Philippine Foreign Relations

8/12/2019 Philippine Foreign Relations

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PHILIPPINE FOREIGN

RELATIONS ANDGLOBALIZATIONPM 250 Seminar on GovernmentManagement


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Foreign Relations


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The most important provisions of the 1987 PhilippineConstitution which pertain to the framing of Philippineforeign policy are as follows:

Article II, Section 2: "The Philippines renounceswar as an instrument of national policy, adopts thegenerally accepted principles of international law

as part of the law of the land and adheres to thepolicy of peace, equality, justice."

Article II, Section 7: "The State shall pursue an

independent foreign policy. In its relations withother states the paramount consideration shall benational sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationalinterest, and the right to self-determination."


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Republic Act No. 7157, otherwise known as "Philippine Foreign Service Act of1991", gives mandate to the Department of Foreign Affairs to implement the three(3) pillars of the Philippine Foreign Policy, as follows:

1. Preservation and enhancement of nationalsecurity

2. Promotion and attainment of economic security

3. Protection of the rights and promotion of thewelfare and interest of Filipinos overseas.

These pillars overlap and cannot be considered apart fromeach other. Together with the eight (8) foreign policyrealities outlined by the President, they reinforce eachother and must be addressed as one whole.


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These eight foreign policy realitiesare:

China, Japan and the United States and their relationship will be adetermining influence in the security situation and economic evolutionof East Asia;

Philippine foreign policy decisions have to be made in the context ofASEAN;

The international Islamic community will continue to be important for thePhilippines;

The coming years will see the growing importance of multilateral andinter-regional organizations to promote common interests;

As an archipelagic state, the defense of the nation's sovereignty and theprotection of its environment and natural resources can be carried out

only to the extent that it asserts its rights over the maritime territory andgets others to respect those rights;

The country's economic policy will continue to be friendly to bothdomestic and foreign direct investments;

The Philippines can benefit most quickly from international tourism

Overseas Filipinos will continue to be recognized for their critical role inthe country's economic and social stability.


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ASEAN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, wasestablished on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with thesigning of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) bythe Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia,Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

Brunei Darussalam then joined on 7 January 1984, Viet Namon 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997,and Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is today theten Member States of ASEAN.

As of 2009, the ASEAN region has a population of about590.8M, a total area of 4.5M square kilometers, a combinedgross domestic product (GDP) of almost US$1,500B, and atotal trade of about US$1,400B.


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Philippines Foreign Relations

The Philippines was a founding nation of ASEAN (theAssociation of South East Asian Nations) and is active inthe ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). It is also a memberthe United Nations (UN), some of its specializedagencies, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum(APEC), the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB), the International AtomicEnergy Agency (IAEA), the World Trade Organization(WTO), and the World Bank.

The Philippines has traditionally had very close links withthe United States, but the closure of the United Statesmilitary bases in 1991 led to an increased emphasis onits Asian neighborhood. The link with the United Stateswas renewed in 2004 through a Visiting Forces

Agreement, and regular "Balikatan" (shoulder to

shoulder) exercises, which provide training to Philippineforces.


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Philippines Foreign Relations

The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by formerPrime Minister of Australia, Mr Bob Hawke, during aspeech in Seoul, Korea in January 1989. Later thatyear, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra,

Australia to establish APEC. The founding memberswere: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada,Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, thePhilippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States.

China, Hong Kong, China and Chinese Taipei joined in1991. Mexico and Papua New Guinea followed in 1993.Chile acceded in 1994. And in 1998, Peru, Russia andViet Nam joined, taking the full membership to 21.

Between 1989 and 1992, APEC met as an informal seniorofficial and Ministerial level dialogue. In 1993, formerUnited States President, Mr Bill Clinton, established thepractice of an annual APEC Economic Leaders'


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Philippines relations with specific

countries and regions

East Timor

Relations began as soon as that country wasmultilaterally recognized as an independent state.The Philippines was involved in the UN security

mission there. The two countries are now engagedin growing trade and commerce, as well ascultural and educational exchanges. This can alsobe attributed to the fact that both countriesare Catholicmajority.

