87.7 ≥ 6 80.2 69.8 87.7



The prevalence of infants 6-8 months old who were introduced to complementary foods did not change

from 2013 (80.5%) to 2015 (80.3%). Among regions, Eastern Visayas (64.3%) distinctly had the lowest

percentage with timely introduction of complementary foods in 2015 compared to other regions. Higher

rates were observed in Northern Mindanao at 100% and in Central Visayas at 90.8% (Figure 55).

106




Figure 55. Proportion of infants 6-8 months old who were introduced to complementary

foods by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015

Commercially available baby foods (42.9%) were the most popular first complementary food given to

infants. Aside from commercially bought baby foods, other foods given as first complementary foods

were lugao (26.5%), rice (9.3%,) and mashed vegetables (6.9%) (Table 55).

Table 55. Proportion of children 0-23 months old by first food given: Philippines, 2015

First Food Proportion 95% C. I.

LL UL

Commercial baby food 42.9 41.2 44.7

Lugao 26.5 24.9 28.2

Rice 9.3 8.3 10.5

Mashed vegetables 6.9 6.1 7.9

Biscuit/bread 3.7 3.1 4.3

Fruits 1.7 1.2 2.4

Egg 1.2 0.9 1.7

Meat 0.4 0.2 0.6

Milk + ground rice 0.3 0.2 0.6

Fish 0.2 0.1 0.6

Poultry 0.1 0.0 0.3

Others 6.6 5.8 7.5

86.2

78.1

78.8

81.5

100

76.5

64.3

90.8

84.2

78.0

88.3

79.8

77.3

89.6

72.9

78.5

78.9

80.3

86.4

66.6

83.6

79.0

87.7

68.3

71.8

91

78.6

73.3

77

87.3

81.1

92.6

77.5

78.1

76.2

80.5

0 50 100 150

2013 2015PROPORTION

107





Age-appropriate breastfeeding

Results showed that approximately 1 out of 2 children aged 0-23 months was appropriately breastfed

(Figure 56 and Table 56). This is a composite indicator which includes both infants aged 0-6 months

who were exclusively breastfed and infants and young children 6-23 months who were given

complementary foods while continuing breastfeeding. There was much higher percentage of age-

appropriately breastfed children from rural areas at 54.2% compared to urban areas at 40.2%.

Figure 56. Trends in the proportion of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months

old: Philippines, 2011-2015

Age-appropriate breastfeeding was observed to decline with increasing household wealth and

maternal level of education. A noteworthy result was seen in the employment status of mothers

wherein children of working mothers (30.9%) were less likely to be age-appropriately fed compared

to children of non-working mothers (54.8%).

Table 56. Proportion of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months old by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=6,142)


LL UL

All 47.4 46.0 48.7

Sex Male 46.3 44.4 48.1 Female 48.5 46.4 50.6



Mother’s Age <20 53.5 48.4 58.6

≥ 20 48.6 47.2 50.1

Parity 1 44.7 42.1 47.4 2 – 3 51.0 48.7 53.3 4 – 5 57.7 54.4 60.9 ≥ 6 59.5 55.2 63.6

48.8

45.2

47.4

0

20

40

60

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

108





LL UL



The percentage of children aged 0-23 months who were appropriately breastfed had significantly

increased from 45.2% (CI: 43.7, 46.7) in 2013 (CI: 46.0, 48.7) to 47.4% in 2015 (p=0.0226). By

region (Figure 57), lower rates in 2015 were observed in NCR (35.6%) and Central Luzon (37.5%)

while estimates were higher in MIMAROPA (67.1%) and CAR (61.1%). Though CAR estimate was

high in 2015, it had decreased compared to 2013 results (64.6%). Highest increase rates were

observed in MIMAROPA (52.0% to 67.1%), Western Visayas (52.5% to 58.1%), and ARMM (49.6%

to 54.8%) from 2013 to 2015.

Figure 57. Proportion of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months old by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015

44.5

54.8

50.5

51.2

50.8

47.6

54.3

54.0

58.1

53.3

67.1

40.2

37.5

53.8

48.7

61.1

35.6

47.4

49.6

49.6

50.6

50.3

51.2

47.1

55.6

50.1

52.5

53.4

52

35.5

34.4

52.7

44.3

64.6

37.0

45.2

0 20 40 60 80

2013 2015PROPORTION

109





Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD)

Although a significant increase in MDD rate was observed from 2013 (15.5% [CI: 14.3, 16.8]) to

2015 (29.2% [CI: 27.6, 30.7]) (p=<0.0001), the percentage of children meeting the MDD was still

very low at only one out of three children (Figure 58).

The proportion of children who met the MDD was higher among non-breastfed children compared to

breastfed children. Those who reside in urban areas (32.6%) had higher percentage of children

meeting the MDD compared to their rural counterparts (25.8%). Moreover, the proportion of children

who met the MDD was positively associated with increasing level of household wealth (Table 57).

Figure 58. Trends in the proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum

Dietary Diversity: Philippines, 2011-2015

Table 57. Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Dietary Diversity by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=4,765)

Characteristics All Non-

breastfed Breastfed

All 29.2 37.1 21.1

Sex Male 29.2 35.8 22.2 Female 29.1 38.5 20.1



Mother’s Age <20 26.7 39.1 16.3

≥ 20 28.9 37.0 21.4

Parity 1 29.2 34.4 23.3 2 – 3 30.2 40.0 22.3 4 – 5 24.1 32.5 18.8 ≥ 6 28.5 44.4 19.4

21.6

15.5

29.2

0

10

20

30

40

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

110




Characteristics All Non-

breastfed Breastfed



Across regions (Figure 59), Cagayan Valley (40.4%) had the highest percentage while ARMM has the

lowest (12.2%) percentage of children meeting the MDD. Although increased rates were observed in

all regions except for ARMM, these rates were still considered very low suggesting that a majority of

children did not receive complementary foods that are adequate and of good nutritional quality.

Figure 59. Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Dietary Diversity

by region: Philippines, 2013 & 2015

30.3

12.2

28.1

26.7

32.7

27.5

24.6

27.8

30.6

25.9

25.4

28.6

30.3

40.4

31.1

28.1

36.5

29.2

17.4

13.8

18.6

14.9

21.0

12.8

7.0

19.2

11.2

14.0

18.1

14.4

13.5

18.9

22.0

16.0

15.9

15.5

0 20 40 60

2013 2015PROPORTION

111





Table 58 shows the dietary diversity of children aged 6-23 months by food group consumption.

Grains, roots & tubers (100%), flesh foods (82.7%), milk and milk products (80.8%), and Vitamin A-

rich fruits and vegetables (44.4%) were the most consumed food groups by children meeting the

minimum DDS of 4. On the other hand, legumes and nuts (11.7%) was the least consumed food

group.

Table 58. Dietary Diversity Score of children 6-23 months old and their consumption by

food groups: Philippines, 2015

DDS

Food Groups

Grains, Roots & Tubers

Legumes & Nuts

Milk & Milk

Products

Flesh Foods

Eggs Vitamin A-

rich Fruits & Vegetables

Other Fruits &

Vegetables

1 80.1 0.1 18.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3

2 99.6 2.8 65.6 17.7 3.8 6.3 4.2

3 99.8 7.6 72.5 57.8 20.3 23.2 18.9

4 100.0 11.7 80.8 82.7 38.8 44.4 41.7

5 100.0 24.6 90.4 91.9 50.8 76.3 65.9

6 100.0 41.3 97.5 99.1 78.7 93.6 89.8

7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF)

MMF is an indicator that reflects the energy intake from foods other than breastmilk consumed the

minimum number of times or more per day. Based on Figure 60, the prevalence of MMF declined

from 94.1% [CI: 93.3, 94.9] in 2013 to 91.7% [CI: 90.8, 92.5] in 2015 (p=<0.0001).


Meal Frequency: Philippines, 2011-2015

87.9 94.1 91.7

0

20

40

60

80

100

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

112




More children from urban areas (93.5%) met the MMF compared to those from rural areas (90.0%).

Working mothers (96.1%) had higher proportion of children who met the MMF compared to non-

working mothers (89.9%). The proportion of children who met the MMF was positively associated

with increasing household wealth and maternal level of education (Table 59).

Table 59. Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Meal Frequency by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=4,732)

Characteristics All Non-breastfed Breastfed

All 91.7 96.1 87.3

Sex Male 92.0 96.5 87.2 Female 91.4 95.7 87.4



Mother’s Age <20 89.0 98.2 81.1

≥ 20 91.7 95.8 87.8

Parity 1 93.2 98.3 87.4 2 – 3 90.8 95.4 87.1 4 – 5 90.1 94.8 87.0 ≥ 6 88.7 89.8 88.1



Across regions (Figure 61), the sharpest decline was observed in Northern Mindanao from 96.5% to

89.5%. NCR (94.8%) and Central Visayas (94.4%) had higher estimates of children who met the

MMF in 2015 compared to other regions.

113





Figure 61. Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Meal Frequency


Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD)

Based on the results (Figure 62), only about one out of five children had met the MAD. The

prevalence of children meeting the MAD had increased significantly from 6.4% [CI: 5.6, 7.3] in 2013

to 18.6% [17.4, 19.8] in 2015 (p =<0.0001).

MAD was used as the summary indicator of 6-23 months old children meeting both the MDD and

MMF. This was affected by the low DDS rates since proportion of children meeting the MMF was

relatively high. Breastfed children (21.1%) were more likely to meet the MDD than non-breastfed

children (16.0%). By type of residence, urban areas (20.4%) had higher proportion of children who

met the MAD compared to rural areas (16.8%). Adult and working mothers, and mothers who

belonged to rich and richer wealth quintiles had higher proportion of children who met the MAD

(Table 60).