PakistanRelations with Pakistan have become quite rosywhen Pakistan's head of state, PervezMusharrafvisited the Philippines in April 18, 2005.The visit was to boost trade, commerce, and

industry between the two countries.
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Catholichttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Pervez_Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Pervez_Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Pervez_Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=April_18&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Pervez_Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=April_18&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/2005http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/2005http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=April_18&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Pervez_Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Pervez_Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Pervez_Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Catholic


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South Korea

The Philippines fought together with SouthKorea during the Korean War. South Korea is

also one of the largest tradingpartners of thePhilippines.

Israel

The Philippines is the only Asian country in theUnited Nations that voted for the creation of aJewish state in 1947. Formal diplomaticrelations with Israelbegan in 1957.
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Spain

As the lone Spanishcolony in Asia for almost three and a half centuries,the Philippines is the Spaniards' closest ally in the Far East, primarilydue to a shared culture and religion. Philippine Presiden tGloria

Arroyoconcluded her second state visit in Spain in July 2006, bringingalong millions of dollars of Spanish investments, particularlyin Tourism and Information Technology. The Spanish king, JuanCarlos, also reiterated in Mrs. Arroyo's visit, his desire for thePhilippines to re-establish Spanish as the official language of thecountry. He and his wife, Queen Sofiaattended the 1998centennialcelebrations in Manila, commemorating 100 years of independencefrom Spain

United States of America

The United States is one of the closest economic and political allies of the

Philippines. Primarily, the two countries are partners incounterterrorism, as they both share intelligence. Also, the two
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International disputes

Sabah Disp ute

Sabah, the largest region which the Philippines claim, is now anintegral part of Malaysia. On January 23, 1878, Sulu SultanJamalul Alam leased his territory in Borneo, in which is nowSabah, to Austrian Gustavus von Overbeck. The Sultan was

paid 5,000 Ringgit every year for the lease. In 1920, despitecalls made by Washington to London regarding Sabah, thelatter was still made a crown colony of the United Kingdom.On September 16, 1963, the United Kingdom formally cededSabah to Malaysia. Philippine Presidents DiosdadoMacapagaland Ferdinand Marcosopenly claimed Sabah. The

latter even ordered Sabah to be put into the Philippine map.Despite challenges of the Philippine government to bring thematter of the dispute to the ICJ, or International Court of Justice,Malaysia still rejects those calls. During 2003, violent massdeportations of illegal Filipinos residing in Sabah resulted inmore clamor for the Sabah claim. Up to this day, Malaysia still

pays the annual rent of 5,000 Malaysian Ringgit to the Sultan'sheirs.
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Sabahhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=January_23&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1878&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ringgit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=September_16&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1963&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Diosdado_Macapagalhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Diosdado_Macapagalhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=ICJ&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=ICJ&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Ferdinand_Marcoshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Diosdado_Macapagalhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Diosdado_Macapagalhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Diosdado_Macapagalhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1963&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=September_16&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=September_16&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=September_16&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ringgit&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1878&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=January_23&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=January_23&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=January_23&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Sabah


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Sulawes i Sea Island s

The case of Sipadan and Ligitan, which are indispute between Malaysia and Indonesia, was

taken into the ICJ, in which the former won.Sipadan and Ligitan are technically part ofSabah state, and should therefore, also, be ofthe Sulu Sultanate's heir, the Philippines.
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Sprat ly Is lands

The Spratly Islandsare a group of islands, reefs, and rockslocated about 300 kilometers left ofAborlan, Palawan. ThePhilippines, along with China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam,and Bruneiexpressed claims. The Philippines officially staked

a claim to the islands during the United Nations convention,although it was first expressed in 1956, when Tomas Cloma,a Philippine mariner, officially declared the islands as aprotectorate of the Philippines. Based on proximity and on theUnited Nations Archipelagic Doctrine, the Philippines canclaim the Spratlys as an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ),

and thus its' own. Whether these argument (or any otherused by the Philippines) would hold up in court is debatablebut possibly moot, as the PRC and Vietnam seem unwilling tolegally substantiate their claims and have rejected Philippinechallenges to take the dispute to the World Maritime Tribunalin Hamburg.
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Scarborough Shoals

The Sacrborough Shoals, located approximately 200 kilometerswest of Palauig town of Zambales provinceof the Philippines,are claimed by both the Philippines and PRC.

During the Spanish Colonial Era, the Philippines' areaincludes several nearby territories such as Northern MarianasIslands, Guam, Palau, Caroline Islands, and partsof Micronesia. All of these areas were separated by theUnited States from the Philippines during the former's

occupation of the latter. The Philippines also has jurisdictionover the Spanish possessionsin Taiwan, Borneo,Halmahera, Pulau Ternate, and PulauTidore.
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Illicit drugs

The country, an archipelago, serves as breedingground for locally

produced marijuana and hashish and ispossible that it is illegally shipped to East Asia,the United States, and other Western markets;serves as a transit point for heroinand crystalmethamphetamine.
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Cannabis_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=East_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_States&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Heroin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Crystal_meth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Crystal_meth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Crystal_meth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Crystal_meth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Crystal_meth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Heroin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_States&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_States&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_States&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=East_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=East_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=East_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Hashish&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Cannabis_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1


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Q&A on the Enhanced Defense Cooperation

Agreement

1. What is the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA)?

The EDCA is an agreement between the Philippines and the United States which is envisioned to advancethe implementation of the Philippine-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT).

2. What purpose does the EDCA serve?

The EDCA is designed to promote the following between the Philippines and its defense treaty ally theUnited States:

Interoperability

Capacity building towards AFP modernization

Strengthening AFP for external defense

Maritime security

Maritime domain awareness

Humanitarian assistance and disaster response (HADR)

3. How will these objectives be achieved?

We are currently holding joint training exercises, such as the Balikatan, and undertaking humanitarianassistance and disaster relief cooperation activities, i.e., during the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda(Haiyan).

To improve on the above, we intend to undertake additional cooperation by way of (1) Construction offacilities and infrastructure upgrades; and (2) Storage and prepositioning of defense and HADRequipment, supplies and material.

4. Where will the construction and prepositioning take place?

These will take place in designated areas within a few AFP bases to be agreed upon by both Parties.


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5. What principles were adhered to in ensuring that the national interests are protected and

advanced?

Upon the instructions of the President, we observed the following principles:

Strict compliance with the Philippine Constitution, laws and jurisprudence;

Utmost respect for Philippine sovereignty;

Requirement for Philippine consent for all activities;No permanent presence or base by US troops in the Philippines;

Full Philippine control over facilities to be used;

Mutuality of benefits;

Non-exclusivity of use of the designated areas for US armed forces;

Enhancement of AFP capabilities through joint training exercises;

Prohibition of nuclear weapons; and,

US commitment for long-term AFP capability build-up.


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6. What are the main features of EDCA?

Consistent with the Presidents guidelines, the agreement has the following main features:

Clear provision that the US would not establish a permanent military presence or base in the Philippines;

US access to and use of designated areas in AFP owned and controlled facilities (Agreed Locations) will beat the invitation of the Philippine Government;

Prior consent of the Philippines, through the Mutual Defense Board (MDB) and Security Engagement Board(SEB), with regard to US access and use of Agreed Locations which may be listed in an annex and

further described in implementing arrangements;Philippines retention of primary responsibility for security of the Agreed Locations;

Access of the AFP base commander to the entire area of the Agreed Locations;

Philippine ownership of buildings and infrastructure once constructed by US military;

Sharing and joint use of facilities in the Agreed Locations, including those built by the US military;

Value of prepositioned materiel in the enhancement of AFP defense capabilities and possible transfer orpurchase of materiel determined to be excess;

Prohibition of entry to the Philippines of nuclear weapons, and reference to respective obligations of bothParties under the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention;

Strong commitment by both Parties in protecting the environment, human health and safety;

Preference for Philippine suppliers of goods, products and service in US military procurement; and,

Regular consultation on the implementation of the agreement.