91.1

85.3

90.3

92.1

89.5

92.5

90.1

94.4

92.9

89.0

87.2

93.2

92.4

93.7

87.7

90.0

94.8

91.7

95

91.9

96.0

95.4

96.5

92.5

92.0

97.4

90.9

92.7

86.3

94.9

94.6

93.1

93.2

88.6

95.2

94.1

75 80 85 90 95 100

2013 2015PROPORTION

114





Acceptable Diet: Philippines, 2011-2015

Table 60. Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Acceptable Diet by

breastfeeding status and socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n= 4,732)

Characteristics All Non-breastfed Breastfed

All 18.6 16.0 21.1

Sex Male 18.6 15.2 22.2 Female 18.5 16.8 20.1



Mother’s Age <20 15.7 14.8 16.5

≥ 20 19.0 16.4 21.4

Parity 1 17.7 12.7 23.4 2 – 3 20.7 18.9 22.2 4 – 5 17.5 15.4 18.8 6+ 19.3 19.2 19.3



12.1

6.4

18.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

2011 2013 2015

Perc

en

t (%

)

115





Generally, all regions had significant increased rate of MAD except for ARMM. Cagayan Valley

(10.0% to 27.6%) and Western Visayas (5.7% to 23.1%) had the highest increased rates among the

regions (Figure 63).

Figure 63. Proportion of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Acceptable Diet


Intake of Iron-rich Foods1

Table 61 presents the consumption of iron-rich foods of children 6-23 months. The result showed that

there was a slight increase in consumption of animal source iron-rich food compared to 2013.

Consumption increases with age, however, it is notable that out of five children aged 6-11 months,

only one was fed with iron-rich food.

Children in urban areas (47.6%) consumed iron-rich foods more than children from rural areas

(42.4%) while the rich (49.3%) income groups had the highest proportion of iron-rich food

consumption. Children of mothers who gave birth 2-3 times (47.6%) had consumed iron-rich food

more than mothers with more than four times experience of giving birth.

1 For this report, the estimate for the consumption of iron-rich foods indicator was calculated from the proportion of children aged 6-23 months who consumed

fish, meat, poultry, organ meats, and their products based on a 24-hour recall. Intake of iron-fortified foods, iron-fortified milk formula, and lipid-based nutrients

which should be included based on the WHO-UNICEF indicator were not included in this analysis, which will be addressed in a subsequent publication.

Nevertheless, this can be used to assess the iron intake of children 6-23 months old from animal sources.

17.3

7.2

16.8

16.9

23.6

16.3

15.7

18.6

23.1

16.3

16.3

18.6

18.9

27.6

22.2

22.2

20.2

18.6

6.0

7.2

6.6

8.3

10.1

3.0

3.4

8.7

5.7

6.2

7.1

4.5

5.2

10.0

10.4

6.5

6.0

6.4

0 10 20 30 40

2013 2015PROPORTION

116




Table 61. Proportion of children 6-23 months old by intake of iron-rich foods and by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=4,765)


LL UL

All 44.9 43.3 46.6

Age in months 6-11 20.7 18.6 22.8 12-17 49.4 46.6 52.2 18-23 66.8 64.2 69.4

Sex Male 46.4 44.3 48.6 Female 43.4 41.2 45.7

Type of residence

Rural 42.4 40.3 44.4 Urban 47.6 45.0 50.1

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 37.1 34.1 40.2 Poor 44.2 40.9 47.5 Middle 47.9 44.4 51.4 Rich 49.3 45.6 53.0

Richest 48.4 44.3 52.5

Mother’s Age

<20 38.9 32.4 45.3 ≥ 20 45.2 43.5 46.9

Parity 1 42.9 39.8 45.9

2 – 3 47.6 45.2 50.1

4 – 5 44.1 40.2 48.1

≥ 6 42.5 37.6 47.4

Education

No grade completed 25.7 12.2 39.1

Elementary undergraduate 38.7 33.5 43.9

Elementary graduate 43.0 38.3 47.7

High School undergraduate 41.5 37.6 45.4

High School graduate 47.0 44.2 49.9

Vocational Undergraduate 49.9 36.2 63.5

Vocational Graduate 52.1 45.4 58.8

College undergraduate 46.0 41.6 50.4 College graduate 45.4 40.8 50.0

Occupation

Working 46.1 42.9 49.4

Not working 44.4 42.5 46.2

Prevalence of iron-rich food consumption generally increased across regions from 40.9% in 2013 to

44.9% in 2015. Almost all regions had improved consumption of iron-rich food except ARMM

(32.3% to 24.0%), Caraga (46.6% to 41.0%), and Davao (39.1% to 34.3%) which reported large

decline in the prevalence of iron-rich food consumption.

In 2015, higher rates of iron-rich food consumption were observed in NCR (52.0%), Western Visayas

(51.7%), and Northern Mindanao (50.6%) while lower rates in ARMM (24.0%), CAR (31.7%), and

Davao (34.3%) (Figure 64).

117





Figure 64. Proportion of children 6-23 months old by intake of iron-rich foods and by


Intake of Vitamin A-rich Fruits and Vegetables

Results have shown that one out of four Filipino children had intake of Vitamin A-rich fruits and

vegetables regardless of child’s sex and wealth quintile (Table 62). Older children, 12-23 months

(30.3%) had higher intake compared to younger children, 6-11 months (14.2%). Moreover, children

residing in rural areas (26.3%) were more likely to eat Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables than

children in urban areas (22.9%). Plant foods, according to the WHO Indicators for Assessing IYCF

Practices, should provide 120 retinol equivalents (RE) per 100 grams of vitamin A to be classified as

vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables.

41.0

24.0

44.0

34.3

50.6

44.8

50.5

41.3

51.7

46.0

43.8

45.2

45.9

50.4

46.5

31.7

52.0

44.9

46.6

32.3

35.2

39.1

44.2

40.2

42.9

42.2

42.6

43.2

44.0

41.2

35.6

50.5

38.2

31.6

36.8

40.9

0 20 40 60

2013 2015PROPORTION

118




Table 62. Proportion of children with intake of Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables by

socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=4,765)

Characteristics Percentage 95% C.I.

LL UL

All 24.6 23.2 26.1

Age group (mos) 6-11 14.2 12.6 16.1 12-23 30.3 28.4 32.2

Sex Male 24.8 23.0 26.8 Female 24.3 22.5 26.3


Location of Residence Rural 26.3 24.6 28.1 Urban 22.9 20.7 25.2

Intake of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

Intake of vitamin and mineral supplements include any vitamins and minerals the child took the

previous day prior to interview (e.g. Tiki-Tiki, Propan TLC, Ceelin, Nutrilin etc.). There were

approximately three out of 10 children 0-23 months who took vitamin and mineral supplements

during the survey. Infant’s sex and mother’s age were not found to influence the intake of vitamin and

mineral supplements. On the other hand, more infants in urban areas (33.5%) were given vitamin and

mineral supplements than in rural areas (26.3%) while an increasing prevalence of intake was

observed from the poorest to richest wealth quintile (15.1% to 44.7%). However, a decreasing intake

pattern was found among mothers who experienced giving birth at least once compared to mothers

with more than 6 children (36.6% to 16.5%). Mothers with higher educational attainment (46.6%)

gave supplements to their children more than mothers who did not finish any level of education

(9.7%). Likewise, working mothers (35.8%) tend to give vitamin and mineral supplements to their

infants than mothers who were not working (27.6%) (Table 63).

119





Table 63. Proportion of children 0-23 months old who took vitamin and mineral

supplements by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2015 (n=6,142)


LL UL

All 29.8 28.4 31.3

Sex Male 30.6 28.8 32.5 Female 29.0 27.1 31.0



Mother’s Age <20 28.8 24.4 33.6

≥ 20 29.7 28.2 31.2

Parity 1 36.6 33.9 39.4 2 – 3 29.1 26.9 31.4 4 – 5 26.3 23.4 29.4 ≥ 6 16.5 13.4 20.0



Across regions (Figure 65), more children from Central Luzon (40.9%), CALABARZON (38.6%),

and Central Visayas (35.0%) took vitamin and mineral supplements compared to other regions.

Regions with the lowest prevalence of children with intake of supplements were ARMM (8.9%),

SOCCSKSARGEN (17.9%), and CAR (18.4%).

120




Figure 65. Proportion of children 0-23 months old who took vitamin and mineral

supplements by region: Philippines, 2015

25.9

8.9

17.9

26.1

27.1

29.7

24.8

35.0

34.9

22.7

25.8

38.6

40.9

29.3

29.7

18.4

30.7

29.8

0 20 40 60

PROPORTION

121





CONCLUSION

Proportions of CED among mothers increased from 2013 to 2015. Prevalence of overweight mothers

also increased from 2013 to 2015. On the other hand, there was no recorded improvement on the

numbers of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women. These are not good news because poor maternal

nutritional status is associated with childhood stunting which in return could result to poor overall

performance of an individual. Access to maternal services was still hindered by household wealth,

depriving mothers in the poorest and poor wealth quintiles to avail health services which are

necessary for both mothers and children’s optimal health and nutrition.

The problem on teenage pregnancy still exists and pregnant teen agers continue to have high

prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk. Compared with non-teenagers, teen age mothers remained to have

delayed timing of prenatal care, do not take micronutrient supplements and with high proportion of

diagnosed pregnancy complications.

With regards to infant and young child feeding, infants initiated to breastfeeding within one hour after

delivery declined as compared with 2013 results while those who were given pre lacteals increased.