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7. How does the Philippine Government envision defense cooperation with the US?

The Philippines will strengthen its capabilities for external and territorial defense bycontinuing to work with its treaty ally in a mutually beneficial way in line with what isallowed by the Philippine Constitution.

8. What other benefits will the Philippines derive from EDCA?

In addition to interoperability, maritime security, maritime domain awareness, capacitybuilding and more expeditious HADR, the Agreement will further benefit the Philippineseconomically through the provision of jobs and other economic opportunities in theconstruction activities in the Agreed Locations and procurement of local goods andsupplies by the US military and personnel.

9. What is the reason behind the change in the title of the agreement from Increased

Rotational Presence Framework Agreement to EnhancedDefense Cooperation

Agreement?

The change in the title reflects the desire of the Philippines and the US for a morecomprehensive agreement that covers the full range of enhanced defense cooperation,including developing maritime security, maritime domain awareness and humanitarianassistance and disaster relief capabilities. Increased rotational presence is just one

modality of enhanced defense cooperation.


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10. Is EDCA constitutional?

Yes. EDCA provides that the access and use of AFP facilities by the US military will be at the invitation of thePhilippines and with full respect for the Philippine Constitution and Philippine laws.

The constitutional provision which prohibits the establishment of foreign military bases or facilities in thecountry except under a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate does not apply to EDCA.

The defining features of foreign military bases extraterritoriality, exclusivity in use and foreign ownershipwillnot be applicable in the Agreed Locations.

On the other hand, the entry of US military troops for military exercises and other approved activities is alreadyallowed under the PH-US Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA) which is a treaty concurred in by the Senate andupheld by the Supreme Court.

The provisions of EDCA, an executive agreement, are consistent with the Philippine Constitution, laws, andjurisprudence.

11. Does EDCA mean the return of US bases in the Philippines?

The Agreement is very clear on this matter and specifies in the Preamble the Parties understanding for the USnot to establish a permanent military presence or base in the territory of the Philippines.

EDCA does not authorize the establishment of US bases. It allows the US military access to Agreed Locations.12. Does EDCA give the US military blanket authority to build facilities in AFP military bases? Will the

Philippines have access to these facilities? Who will own them?

Under EDCA, before constructions and other activities can be undertaken, prior consent of the Philippines willhave to be secured through the Mutual Defense Board (MDB) and Security Engagement Board (SEB) whichwere established under the MDT and the VFA. The AFP base commander will have access to the entire areaof the facilities shared with the US military. The Philippines will also own any building and similarinfrastructure that will be built by the US military.

13. Will EDCA also provide a blanket authority for all activities of the US troops in the future?

No. Activities to be undertaken under EDCA will have to be approved by the Philippines through the MDB andSEB.


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14. How long will EDCA be in effect?

EDCA will have an initial term of 10 years. There will be regular bilateralconsultations on the implementation of the Agreement.

15. How many US personnel will be allowed into the Philippines underthis Agreement?

The number of visiting US personnel will depend on the scale and thefrequency of the activities to be approved by both Parties.

There will be no stationing of US personnel under EDCA. US personnel willcome on temporary and rotational basis in relation to activities that will beheld in AFP facilities.

16. Will the entry of nuclear weapons, chemical weapons and biologicalweapons be allowed under the EDCA?

EDCA clearly provides that the materials the US military may bring into thecountry shall not include nuclear weapons, in compliance with thePhilippine Constitution. EDCA also reaffirms the two countries respectiveobligations under the Convention on Chemical Weapons and Conventionon Biological Weapons.