Consistent with these results was the decreased prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants

0-5 months. The interventions to reach out to mothers from the richer wealth quintiles, those with

higher education, working mothers and living in urban areas need to be intensified since these

mothers were identified to have poor practice of exclusive breastfeeding in 2013 and 2015.

Conversely, proportion of children who were still breastfeeding at 1 and 2 years increased while the

duration of breastfeeding barely changed from 2013.

Generally, complementary feeding practices of children 6-23 months improved. The significant

increase of children meeting the minimum DDS and minimum acceptable diet was an indication that

more children were fed better complementary foods based on variety and frequency of feeding, and

thus, received the various nutrients they need for optimal growth.

Based on the results of the 2015 Updating Survey on MHN and IYCF, little improvement was noted

and most of the problems identified in the previous surveys remained the same or even worsened. A

more focused and targeted interventions for the most vulnerable mothers and children remained

wanting.

122




REFERENCES

[DOH] Department of Health. (2011). The MNCHN Manual of Operations, 2nd Edition. Sta. Cruz,

Manila: DOH-National Center for Disease Prevention and Control.p11.

Magbitang, J.A., Tangco, J.B.M., Dela Cruz, E.O., Flores, E.G., Guanlao, F.E. (1988). Weight-for-height

as a measure of nutritional status of pregnant women. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health

Volume 2, No.2, p.96-104.

[UN] United Nations. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Available online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld

(accessed on 22 November 2016)

[WHO/UNICEF] World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Educational Fund. (2003).

Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Available online: http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/ 9241562218

/en/index.html (accessed on 22 November 2016)

[WHO] World Health Organization. (2008). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding

practices: conclusion of a consensus meeting, held on 6–8 November 2007 in Washington,

DC, USA. Geneva: World Health Organization. 19p.

[WHO] World Health Organization. (2009). WHO Recommended Interventions for Improving

Maternal and Newborn Health. Geneva: WHO Press. 6p.

Young, M. E. (2014). Addressing and mitigating vulnerability across the life cycle: The case for

investing in early childhood. New York, N.Y.: UNDP Human Development Report Office.

60p.

http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/%209241562218%20/en/index.html

http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/%209241562218%20/en/index.html

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6. APPENDICES

Appendix 1 – Questionnaire for mothers with youngest child, 0-36 months and pregnant women (Booklet 3)

124




125





126




127





128




129





130




131





132




133





134




135





136




Appendix 2 – Questionnaire for children 0-23 months (Booklet 4A)

137





138




139





140




Appendix 3 – Maternal Tables

Appendix 3a. Proportion of mothers with at least one prenatal visit during their last/current

pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics and region: Philippines, 2015.

Characteristics n Freq (%) SE 95% C.I.

CV L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8552 8118 95.3 0.3 94.7 95.8 0.3

Mother's Age

<20 years old 672 630 94.6 0.9 92.7 96.1 0.9

20 years old above 7880 7488 95.3 0.3 94.7 95.9 0.3


Single 832 796 96.1 0.7 94.6 97.2 0.7

Married 4980 4696 94.7 0.4 93.9 95.5 0.4

Widowed 61 55 89.2 5.9 71.2 96.5 6.7

Separated 169 160 94.7 1.7 90.1 97.3 1.8

Live-in 2509 2410 96.1 0.4 95.2 96.8 0.4

Parity

1 2308 2244 97.2 0.4 96.4 97.9 0.4

2-3 3248 3124 96.5 0.4 95.8 97.2 0.4

4-5 1523 1425 93.9 0.7 92.4 95.1 0.7

≥6 958 857 88.9 1.2 86.3 91.1 1.4


No Grade Completed 107 71 65.3 7.3 50.1 77.9 11.1

Elementary Undergraduate 864 743 86.6 1.3 83.8 89.0 1.5

Elementary Graduate 837 785 94.0 0.9 92.1 95.5 0.9

High School Undergraduate 1571 1495 95.2 0.6 93.9 96.3 0.6

High School Graduate 2742 2638 96.4 0.4 95.5 97.0 0.4

Vocational Undergraduate 96 96 100.0 - - - -

Vocational Graduate 421 412 97.7 0.8 95.3 98.9 0.9

College Undergraduate 919 900 98.2 0.4 97.1 98.9 0.4

College Graduate 974 957 98.4 0.4 97.4 99.0 0.4

Working Status

Not working 6565 6215 95.0 0.3 94.3 95.6 0.4

Working 1985 1901 96.1 0.5 95.0 96.9 0.5

Type of residence

Rural 5101 4789 94.0 0.5 93.0 94.9 0.5

Urban 3451 3329 96.7 0.3 95.9 97.3 0.4

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2305 2063 89.5 0.9 87.6 91.2 1.0

Poor 2040 1940 95.0 0.5 93.9 96.0 0.6

Middle 1667 1614 96.6 0.5 95.5 97.5 0.5

Rich 1404 1377 98.1 0.4 97.2 98.7 0.4

Richest 1129 1117 98.9 0.3 98.1 99.4 0.3

141






CV L.L. U.L.

Region

NCR 748 728 97.3 0.6 95.8 98.2 0.6

CAR 352 351 99.8 0.2 98.4 100.0 0.2

Ilocos Region 456 440 96.6 0.9 94.4 98.0 0.9

Cagayan Valley 461 443 95.8 1.0 93.5 97.3 1.0

Central Luzon 661 639 96.9 0.7 95.1 98.0 0.8

CALABARZON 814 799 97.9 0.5 96.7 98.7 0.5

MIMAROPA 283 258 91.4 1.9 86.9 94.5 2.1

BICOL Region 614 580 94.4 1.1 91.7 96.2 1.2

Western Visayas 556 540 97.2 0.9 94.9 98.4 0.9

Central Visayas 570 553 97.0 0.8 95.1 98.2 0.8

Eastern Visayas 519 503 96.9 0.9 94.5 98.3 1.0

Zamboanga Peninsula 344 330 95.9 1.0 93.3 97.5 1.1

Northern Mindanao 373 359 96.3 1.2 93.0 98.1 1.3

Davao Region 414 400 96.7 0.9 94.3 98.1 1.0

SOCCSKSARGEN 412 376 91.7 1.6 88.0 94.4 1.7

ARMM 564 421 75.4 3.2 68.7 81.1 4.2

Caraga 411 398 96.9 0.9 94.7 98.3 0.9

Appendix 3b. Proportion of mothers by type of prenatal services received during their last/current


Type of Services Freq (%) SE 95% C.I.

CV L.L. U.L.

Blood pressure measurement 7701 94.5 0.3 93.9 95.1 0.3

Weight monitoring 7680 94.3 0.3 93.6 94.9 0.3

Micronutrient supplementation 6787 83.2 0.5 82.2 84.2 0.6

Tetanus toxoid vaccine 6251 76.3 0.6 75.1 77.6 0.8

Height measurement 5900 72.8 0.6 71.6 74.0 0.8

Urinalysis 4581 58.9 0.7 57.5 60.3 1.2

Counseling on health/nutrition 4159 52.0 0.7 50.6 53.4 1.3

Blood test 4150 53.3 0.7 51.9 54.7 1.3

Ultrasound 3806 51.0 0.7 49.6 52.4 1.4

Appendix 3c. Proportion of mothers by type of supplements taken during their last/current


Type of Supplements Freq (%) SE 95% C.I.

CV L.L. U.L.

Ferrous sulphate 5477 75.1 0.7 73.8 76.4 0.9

Multivitamins 1389 20.7 0.6 19.5 21.9 2.9

Iron-folic acid 950 13.1 0.5 12.2 14.2 4.0

Folic acid 818 12.8 0.5 11.9 13.8 3.8

Single vitamin/mineral 642 9.8 0.4 9.0 10.6 4.3

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Appendix 3d. Proportion of mothers with diagnosed pregnancy complications by socio-

demographic characteristics and region: Philippines, 2015.


CV L.L. U.L.

Philippines 7992 955 12.3 0.4 11.5 13.1 3.4

Mother's Age

<20 years old 614 77 13.5 1.6 10.7 16.9 11.6 20 years old above 7378 878 12.2 0.4 11.4 13.1 3.6


Single 778 103 13.5 1.4 11.0 16.4 10.1 Married 4627 559 12.4 0.5 11.4 13.5 4.3 Widowed 54 13 25.5 6.4 15.0 39.9 25.1 Separated 157 15 10.0 2.6 6.0 16.3 25.5 Live-in 2375 265 11.6 0.7 10.2 13.1 6.2

Parity

1 2214 302 14.1 0.8 12.5 15.8 5.9 2-3 3079 361 12.3 0.7 11.1 13.7 5.4 4-5 1412 129 9.2 0.8 7.7 10.9 8.9 ≥6 848 110 12.9 1.2 10.7 15.5 9.4


No Grade Completed 67 6 8.8 3.5 4.0 18.3 39.3 Elementary Undergraduate 728 60 8.4 1.1 6.4 10.9 13.3 Elementary Graduate 778 79 10.3 1.2 8.2 12.9 11.5 High School Undergraduate 1477 174 11.5 0.9 9.8 13.4 7.9 High School Graduate 2603 309 12.5 0.8 11.1 14.1 6.1 Vocational Undergraduate 94 10 10.8 3.3 5.8 19.2 30.7 Vocational Graduate 401 51 12.8 1.8 9.6 16.9 14.3 College Undergraduate 886 124 14.3 1.3 11.8 17.1 9.3 College Graduate 937 139 15.0 1.3 12.7 17.7 8.5

Working Status

Not working 6124 701 11.7 0.5 10.8 12.7 4.1 Working 1867 254 13.9 0.9 12.3 15.7 6.3

Type of residence

Rural 4736 519 10.7 0.5 9.8 11.7 4.5 Urban 3256 436 13.9 0.7 12.7 15.3 4.9

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2035 196 9.4 0.7 8.1 10.8 7.4 Poor 1919 209 11.1 0.8 9.6 12.9 7.6 Middle 1594 206 12.7 0.9 11.1 14.5 6.7 Rich 1350 198 15.0 1.0 13.1 17.2 7.0 Richest 1087 146 14.1 1.2 11.9 16.6 8.5

Region

NCR 692 130 18.9 1.7 15.8 22.4 8.9 CAR 345 54 14.9 2.0 11.3 19.4 13.7 Ilocos Region 437 61 14.1 1.9 10.8 18.3 13.6 Cagayan Valley 442 67 15.4 1.7 12.3 19.1 11.3 Central Luzon 616 78 12.8 1.3 10.4 15.7 10.5 CALABARZON 780 112 14.2 1.2 11.9 16.7 8.6 MIMAROPA 253 25 9.7 2.1 6.2 14.8 22.2 Bicol Region 577 60 10.3 1.3 8.0 13.1 12.6 Western Visayas 535 71 12.9 1.6 10.0 16.4 12.6 Central Visayas 547 45 8.7 1.3 6.4 11.7 15.5 Eastern Visayas 502 39 7.8 1.2 5.7 10.6 15.8 Zamboanga Peninsula 328 26 7.9 1.5 5.4 11.4 19.2 Northern Mindanao 358 28 7.7 1.3 5.5 10.6 17.0 Davao Region 399 35 8.8 1.3 6.6 11.7 14.7 SOCCSKSARGEN 371 38 9.8 1.5 7.2 13.2 15.6 ARMM 414 37 7.5 1.2 5.6 10.2 15.5 Caraga 396 49 12.3 1.6 9.4 15.8 13.3

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Appendix 3e. Proportion of mothers who experienced night-blindness during pregnancy by socio-



CV L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8506 619 7.0 0.3 6.4 7.7 4.5

Mother's Age

<20 years old 669 59 8.7 1.2 6.6 11.5 14.2 20 years old above 7837 560 6.9 0.3 6.3 7.6 4.7


Single 823 57 6.8 0.9 5.2 8.9 13.8 Married 4952 376 7.2 0.4 6.5 8.1 5.7 Widowed 61 8 11.3 4.1 5.4 22.1 36.2 Separated 170 11 6.0 1.8 3.3 10.7 30.2 Live-in 2499 167 6.7 0.6 5.7 7.9 8.3

Parity

1 2302 137 6.0 0.6 5.0 7.2 9.3 2-3 3240 206 6.4 0.5 5.5 7.3 7.3 4-5 1517 111 6.9 0.7 5.7 8.4 10.0 ≥6 955 125 12.5 1.1 10.5 14.7 8.6


No Grade Completed 104 19 16.5 4.4 9.6 27.0 26.7 Elementary Undergraduate 860 95 10.4 1.1 8.5 12.8 10.6 Elementary Graduate 838 82 9.4 1.0 7.6 11.6 10.9 High School Undergraduate 1563 126 8.0 0.7 6.7 9.6 9.3 High School Graduate 2729 186 6.9 0.6 5.9 8.1 8.2 Vocational Undergraduate 96 5 4.8 2.1 2.0 11.1 44.5 Vocational Graduate 418 19 4.4 1.0 2.8 6.9 23.3 College Undergraduate 915 48 5.2 0.8 3.9 6.9 14.6 College Graduate 962 39 3.9 0.7 2.8 5.4 17.2

Working Status

Not working 6536 493 7.3 0.4 6.7 8.1 5.0 Working 1968 125 6.0 0.6 5.0 7.2 9.6

Type of residence

Rural 5085 375 7.0 0.4 6.3 7.9 5.6 Urban 3421 244 7.0 0.5 6.1 8.1 7.1

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 2295 240 10.1 0.7 8.8 11.6 6.9 Poor 2031 156 7.5 0.6 6.4 8.9 8.3 Middle 1661 96 6.0 0.7 4.8 7.5 11.2 Rich 1398 81 6.2 0.7 4.9 7.8 11.7 Richest 1114 46 4.1 0.6 3.0 5.5 15.2

Region

NCR 729 57 7.7 1.0 5.9 10.0 13.5 CAR 349 29 7.6 1.5 5.2 11.2 19.7 Ilocos Region 455 50 11.0 1.8 8.0 15.0 15.9 Cagayan Valley 460 30 6.7 1.2 4.8 9.5 17.5 Central Luzon 660 44 6.3 1.0 4.7 8.5 15.2 CALABARZON 810 41 5.1 0.9 3.6 7.2 17.6 MIMAROPA 282 32 11.3 1.9 8.1 15.6 16.8 Bicol Region 610 30 4.9 0.9 3.3 7.1 19.2 Western Visayas 554 42 7.6 1.1 5.7 10.1 14.6 Central Visayas 569 34 6.0 1.0 4.3 8.2 16.4 Eastern Visayas 519 38 7.0 1.1 5.2 9.4 15.2 Zamboanga Peninsula 343 20 5.9 1.2 3.9 8.8 20.9 Northern Mindanao 374 13 3.2 0.9 1.9 5.4 26.9 Davao Region 414 29 7.0 1.6 4.5 10.8 22.2 SOCCSKSARGEN 409 30 6.9 1.3 4.7 10.0 19.5 ARMM 559 73 12.7 2.0 9.2 17.3 16.1 Caraga 410 27 6.4 1.3 4.2 9.5 20.8

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4 Appendix 3f. Percent distribution of mothers by timing of receiving first postnatal check-up, by socio-demographic characteristics and by region:

Philippines, 2015

Characteristics n

Did not have postnatal check-up Immediately after birth Within 1-3 hours after delivery

Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.

Philippines 7272 669 8.3 0.5 7.5 9.3 5.4 6146 85.5 0.5 84.5 86.5 0.6 138 1.8 0.2 1.5 2.2 9.6

Mother's Age

<20 years old 463 24 5.1 1.4 3.0 8.5 26.7 422 90.5 1.8 86.2 93.6 2.0 4 1.2 0.7 0.4 3.7 56.5

20 years old above 6809 645 8.5 0.4 7.7 9.4 5.2 5724 85.3 0.5 84.2 86.3 0.6 134 1.9 0.2 1.5 2.3 9.8


Single 667 31 4.7 0.9 3.2 6.7 18.9 621 92.9 1.1 90.4 94.8 1.2 4 0.6 0.3 0.2 1.7 51.3

Married 4317 462 9.7 0.6 8.5 11.0 6.6 3535 83.2 0.7 81.8 84.5 0.8 100 2.2 0.2 1.7 2.7 11.2

Widowed 53 9 16.5 5.4 8.4 29.8 32.7 40 75.9 7.3 58.9 87.3 9.7 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Separated 145 13 7.9 2.2 4.6 13.4 27.5 124 87.5 2.6 81.3 91.8 3.0 2 1.1 0.8 0.3 4.4 71.0

Live-in 2089 154 6.7 0.6 5.6 8.0 9.1 1825 87.8 0.8 86.1 89.3 0.9 32 1.7 0.3 1.2 2.5 19.2

Parity

1 2081 77 3.5 0.5 2.7 4.5 13.2 1943 93.6 0.6 92.4 94.6 0.6 14 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.1 28.2

2-3 2921 220 6.8 0.5 5.8 8.0 8.1 2514 86.8 0.7 85.4 88.1 0.8 61 2.0 0.3 1.5 2.6 13.7

4-5 1361 181 12.7 1.0 10.9 14.7 7.6 1061 78.8 1.2 76.4 81.0 1.5 32 2.5 0.5 1.7 3.8 20.7

≥6 863 184 20.5 1.6 17.6 23.7 7.6 591 69.5 1.8 65.9 72.9 2.6 29 3.5 0.8 2.3 5.4 22.2


No Grade Completed 87 47 53.7 6.5 40.9 66.1 12.2 31 31.2 5.8 21.0 43.5 18.6 5 6.7 3.0 2.7 15.5 44.7

Elementary Undergraduate

722 179 24.2 1.9 20.7 28.1 7.8 455 63.4 2.1 59.2 67.4 3.3 26 4.0 0.9 2.5 6.1 22.3

Elementary Graduate 687 110 15.0 1.4 12.4 18.1 9.6 511 75.9 1.7 72.3 79.2 2.3 19 2.6 0.7 1.6 4.2 25.4

High School Undergraduate

1292 141 10.3 0.9 8.6 12.3 9.1 1052 82.3 1.1 80.0 84.4 1.4 29 2.2 0.4 1.5 3.3 19.7

High School Graduate 2344 141 5.7 0.5 4.7 6.8 9.2 2075 88.9 0.7 87.4 90.3 0.8 36 1.4 0.3 1.0 2.0 17.7

Vocational Undergraduate

82 1 0.9 0.9 0.1 6.3 100.1 78 94.8 2.6 86.5 98.1 2.8 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Vocational Graduate 371 15 3.0 0.8 1.7 5.1 27.5 345 94.4 1.2 91.6 96.3 1.2 3 0.5 0.3 0.1 1.6 60.6

College Undergraduate 809 22 2.3 0.5 1.5 3.5 21.7 755 93.3 0.9 91.2 94.9 1.0 12 1.8 0.5 1.0 3.2 29.4

College Graduate 860 11 1.2 0.4 0.6 2.2 33.1 828 96.5 0.6 95.0 97.6 0.7 8 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.7 39.2

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Characteristics n

Did not have postnatal check-up Immediately after birth Within 1-3 hours after delivery

Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.