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17. Which AFP bases will be shared with and used by the US under EDCA?

The designated areas in a limited number of AFP bases that will be shared and jointly used with the USwill be specified in an annex and agreed implementing arrangements. Given the mutuality of benefitsto be derived from the Agreement (such as making available defense and HADR equipment, suppliesand materiel for the benefit of the Philippines), the areas will be made available to US forces withoutrental. In addition, the buildings and other infrastructure to be constructed by the US military will beowned by the Philippines.

18. How will the Philippines benefit from the prepositioning of US military equipment?

EDCA recognizes the value of prepositioning and storing equipment, supplies and materiel to theenhancement of theAFPsdefense capabilities.

Moreover, prepositioned materiel will allow for timely responses in the event of disasters natural orotherwise. This is well recognized by the Philippines and the United States. As stated in Article IV para2, The Parties share a recognition of the benefits that such prepositioning could have forhumanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

19. How will EDCA improve humanitarian assistance and disaster relief?

As shown in the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda, the need for timely delivery of relief assistance is critical.Under EDCA, activities aimed at increasing and strengthening the Partiesindividual and collective HADR

capabilities will be facilitated and strengthened through prepositioned materiel and closer cooperationwith the US.

20. Does EDCA address concerns on environmental protection and human health and safety?

Yes. This is a landmark and defining feature of EDCA.

This agreement has robust provisions on environmental protection, human health and safety, including theadoption of a preventativeapproach to environmental protection, the application of environmentalcompliance standards that reflect the more protective of Philippines, US or applicable internationalagreement standards, immediate action to contain and address environmental contamination


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21. How does EDCA relate to the Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT)?

The MDT obligated the Philippines and the United States to maintain and develop theirindividual and collective defense capabilities.

EDCA is therefore within the ambit and in furtherance of the MDT.

22. How does EDCA relate to the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA)?

The VFA lays out the terms and conditions on the entry and visit of US military personnel for

military exercises. These provisions shall likewise apply to the entry and temporary stayof US personnel under EDCA.

23. If the above activities are within the ambit of the MDT and VFA, why is there aneed for a new agreement on enhanced defense cooperation?

In advancing the benefits that could be derived from our defense alliance with the UnitedStates, we needed to articulate the parameters, modalities and mechanisms to a greaterdegree.

24. Does EDCA address the matter on criminal jurisdiction and custody of indictedservicemen?

With the finalization of EDCA, we can now fast track the bilateral consultations on theimplementing arrangements of the VFA.

25. Will EDCA affect bilateral relations with neighboring countries?

EDCA reaffirms the desire of both the Philippines and the United States to strengtheninternational and regional security and stability, a common and shared interest ofcountries in the region.


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26. What will be our neighborsreaction to this Agreement?

We would hope that this Agreement will also be viewed by our neighbors as a positive contribution towardspeace and stability in the region.

27. Is it true that the negotiation was rushed in order to coincide with US President Barack Obamasvisit to the Philippines?

The pace of negotiations for EDCA was dictated by the need for full understanding and consensus by bothnegotiating panels on all provisions of the Agreement. It was more important for both parties to come up

with an Agreement that would be fully and mutually acceptable to both sides consistent with theirrespective laws.

28. How long did the negotiations take?

The eight rounds of negotiations and preceded by preparatory discussions took almost two years tocomplete.

29. Was the Philippine Congress briefed on this Agreement?

During the course of the negotiations, the leadership of both Houses of Congress was informed of theprogress of the negotiations. We will be scheduling a full briefing for interested members of Congress.

30. Do we have the support of the Filipino people for EDCA?

A recent Social Weather Station survey showed at least 7 out of 10 Filipinos support measures to strengthenthe countrysdefense capabilities and that the Philippines may ask its partners in achieving this objective.

Through EDCA, the Philippines will cooperate with its defense treaty ally in further strengthening theirrespective individual and collective defense capabilities.