Working Status

Not working 5559 552 9.2 0.6 8.1 10.3 6.2 4634 84.3 0.6 83.0 85.4 0.7 117 2.1 0.2 1.7 2.6 10.6

Working 1711 117 5.8 0.6 4.6 7.2 11.2 1510 89.4 0.8 87.7 91.0 0.9 21 1.1 0.3 0.7 1.8 24.1

Type of residence

Rural 4286 521 12.1 0.8 10.6 13.8 6.7 3429 79.8 0.9 78.0 81.4 1.1 98 2.2 0.3 1.8 2.8 11.3

Urban 2986 148 4.4 0.4 3.7 5.3 9.5 2717 91.6 0.6 90.4 92.7 0.6 40 1.4 0.3 1.0 2.0 17.5

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1931 431 22.9 1.4 20.2 25.8 6.3 1288 65.6 1.4 62.8 68.3 2.1 61 3.3 0.5 2.4 4.3 14.6

Poor 1720 129 7.4 0.7 6.1 8.9 9.4 1478 86.1 0.9 84.1 87.8 1.1 43 2.4 0.4 1.7 3.4 17.8

Middle 1411 72 5.0 0.6 3.9 6.4 12.7 1263 89.5 0.9 87.6 91.1 1.0 18 1.4 0.4 0.9 2.3 25.1

Rich 1209 26 2.1 0.4 1.4 3.2 20.2 1147 94.4 0.8 92.7 95.7 0.8 10 1.0 0.4 0.5 2.1 36.0

Richest 996 11 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.5 31.6 966 97.4 0.5 96.2 98.2 0.5 6 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.3 42.7

Region

NCR 663 9 1.2 0.4 0.7 2.4 32.7 629 94.8 0.9 92.8 96.2 0.9 12 1.9 0.6 1.0 3.4 30.0

CAR 320 10 2.8 1.0 1.4 5.5 34.3 291 91.7 1.4 88.5 94.1 1.5 10 2.9 0.9 1.6 5.3 31.2

Ilocos Region 409 14 3.3 0.9 1.9 5.6 27.9 389 95.3 1.1 92.5 97.1 1.2 2 0.5 0.3 0.1 1.8 71.6

Cagayan Valley 390 20 5.1 1.3 3.1 8.1 24.7 340 87.7 1.9 83.4 91.0 2.2 5 1.2 0.5 0.5 2.7 42.8

Central Luzon 555 25 4.4 0.9 2.9 6.6 20.6 508 92.0 1.3 89.0 94.2 1.4 3 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.6 58.5

CALABARZON 690 52 7.5 1.1 5.5 10.0 15.2 590 85.7 1.6 82.3 88.5 1.8 8 1.4 0.5 0.6 2.9 38.3

MIMAROPA 237 53 22.1 2.8 17.1 28.2 12.8 166 70.0 3.6 62.5 76.5 5.1 5 2.3 1.0 1.0 5.4 44.0

Bicol Region 513 36 6.8 1.5 4.4 10.3 21.5 432 84.2 2.2 79.5 88.0 2.6 10 2.1 0.7 1.1 3.8 31.6

Western Visayas 485 25 5.0 1.6 2.6 9.3 32.7 441 91.0 2.0 86.1 94.2 2.2 8 1.8 0.7 0.9 3.7 37.2

Central Visayas 476 30 6.2 1.6 3.7 10.0 25.2 427 90.1 1.8 85.9 93.2 2.0 6 1.2 0.5 0.5 2.7 40.5

Eastern Visayas 430 40 9.3 1.9 6.3 13.7 20.0 367 85.3 2.3 80.2 89.2 2.7 6 1.3 0.5 0.6 2.9 40.1

Zamboanga Peninsula 286 32 11.1 1.8 8.0 15.2 16.4 238 83.1 2.4 77.9 87.3 2.9 8 2.8 0.9 1.4 5.4 33.7

Northern Mindanao 324 35 10.5 2.3 6.7 15.9 22.0 263 81.6 3.1 74.8 86.8 3.8 12 3.7 1.2 1.9 7.0 32.9

Davao Region 350 30 8.1 1.8 5.2 12.5 22.2 302 87.1 2.1 82.3 90.7 2.5 5 1.4 0.6 0.7 3.0 39.4

SOCCSKSARGEN 339 57 16.3 2.2 12.4 21.2 13.7 258 76.7 2.6 71.3 81.5 3.4 5 1.6 0.8 0.5 4.4 53.0

ARMM 463 177 39.1 4.6 30.4 48.5 11.9 203 40.6 3.2 34.5 46.9 7.8 29 6.6 1.4 4.3 9.9 21.5

Caraga 342 24 7.3 1.4 4.9 10.6 19.7 302 87.9 2.1 83.0 91.5 2.4 4 1.2 0.6 0.5 3.1 49.4

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6 Continuation of Appendix 3f. Percent distribution of mothers by timing of receiving first postnatal check-up, by socio-demographic characteristics and


Characteristics n

Within 4-24 hours after delivery 2 days after delivery More than 2 days after delivery

Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.


Philippines 7272 94 1.3 0.1 1.0 1.6 11.1 55 0.7 0.1 0.5 1.0 16.0 170 2.2 0.2 1.9 2.7 9.0

Mother's Age

<20 years old 463 6 1.6 0.7 0.7 3.9 45.2 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.5 100.0 6 1.3 0.6 0.6 3.0 41.6

20 years old above 6809 88 1.3 0.1 1.0 1.6 11.5 54 0.8 0.1 0.6 1.0 16.1 164 2.3 0.2 1.9 2.7 9.1


Single 667 6 1.2 0.6 0.5 3.0 47.2 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 100.1 4 0.6 0.3 0.2 1.5 51.1

Married 4317 62 1.4 0.2 1.1 1.8 13.8 36 0.8 0.2 0.5 1.2 21.0 122 2.7 0.3 2.2 3.4 10.8

Widowed 53 1 1.8 1.7 0.2 11.5 99.5 2 4.0 2.7 1.0 14.4 67.9 1 1.9 1.9 0.3 12.2 99.3

Separated 145 2 1.3 0.9 0.3 5.2 70.8 1 0.5 0.5 0.1 3.8 99.9 3 1.6 0.9 0.5 5.0 58.5

Live-in 2089 23 1.1 0.2 0.7 1.7 21.7 15 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.2 26.7 40 1.9 0.3 1.4 2.7 17.0

Parity

1 2081 20 1.0 0.2 0.7 1.7 23.4 7 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 41.5 20 1.0 0.2 0.6 1.6 23.1

2-3 2921 43 1.4 0.2 1.0 2.0 16.8 20 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.3 29.0 63 2.2 0.3 1.7 2.9 13.5

4-5 1361 14 1.0 0.3 0.6 1.6 27.3 20 1.4 0.3 0.9 2.1 23.4 53 3.7 0.5 2.8 4.9 14.2

≥6 863 17 2.0 0.5 1.3 3.3 24.7 8 0.9 0.3 0.5 1.9 36.2 34 3.5 0.6 2.5 4.8 17.0


No Grade Completed 87 0 - - - - - 2 3.8 2.6 1.0 13.5 67.6 2 4.6 2.7 1.4 14.1 59.9

Elementary

Undergraduate 722 16 2.1 0.5 1.3 3.4 24.8 13 1.9 0.5 1.1 3.3 27.8 33 4.4 0.8 3.0 6.4 19.4

Elementary Graduate 687 16 2.2 0.6 1.3 3.6 25.4 4 0.4 0.2 0.1 1.1 52.0 27 3.9 0.9 2.4 6.2 23.7

High School

Undergraduate 1292 18 1.3 0.3 0.8 2.2 25.3 10 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.4 33.1 42 3.1 0.5 2.2 4.3 17.4

High School Graduate 2344 31 1.5 0.3 1.0 2.2 18.8 18 0.7 0.2 0.5 1.2 23.6 43 1.7 0.3 1.3 2.4 16.4

Vocational

Undergraduate 82 0 - - - - - 0 - - - - - 3 4.3 2.5 1.4 12.7 57.1

Vocational Graduate 371 4 1.0 0.6 0.4 2.9 53.5 1 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.8 100.0 3 0.9 0.5 0.3 2.7 57.6

College Undergraduate 809 4 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.2 51.9 4 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.5 53.3 12 1.7 0.5 0.9 3.1 30.9

College Graduate 860 5 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.7 46.2 3 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.2 66.4 5 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.2 45.9

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Characteristics n

Within 4-24 hours after delivery 2 days after delivery More than 2 days after delivery

Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.