Source: http://www.gov.ph/2014/04/28/qna-on-the-enhanced-defense-cooperation-agreement/


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Globalization


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Defining Globalization

The topic of globalizing is not a new one. Upon viewingthe term globalization what first comes to mind is theobvious word global. Globalization has a broad

definition.However, globalization tends to generally be defined as

a process of interaction and integration among thepeople, companies, and governments of differentnations, a process driven by international trade and

investment and aided by information technology(Globalization 101).

The practice of trade across national boundaries hasbeen in effect down through history. Only in the 21st

century has the practice of globalization taken on anall inclusive a roach.


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The History of Globalization

The history of the process of globalization is a long one. Someresearchers and authors on the subject only attest to the year1492 as the first appearance of the globalism process.

Trade between countries such as Europe and the new worldcaused relations and a period of empires founded upon the sea

along Europe. However, globalization can be seen in operationas far back as 325 B.C when the ChandraguptaMauryacombined a world religion, trade economy, and imperialarmies for the first time(A Quick Guide).

Maurya then came together with Alexander the Great and in 325.The two made a link along routes between the Mediterranean,

Persia, India, and CentralAsiasignifying a international trade (AQuick Guide).

The Silk Road that stretched across the center of Asia is anotherexamine of globalization in history. There are even someresearchers who believe that globalization was first set intomotion when mankind spread across the globe.


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Globalization in the Philippines

Globalization has offered considerable controversial impact. It has beenviewed as a process that is major factor that is a key to thedevelopment of the world economy and also it is inevitable andirreversible. Some regard it with hostility, fear that increases inequalitybetween nations, threatens employment and living standards andsocial progress. These brief facts is an overview of some aspects of

globalizationand aims to identity ways in which countries can tap thegains of this process while remaining realistic about its possible abilitiesand its dangers.

In fact, globalization offers essential opportunities for global developmentsbut it is not progressing in an evenly pace. Some countries haveadapted to globalization and it is participating into the global

economyfaster than other countries are. This is because countries withglobalization some countries have been able to integrate and aregrowing faster and reducing poverty. However, the effectiveness ofglobalization in developing countries is widely active becauseglobalization helps give opportunities in such countries in order toestablish stability especially in the economy, trade, politics, society,labor, technology and to reduce poverty level.
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Developing country like the Philippines , is one of the countries in Asiawhere the country has been effected by globalization. The country istaking part in the process of globalization ever since the countrysigned agreements with WTO (World Trade Organization) in 1995.Since then, the nation had hope for WTO to bring developments withinthe nations poor economy and also to have a role within the

global economy and trade. Now, globalization is very effective in thePhilippines, it has allowed major changes in the nation like more labor,and more Filipinoand foreign companies has emerged in the nation inorder to help the countrys developing economy. Generally, thePhilippines is one of the developing countries that is rapidly dealingwith globalization ever since the influence of the US during the WorldWar II.

The country had high levels of education and English literacy due to theinfluence of Uncle Sam, decent savings rates, and an export-oriented agricultural sectorthat generated more than sufficient foreignexchange. The industrial sector was growing rapidly and the countryhad one of the highest per capita incomes in Southeast Asia.
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There was much to look forward to on the economic and business front. ThePhilippines is a country of ups and downs of conspicuous consumption ofdevastating poverty, hunger and suffering. The economy is basicallyagricultural, with rice, corn, and kamote (sweet potatoes) the staple food crops.Key cash crops include coconuts, fruits and vegetables, sugar, tobacco, andabaca (the famous "Manila hemp" used for rope making). In aggregate, abouttwo-thirds of Filipinos continue to depend on the agricultural sector. The

Philippines is rich in natural resources, as reflected in the fact that foreignexchange earnings have derived largely from export of primary commodities.The export of fruits and vegetables, especially pineapple products andbananas, plays a key economic role every year.