Working Status

Not working 5559 68 1.2 0.1 0.9 1.5 12.7 46 0.8 0.1 0.6 1.2 17.6 142 2.5 0.2 2.0 3.0 10.1

Working 1711 26 1.7 0.3 1.1 2.5 20.7 9 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.9 36.9 28 1.6 0.3 1.1 2.3 20.0

Type of residence

Rural 4286 63 1.5 0.2 1.1 2.0 13.7 42 1.1 0.2 0.8 1.6 18.8 133 3.3 0.3 2.7 4.0 10.5

Urban 2986 31 1.1 0.2 0.7 1.6 18.7 13 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 29.6 37 1.1 0.2 0.8 1.6 17.4

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1931 39 2.0 0.3 1.4 2.7 16.4 32 1.9 0.4 1.2 2.9 22.4 80 4.4 0.6 3.4 5.8 14.1

Poor 1720 19 1.2 0.3 0.7 1.9 23.9 13 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.3 30.0 38 2.2 0.4 1.6 3.1 17.6

Middle 1411 18 1.3 0.3 0.8 2.1 25.0 6 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.0 42.0 34 2.4 0.4 1.6 3.4 18.7

Rich 1209 12 1.2 0.4 0.7 2.2 30.7 3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 58.4 11 1.0 0.3 0.5 1.8 30.9

Richest 996 6 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.4 41.1 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.7 99.9 6 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.1 41.8

Region

NCR 663 7 1.2 0.5 0.6 2.5 37.2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 0.9 0.4 0.4 1.9 40.4

CAR 320 5 1.5 0.7 0.6 3.5 44.6 2 0.6 0.4 0.1 2.2 70.0 2 0.6 0.4 0.1 2.3 71.5

Ilocos Region 409 1 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.9 100.2 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 0.7 0.4 0.2 2.2 57.6

Cagayan Valley 390 7 1.7 0.7 0.8 3.6 38.1 4 1.0 0.5 0.4 2.6 49.1 14 3.3 0.9 1.9 5.6 27.0

Central Luzon 555 4 0.6 0.4 0.2 2.0 63.3 2 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.4 71.0 13 2.2 0.7 1.2 4.0 31.7

CALABARZON 690 18 2.4 0.6 1.5 3.8 23.7 6 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.7 39.0 16 2.3 0.6 1.3 3.9 28.4

MIMAROPA 237 1 0.4 0.4 0.1 2.8 99.2 4 1.8 1.0 0.5 5.5 59.2 8 3.4 1.1 1.8 6.5 32.9

Bicol Region 513 12 2.4 0.7 1.4 4.3 29.2 6 1.2 0.5 0.5 2.6 40.5 17 3.3 0.8 2.1 5.1 23.1

Western Visayas 485 3 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.9 58.3 2 0.4 0.3 0.1 1.7 71.6 6 1.2 0.5 0.6 2.7 39.2

Central Visayas 476 5 0.9 0.5 0.3 2.5 52.5 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.4 99.2 7 1.4 0.6 0.6 3.3 43.9

Eastern Visayas 430 5 1.2 0.5 0.5 2.6 40.9 1 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.8 99.5 11 2.6 0.9 1.4 5.0 33.0

Zamboanga Peninsula 286 2 0.7 0.5 0.2 2.7 70.6 1 0.5 0.5 0.1 3.3 100.5 5 1.8 0.9 0.7 5.0 51.7

Northern Mindanao 324 4 1.2 0.6 0.4 3.0 49.9 4 1.3 0.7 0.5 3.4 50.5 6 1.8 0.7 0.8 4.1 40.6

Davao Region 350 3 0.8 0.5 0.2 2.4 59.1 1 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.0 100.4 9 2.3 0.9 1.0 5.1 40.3

SOCCSKSARGEN 339 5 1.6 0.8 0.6 4.2 49.9 5 1.3 0.6 0.6 3.1 44.0 9 2.5 0.8 1.4 4.5 30.5

ARMM 463 12 2.4 0.7 1.4 4.4 29.6 15 4.2 1.5 2.1 8.3 35.4 27 7.2 1.9 4.3 11.8 25.9

Caraga 342 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.2 100.5 11 3.3 1.3 1.6 6.9 37.7

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8 Appendix 3g. Percent distribution of mothers by person who rendered postnatal care, by socio-demographic characteristics and by region:

Philippines, 2015

Characteristics n

Doctor Nurse

Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.

Philippines 6205 3061 50.6 0.8 49.1 52.1 1.5 506 8.0 0.4 7.2 8.8 5.0

Mother's Age

<20 years old 402 199 50.1 2.8 44.7 55.6 5.6 59 14.6 1.9 11.2 18.8 13.2

20 years old above 5803 2862 50.6 0.8 49.1 52.2 1.6 447 7.6 0.4 6.8 8.4 5.3


Single 585 333 57.6 2.2 53.3 61.8 3.8 48 8.7 1.3 6.4 11.5 14.9

Married 3682 1840 51.6 1.0 49.7 53.5 1.9 266 6.9 0.4 6.1 7.8 6.5

Widowed 40 21 53.4 8.4 37.1 69.1 15.8 1 2.7 2.7 0.4 17.0 98.7

Separated 129 55 43.6 4.4 35.3 52.3 10.0 23 18.5 3.6 12.5 26.6 19.3

Live-in 1768 812 46.8 1.4 44.1 49.6 3.0 168 9.2 0.8 7.7 10.9 8.8

Parity

1 1846 1067 59.1 1.3 56.7 61.6 2.1 194 9.8 0.7 8.5 11.3 7.4

2-3 2541 1237 49.8 1.1 47.6 51.9 2.2 185 7.2 0.6 6.1 8.4 8.0

4-5 1126 468 42.5 1.6 39.3 45.7 3.8 74 6.8 0.8 5.3 8.6 12.3

≥6 658 276 43.2 2.0 39.2 47.2 4.7 48 7.4 1.0 5.6 9.7 14.1


No Grade Completed 48 12 21.8 6.6 11.5 37.4 30.3 3 6.1 3.9 1.7 19.6 62.8

Elementary Undergraduate 552 183 33.0 2.2 28.8 37.5 6.7 38 7.4 1.3 5.2 10.4 17.6

Elementary Graduate 556 190 34.6 2.3 30.3 39.2 6.5 48 8.9 1.3 6.6 11.7 14.5

High School Undergraduate 1095 440 40.4 1.7 37.2 43.7 4.1 96 9.5 1.1 7.6 11.8 11.1

High School Graduate 2028 983 49.4 1.2 47.0 51.8 2.5 174 7.9 0.6 6.8 9.2 7.7

Vocational Undergraduate 73 44 62.7 5.9 50.6 73.4 9.4 8 10.8 3.9 5.2 21.1 36.2

Vocational Graduate 328 202 64.4 2.9 58.5 69.8 4.5 32 8.9 1.6 6.1 12.7 18.5

College Undergraduate 722 409 58.1 2.1 54.0 62.2 3.6 59 7.6 1.1 5.7 10.0 14.4

College Graduate 789 588 75.4 1.6 72.0 78.5 2.2 48 5.8 0.9 4.3 7.8 15.3

Working Status

Not working 4731 2209 47.6 0.9 45.9 49.3 1.8 406 8.4 0.5 7.6 9.4 5.6

Working 1472 851 59.6 1.5 56.7 62.4 2.5 100 6.6 0.7 5.4 8.0 10.3

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Characteristics n

Doctor Nurse

Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.


Type of residence

Rural 3622 1594 43.7 1.0 41.7 45.7 2.3 277 7.1 0.5 6.2 8.2 6.8

Urban 2583 1467 57.7 1.2 55.4 60.0 2.0 229 8.8 0.6 7.6 10.2 7.3

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1509 466 30.2 1.3 27.8 32.7 4.2 122 7.7 0.7 6.3 9.3 9.7

Poor 1482 620 41.9 1.5 39.0 44.8 3.5 126 8.8 0.9 7.2 10.8 10.2

Middle 1235 617 49.4 1.6 46.4 52.5 3.2 109 8.3 0.9 6.7 10.2 10.9

Rich 1075 665 60.6 1.7 57.3 63.8 2.7 96 8.9 0.9 7.2 10.9 10.6

Richest 899 691 76.2 1.6 72.9 79.2 2.1 53 5.8 0.9 4.3 7.9 15.3

Region

NCR 561 380 68.1 2.2 63.7 72.2 3.2 64 11.3 1.5 8.7 14.7 13.4

CAR 287 176 64.0 3.6 56.7 70.7 5.6 29 9.7 1.6 7.0 13.4 16.7

Ilocos Region 355 226 63.9 2.5 58.8 68.7 4.0 39 11.2 1.7 8.2 15.0 15.3

Cagayan Valley 362 207 58.1 3.1 51.9 64.0 5.3 52 14.3 2.1 10.6 19.0 15.0

Central Luzon 493 296 60.5 2.5 55.6 65.3 4.1 31 6.0 1.2 4.0 8.9 20.3

CALABARZON 575 269 47.1 2.6 42.0 52.2 5.5 38 6.9 1.2 4.9 9.6 17.2

MIMAROPA 162 82 50.7 4.0 42.8 58.5 7.9 10 5.6 1.9 2.8 10.9 34.4

Bicol Region 434 163 37.1 2.8 31.9 42.7 7.4 43 9.9 1.3 7.5 12.8 13.6

Western Visayas 445 211 47.7 2.8 42.3 53.3 5.9 31 7.0 1.4 4.7 10.5 20.5

Central Visayas 421 170 41.9 3.1 36.0 48.1 7.4 28 6.3 1.3 4.1 9.5 21.3

Eastern Visayas 374 174 46.5 3.0 40.7 52.3 6.4 21 5.4 1.1 3.6 7.9 20.2

Zamboanga Peninsula 250 103 41.1 3.5 34.4 48.1 8.6 21 8.2 1.8 5.3 12.4 21.7

Northern Mindanao 277 132 48.1 3.5 41.4 55.0 7.2 22 7.7 2.0 4.6 12.7 26.2

Davao Region 316 155 49.6 2.8 44.2 55.0 5.6 13 3.8 1.1 2.2 6.6 28.3

SOCCSKSARGEN 277 102 37.2 3.5 30.7 44.2 9.3 21 7.3 1.7 4.5 11.4 23.6

ARMM 308 69 21.0 2.5 16.5 26.2 11.8 15 4.1 1.2 2.3 7.3 29.8

Caraga 308 146 46.9 3.1 41.0 53.0 6.5 28 9.2 1.7 6.4 13.2 18.5

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0 Continuation of Appendix 3g. Percent distribution of mothers by person who rendered postnatal care, by socio-demographic characteristics

and by region: Philippines, 2015

Characteristics n

Midwife TBA

Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.