Among the minerals that the Philippines produces are copper, gold, nickel,chromium, iron, and manganese. Mining will continue to be important in thefuture, particularly copper, nickel, chromite, and iron. It is estimated that 90% of

the country's mineral resources are unsurveyed and undeveloped. However,the costs are high according to the international standards and many goldmines and other operations are not economically at its best. The Philippinesglobal economy remains in transition and the nation has been living through aperiod of increasing volatility. Globalization, whether individuals favor it or not,is taking place at a rapid pace, integrating more and more of the nationsandworld economy. Philippines have four regions that globalization has targeted

and these four are: liberalization, mobility of capital, technology, andmanagement of organization through private and public sectors.
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Those Filipinos working overseas send about $10.7 billion back to their families orrelatives in the Philippines in 2005. In contrast, the question that the Filipinosociety asks themselves is: Can the Philippines handle globalization?ManyFilipinos believe that globalization has done nothing for their country. And this isdue to the povertythat has been becoming worse each year. The Philippines isstill corrupt and still faces economic and political problems, therefore, thenation and its people does not trust the process of globalization. The majority of

Filipinos believe that globalization has brought about problems and conflictrather than changes. The people of the Philippines mostly rely on its leadersbecause its the leaders whom the society believes and trust for the peopleknow that the leaders are the ones that can make the whole Philippine societybetter and much more developed or well-organized. So, globalization has totake place within the country in order to make such changes happen. Due tothe process of globalization in the Philippines , poverty level has been

increasing.There are over 80 million people living in the whole of Philippines about 60 percent

of the population lives in poverty. This is why the Philippines is corrupt becausethey cannot solve nor reduce the poverty rate. However, poverty has been amajor struggle within the nation and most the society is the ones that aresuffering especially those who suffer are the ones who do not have any jobs,money, and homes. That is why the people protest to the leaders and the

government to ask them for better lives. For example, the world economicglobalization affects nearly every person, but the process of globalization is a
http://hubpages.com/topics/politics-and-social-issues/economy-and-government/poverty/4780http://hubpages.com/topics/politics-and-social-issues/economy-and-government/poverty/4780


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In most countries, native peoples have little voice within the government, and theirowned lands are taken away by corporations. Indigenous farmers typically farmsmall plots and sell their crops locally; their farms do not scale up to the size andtechnology necessary for export. Like the indigenous peoples of the Cordilleras,in the southern part of the Philippines , have lived in the mountains forgenerations. In the past century, Cordilleras farmers began planting cash crops,including vegetables, coffee and beans. Increasingly the people are moving to

towns and cities because they government are taking over their lands andallowing companies to built their industrial plants there due to the major threatsthat the indigenous people face. The farmers in the Philippines are suffering andthis is due their competitiveness in selling crops to the market is being eroded byforeign imports. In fact, vegetable prices in the Philippines are high. Consumersin non-producing areas pay 50-100% more than what farmersusually receive.

Farmers receive 28% more than wholesale prices in surrounding countries. These

results are why vegetables are smuggled in the nation for vegetables havebecome a form of contraband. These are the problems with developing countriesis that they are very corrupt politically and economically but its not the fault ofglobalization but its the whole nation is at fault.Overall, the Philippines is adeveloping country that is bound to develop due to globalization. I believe thatglobalization will make its impact in the Philippines because the whole societyrelies on westernization due to globalization.
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Globalization can make the Philippines into a betternation if the Philippine leaders to make their economymore advance through global trading and allowingmore foreign investors to the help boost the economy.

And by accomplishing those goals, the Philippines

should be able to reduce the poverty level as well asincrease labor force for job opportunities for those thatare in need for a living. However, sine the povertylevel is still increasing, most Filipinos has managed tofind work overseas and they have managed to seek

better living than in the Philippines. The most effectivefactor in the Philippines is education. The societysmentality is to be educated and itswith education thatpeople in the nation see their opportunity for a betterlife in the future.


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Marvin Cabantac

Thank you!

Documents

Philippine Foreign Relations