Philippines 6205 2129 34.0 0.7 32.6 35.5 2.2 509 7.4 0.4 6.6 8.3 5.6

Mother's Age

<20 years old 402 119 29.8 2.4 25.3 34.7 8.1 25 5.6 1.2 3.7 8.3 20.8

20 years old above 5803 2010 34.2 0.8 32.8 35.8 2.2 484 7.5 0.4 6.7 8.4 5.7


Single 585 182 30.2 2.1 26.3 34.3 6.8 22 3.6 0.9 2.3 5.7 23.8

Married 3682 1214 32.4 0.9 30.7 34.3 2.8 362 9.0 0.6 8.0 10.2 6.4

Widowed 40 11 25.8 7.2 14.2 42.1 28.0 7 18.1 6.5 8.5 34.4 36.2

Separated 129 39 30.4 4.2 22.8 39.1 13.8 12 7.5 2.2 4.1 13.1 29.5

Live-in 1768 682 38.7 1.3 36.1 41.3 3.4 106 5.3 0.5 4.3 6.5 10.2

Parity

1 1846 515 27.7 1.2 25.5 30.1 4.3 70 3.3 0.4 2.6 4.2 12.1

2-3 2541 930 36.2 1.1 34.2 38.3 2.9 189 6.8 0.6 5.8 8.1 8.5

4-5 1126 440 39.2 1.6 36.1 42.3 4.1 144 11.6 1.0 9.8 13.7 8.6

≥6 658 236 35.1 1.9 31.4 38.9 5.5 98 14.4 1.6 11.6 17.8 10.9


No Grade Completed 48 8 14.1 4.9 6.9 26.6 35.0 25 58.0 7.8 42.4 72.1 13.4

Elementary Undergraduate 552 191 34.8 2.3 30.5 39.3 6.5 140 24.9 2.4 20.5 29.8 9.5

Elementary Graduate 556 230 40.9 2.2 36.6 45.4 5.4 88 15.6 1.7 12.6 19.1 10.6

High School Undergraduate 1095 443 40.6 1.7 37.4 43.9 4.1 116 9.5 0.9 7.9 11.4 9.4

High School Graduate 2028 772 38.4 1.2 36.0 40.9 3.2 99 4.3 0.4 3.5 5.3 10.5

Vocational Undergraduate 73 20 24.6 5.1 15.9 36.0 20.9 1 1.9 1.9 0.3 12.4 98.9

Vocational Graduate 328 87 24.8 2.6 20.1 30.2 10.4 7 1.9 0.8 0.9 4.2 39.6

College Undergraduate 722 236 32.0 2.0 28.3 36.0 6.2 18 2.2 0.6 1.4 3.6 24.7

College Graduate 789 139 17.0 1.4 14.4 20.0 8.3 14 1.8 0.5 1.0 3.2 29.2

Working Status

Not working 4731 1696 35.9 0.8 34.3 37.5 2.3 420 8.0 0.5 7.1 9.1 6.1

Working 1472 432 28.3 1.3 25.8 31.0 4.7 89 5.5 0.6 4.4 6.8 11.1

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Characteristics n

Midwife TBA

Freq (%) SE C.I.

CV Freq (%) SE C.I.


Type of residence

Rural 3622 1348 37.9 1.0 35.9 39.9 2.7 403 11.3 0.7 10.0 12.8 6.4

Urban 2583 781 30.1 1.1 27.9 32.3 3.7 106 3.4 0.4 2.7 4.3 11.5

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 1509 607 40.5 1.5 37.7 43.4 3.6 314 21.6 1.4 19.0 24.5 6.5

Poor 1482 623 42.0 1.5 39.1 45.0 3.6 113 7.3 0.7 6.0 8.9 10.1

Middle 1235 457 38.3 1.5 35.3 41.3 4.0 52 4.0 0.6 3.0 5.3 14.3

Rich 1075 297 29.0 1.6 26.0 32.2 5.5 17 1.5 0.4 0.9 2.4 24.9

Richest 899 144 16.6 1.3 14.2 19.4 8.1 11 1.3 0.4 0.7 2.4 31.2

Region

NCR 561 108 19.0 1.9 15.5 23.0 10.1 9 1.6 0.5 0.8 2.9 32.7

CAR 287 72 23.2 2.7 18.3 29.0 11.7 10 3.1 1.2 1.5 6.4 37.9

Ilocos Region 355 84 23.4 2.4 19.1 28.4 10.1 6 1.5 0.6 0.7 3.3 38.5

Cagayan Valley 362 78 21.1 2.1 17.3 25.5 9.9 25 6.5 1.5 4.1 10.3 23.4

Central Luzon 493 152 30.8 2.2 26.6 35.3 7.2 14 2.7 0.7 1.6 4.5 26.6

CALABARZON 575 242 41.6 2.6 36.6 46.6 6.2 26 4.5 1.0 2.9 6.8 21.5

MIMAROPA 162 55 34.0 3.3 27.9 40.8 9.7 15 9.6 2.5 5.7 15.8 26.2

Bicol Region 434 191 44.4 3.2 38.2 50.8 7.2 37 8.6 1.4 6.2 11.7 16.2

Western Visayas 445 171 38.0 2.6 33.1 43.1 6.8 32 7.3 1.7 4.5 11.4 23.5

Central Visayas 421 206 48.2 2.6 43.0 53.3 5.5 17 3.6 1.0 2.1 6.1 26.7

Eastern Visayas 374 150 40.3 3.2 34.2 46.6 7.9 29 7.9 2.0 4.8 12.8 25.0

Zamboanga Peninsula 250 101 41.1 3.9 33.8 48.8 9.4 25 9.7 2.3 6.0 15.2 23.7

Northern Mindanao 277 99 35.8 3.3 29.6 42.4 9.2 24 8.4 1.8 5.5 12.5 20.9

Davao Region 316 114 36.3 2.8 31.0 41.9 7.7 34 10.3 1.9 7.1 14.6 18.4

SOCCSKSARGEN 277 106 39.1 3.4 32.6 46.1 8.8 48 16.4 3.2 11.1 23.7 19.5

ARMM 308 96 29.9 4.8 21.5 40.1 16.0 128 45.0 3.9 37.5 52.7 8.7

Caraga 308 104 33.9 3.0 28.2 40.0 8.9 30 10.0 2.5 6.0 16.0 25.0

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Appendix 3h. Proportion of mothers who perceived that child immunization is important by



CV L.L. U.L.

Philippines 8376 8190 97.9 0.2 97.5 98.3 0.2

Region

NCR 735 726 98.7 0.5 97.3 99.4 0.5

CAR 349 341 97.8 0.7 95.8 98.8 0.8

Ilocos Region 442 432 97.7 0.8 95.6 98.9 0.8

Cagayan Valley 454 445 98.0 0.6 96.3 98.9 0.7

Central Luzon 646 640 99.1 0.4 97.9 99.6 0.4

CALABARZON 800 789 98.6 0.4 97.5 99.3 0.4

MIMAROPA 280 271 96.9 1.2 93.5 98.5 1.2

Bicol Region 602 589 97.9 0.7 95.9 98.9 0.7

Western Visayas 544 535 98.4 0.5 97.1 99.1 0.5

Central Visayas 561 554 98.9 0.4 97.8 99.5 0.4

Eastern Visayas 503 494 98.3 0.6 96.7 99.1 0.6

Zamboanga Peninsula 337 326 96.9 1.0 94.2 98.3 1.0

Northern Mindanao 368 360 98.0 0.7 96.0 99.0 0.7

Davao Region 403 399 99.0 0.5 97.3 99.6 0.5

SOCCSKSARGEN 408 399 97.8 0.7 95.8 98.8 0.7

ARMM 551 503 91.0 1.9 86.5 94.1 2.1

Caraga 393 387 98.4 0.7 96.2 99.4 0.7

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Appendix 4 – IYCF Tables

Appendix 4a. Percent distribution of children 0-23 months old by feeding practice and by age group: Philippines, 2015 Feeding Practice

AGE GROUP (in months)

N

Exclusive Breastfeeding Predominant Breastfeeding Breastfeeding + Breastmilk substitute +

Complementary Food

freq (%) SE 95% C. I.

CV freq (%) SE 95% C. I.

CV freq (%) SE 95% C. I.

CV LL UL LL UL LL UL

All 6,142 796 12.1 0.4 11.3 12.9 3.4 154 2.4 0.2 2.1 2.9 8.4 2,610 41.6 0.7 40.3 42.9 1.6

<2 440 296 63.2 2.5 58.2 67.8 3.9 19 4.1 1.0 2.6 6.5 23.9 84 21.1 2.1 17.2 25.6 10.1

2-3 487 255 49.2 2.4 44.5 53.8 4.9 46 9.8 1.5 7.3 13.0 14.9 82 16.6 1.8 13.4 20.5 11.0

4-5 450 167 34.3 2.4 29.7 39.1 7.1 50 10.7 1.5 8.1 14.0 14.0 109 25.5 2.6 20.8 30.9 10.1

6-7 514 43 8.4 1.3 6.2 11.2 15.2 21 3.4 0.8 2.2 5.3 22.3 289 55.1 2.4 50.4 59.6 4.3

8-9 597 16 2.4 0.6 1.4 4.1 26.7 8 1.7 0.6 0.8 3.4 36.4 357 57.0 2.2 52.7 61.2 3.8

10-11 578 9 1.4 0.5 0.7 2.7 34.2 5 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.8 45.2 333 55.1 2.1 50.9 59.2 3.9

12-15 1,047 7 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.1 40.0 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.6 100.0 568 52.6 1.7 49.4 55.8 3.1

16-19 927 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.3 100.1 3 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.0 58.4 426 44.6 1.7 41.3 47.8 3.8

20-23 1,102 2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 70.8 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 100.0 362 32.4 1.4 29.7 35.3 4.4

Feeding Practice

AGE GROUP

(in months) N

Pure Breastmilk Substitute Breastmilk substitute with Food Regular food without any milk

freq % SE 95% C. I.

CV freq % SE 95% C. I.

CV freq % SE 95% C. I.

CV LL UL LL UL LL UL

All 6,142 312 5.7 0.3 5.1 6.4 6.0 1,869 32.5 0.6 31.2 33.7 2.0 401 5.7 0.3 5.2 6.3 5.2

<2 440 40 11.3 1.8 8.2 15.2 15.8 1 0.4 0.4 0.1 2.6 99.8 0 0.0 - - - -

2-3 487 101 23.8 2.2 19.8 28.4 9.1 3 0.6 0.4 0.2 2.0 60.0 0 0.0 - - - -

4-5 450 85 20.9 2.2 17.0 25.5 10.3 39 8.6 1.4 6.2 11.7 16.1 0 0.0 - - - -

6-7 514 49 10.5 1.5 7.9 13.9 14.2 111 22.5 2.1 18.7 26.8 9.2 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.7 100.0

8-9 597 13 2.0 0.6 1.1 3.6 29.7 195 35.8 2.2 31.6 40.1 6.0 8 1.1 0.4 0.5 2.2 36.4

10-11 578 7 1.3 0.5 0.6 3.0 40.3 213 39.5 2.1 35.5 43.6 5.3 11 1.9 0.6 1.1 3.5 30.5

12-15 1,047 5 0.4 0.2 0.2 1.2 48.2 409 41.3 1.6 38.2 44.5 3.9 57 5.0 0.7 3.8 6.6 14.0 16-19 927 8 0.9 0.3 0.5 1.9 36.7 379 43.9 1.7 40.5 47.3 4.0 110 10.1 1.0 8.3 12.2 9.7

20-23 1,102 4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.9 51.3 519 50.0 1.6 46.9 53.2 3.2 214 16.9 1.2 14.7 19.3 6.9

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Appendix 4b. Trends of feeding practice among children 0-23 months by age group: Philippines, 2015

Feeding Practice

0-5 months

2011 (n=1,581)

2013 (n=1,139)

2015 (n=1,377)

p-value (2011 vs 2013)

p-value (2013 vs 2015)

Exclusive breastfeeding 48.9 52.3 48.8 0.0802 0.0805

Breastfeeding w/ complementary food 31.4 25.6 29.2 0.0010 0.0443

Breastmilk substitute w/ foods 19.8 22.1 22.0 0.1446 0.9520

Regular food w/o any milk 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2085 0.2405

Feeding Practice

6-11 months

2011 (n=1,821)

2013 (n=1,222)

2015 (n=1,689)

p-value (2011 vs 2013)

p-value (2013 vs 2015)





Feeding Practice

12-23 months

2011 (n=3,212)

2013 (n=2,376)

2015 (n=3,076)

p-value (2011 vs 2013)

p-value (2013 vs 2015)





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Appendix 4c. Percent distribution of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year (12-15 months old) and at 2 years (20-23 months old) by socio demographic characteristics and by region: Philippines, 2015

Characteristics

1 Year (n=1,047) 2 Years (n=1,102)

n % SE 95% C. I.

CV n % SE

95% C. I.

CV LL UL LL UL

All 576 53.2 1.6 50.0 56.4 3.1 365 32.7 1.5 29.8 35.7 4.6

Sex

Male 275 53.4 2.4 48.6 58.1 4.5 181 30.8 2.0 27.0 34.8 6.4

Female 301 53.0 2.3 48.4 57.5 4.4 184 34.9 2.3 30.5 39.7 6.7

Type of residence

Rural 383 63.2 2.1 59.1 67.2 3.3 230 36.5 2.0 32.6 40.6 5.6

Urban 193 43.3 2.5 38.5 48.2 5.7 135 28.9 2.2 24.8 33.3 7.5

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 103 38.9 3.1 33.1 45.1 7.9 103 38.9 3.1 33.1 45.1 7.9 Poor 108 38.8 2.9 33.2 44.6 7.5 108 38.8 2.9 33.2 44.6 7.5

Middle 76 33.1 3.4 26.9 40.0 10.1 76 33.1 3.4 26.9 40.0 10.1

Rich 48 28.4 3.6 21.9 36.0 12.7 48 28.4 3.6 21.9 36.0 12.7

Richest 28 19.5 3.4 13.7 27.0 17.3 28 19.5 3.4 13.7 27.0 17.3

Mother’s Age

<20 10 25.8 7.1 14.4 41.9 27.4 10 25.8 7.1 14.4 41.9 27.4 ≥20 353 35.0 1.6 31.9 38.2 4.6 353 35.0 1.6 31.9 38.2 4.6

Parity

1 68 32.5 3.4 26.2 39.5 10.5 68 32.5 3.4 26.2 39.5 10.5

2-3 147 36.2 2.5 31.4 41.2 6.9 147 36.2 2.5 31.4 41.2 6.9

4-5 91 45.3 3.8 38.0 52.7 8.3 91 45.3 3.8 38.0 52.7 8.3

≥6 50 39.7 4.5 31.3 48.8 11.3 50 39.7 4.5 31.3 48.8 11.3


No Grade Completed 11 89.1 10.2 50.7 98.5 11.5 9 73.9 13.2 42.3 91.6 17.9 Elementary Undergraduate 69 65.3 4.9 55.1 74.3 7.5 36 40.9 5.4 30.8 51.8 13.3

Elementary Graduate 63 63.6 5.2 52.9 73.0 8.1 46 41.6 4.9 32.3 51.5 11.9

High School Undergraduate 126 69.2 3.6 61.8 75.8 5.2 68 41.2 4.0 33.6 49.3 9.7

High School Graduate 181 56.9 3.0 51.0 62.7 5.2 118 33.5 2.6 28.6 38.8 7.7

Vocational Undergraduate 4 68.9 24.3 19.2 95.4 35.3 5 27.0 9.4 12.7 48.5 34.7 Vocational Graduate 23 38.4 6.7 26.3 52.2 17.5 14 33.0 6.9 21.1 47.5 20.8

College Undergraduate 58 49.3 4.7 40.2 58.5 9.6 41 31.0 4.3 23.2 40.1 14.0

College Graduate 39 28.4 4.2 21.0 37.3 14.7 26 20.1 3.8 13.7 28.6 18.9

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Characteristics

1 Year (n=1,047) 2 Years (n=1,102)

n % SE 95% C. I.

CV n % SE

95% C. I.

CV LL UL LL UL

Occupation

Working 98 36.0 3.1 30.1 42.4 8.7 73 24.0 2.9 18.8 30.0 11.9

Not-Working 476 61.8 1.8 58.1 65.3 3.0 290 38.7 1.9 35.0 42.4 4.9

Region

NCR 40 39.1 4.9 29.9 49.0 12.6 32 29.6 4.1 22.2 38.3 13.9

CAR 30 73.8 7.1 57.7 85.4 9.7 22 42.7 7.7 28.7 58.0 18.0

Ilocos Region 27 57.4 8.3 40.9 72.4 14.5 22 30.9 5.1 21.9 41.6 16.4

Cagayan Valley 27 69.7 8.2 51.6 83.2 11.8 24 37.4 6.1 26.4 49.8 16.2

Central Luzon 40 54.3 4.2 46.0 62.4 7.7 24 25.8 4.9 17.3 36.6 19.2

CALABARZON 53 47.9 4.9 38.4 57.6 10.3 34 33.1 5.0 24.1 43.6 15.1

MIMAROPA 20 76.4 8.4 56.3 89.1 11.0 17 43.6 7.7 29.5 58.9 17.6

Bicol 37 56.6 5.7 45.3 67.3 10.1 25 28.1 3.7 21.5 35.8 13.0

Western Visayas 52 67.6 5.4 56.3 77.2 7.9 31 45.2 7.0 32.2 59.0 15.4

Central Visayas 33 52.6 7.2 38.6 66.2 13.7 32 40.4 6.7 28.3 53.9 16.5

Eastern Visayas 38 64.4 6.3 51.3 75.7 9.8 17 28.3 6.0 18.0 41.4 21.3

Zamboanga Peninsula 25 50.3 8.7 33.8 66.8 17.3 8 23.8 8.0 11.6 42.6 33.5

Northern Mindanao 22 43.1 9.2 26.6 61.2 21.3 19 36.7 6.5 25.1 50.1 17.7

Davao 33 51.0 6.2 39.0 62.9 12.1 15 33.7 7.4 20.9 49.4 22.0

SOCCSKSARGEN 31 60.2 5.8 48.3 70.9 9.7 18 42.0 6.5 29.9 55.1 15.5

ARMM 38 57.0 6.3 44.4 68.7 11.1 14 26.0 4.5 18.2 35.6 17.2

Caraga 30 49.6 5.9 38.1 61.1 12.0 11 24.2 5.4 15.1 36.3 22.5

Documents

Philippine Nutritionenutrition.fnri.dost.gov.ph/site/uploads/2015_MATERNAL...who have provided their inputs, involvement, and contribution to the fruition of the Updating of Nutritional