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UNDERSTANDING HISTORY History is the study of past events. It generally presents the known past. What is unknown is yet to be retrieved. The recording and analysis of experiences of a society comprise the totality of a people’s history. Theories/Historical Studies: Arnold Tonybee’s challenge and response theory is based on the idea that man responds to the situation placed before him. His actions are based on his thoughts. Thus, the society’s way of facing the challenges depending upon his abilities uncovers the pattern of the society’s history. Mankind’s approach in coping with challenges determines history. Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831), an idea is the moving force of history. However, a man has tasks to do so that events may happen. Hegel’s role of historical man follows a principle, which he called Weltgiest or world spirit, which embodies ideals like patriotism, heroism, and unity. Another theory to be considered is the materialist concept of history or economic theory by Karl Marx, another German philosopher. He asserts that the prevailing economic system determines the form of societal organization and the political and intellectual history of the epoch, which thus attribute actions and events in history to economic motives. Fernand Braudel (1902-1985), father of historical structuralism. In the Braudelian approach, to achieve “total history” is to integrate all aspects of man’s past. This involves the study of history in its total view made possible by examining the circumstances underlying such political, economic, social, and cultural events. For Rizal, history offers the key to national identity and the basis for future development. He edited Dr. Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas . His annotation of Sucesos was his major historical work. He depicted the destructive effects of western colonization on early Filipino societies. Cruz, Nenelyn R. 0557-0409-1540

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Page 1: Phil History

UNDERSTANDING HISTORY

History is the study of past events. It generally presents the known past. What is unknown is yet to be retrieved. The recording and analysis of experiences of a society comprise the totality of a people’s history.

Theories/Historical Studies:

Arnold Tonybee’s challenge and response theory is based on the idea that man responds to the situation placed before him. His actions are based on his thoughts. Thus, the society’s way of facing the challenges depending upon his abilities uncovers the pattern of the society’s history. Mankind’s approach in coping with challenges determines history.

Georg Wilhelm Hegel (1770-1831), an idea is the moving force of history. However, a man has tasks to do so that events may happen. Hegel’s role of historical man follows a principle, which he called Weltgiest or world spirit, which embodies ideals like patriotism, heroism, and unity.

Another theory to be considered is the materialist concept of history or economic theory by Karl Marx, another German philosopher. He asserts that the prevailing economic system determines the form of societal organization and the political and intellectual history of the epoch, which thus attribute actions and events in history to economic motives.

Fernand Braudel (1902-1985), father of historical structuralism. In the Braudelian approach, to achieve “total history” is to integrate all aspects of man’s past. This involves the study of history in its total view made possible by examining the circumstances underlying such political, economic, social, and cultural events.

For Rizal, history offers the key to national identity and the basis for future development. He edited Dr. Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. His annotation of Sucesos was his major historical work. He depicted the destructive effects of western colonization on early Filipino societies.

Teodoro Agoncillo (1912-1985) is considered as the father of Filipino nationalist historiography. He wrote the conditions of the Philippine past by analyzing the conditions of the masses.

Renato Constatino; history is “the recorded struggle of people for eve increasing freedom and for newer and higher realization of the human person”.

For Wilhelm Dilthey (1883-1911), absolute objectivity is inconceivable. Since people grow up in cultural environments, they have imbided the prevailing worldview in addition to their own nature. The worldview that they have deleoped are colored with perspective from which people understand their environments and the events that happen.

Unhistorical Data

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There are some narratives that have been previously accepted in Philippine history as facts but later were found out to be historical errors. It is to credit of many historians who investigated and took position on what they have discovered in their careful search. These unhistorical accounts include:

Maragtas (the 10 Malay datu from Borneo who settled into the Philippine islands)

- William Henry Scott (1921-1993) research showed that Maragtas is not a prehispanic document but a book written by Pedro Montecarlo, a local historian of Panay. Montecarlo’s publisher in 1907, noted that this Maragtas should not be considered as facts, all of which are accurate and true.

Code of Kalantian (this code was said to be a set of ancient laws promulgated in 1433 by Datu Bendara Kalantiaw of Aklan, the third Muslim leader of Panay)

- In the unprecedented doctoral study of Scott, he concluded that the Pavon manuscripts were not genuine and that the Code of Kalantiaw was a hoax. He presented his serious objections to this fake code. They are as follows:

1) The discoverer of the alleged manuscript, Jose E. Marco, was also involved in the sale of the other fake historical documents. There is no historical evidence for the existence of Datu Kalantiaw.2) The contents of the manuscript are of dubious value.3) The Kalantiaw code contains many strange edicts that contradict the character of Filipino.

The Legend of Princess Urduja (The legendary warrior princess named Urduja has been adopted as a symbol of a woman of distinguished courage, an inspiration for women in the country.)

- The legend is quite amusing but historians could not certify its authenticity. Modern historians agreed that Princess Urduja was just an illusory creation of Ibn Batuta, a contemporary of Marco Polo (1254-1324), the Venetian traveler whose accounts in the East particularly China drew attentions and interest in Asian trade.

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PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES

The oldest human fossil remains are found in Palawan, on the western fringe of the archipelago. These remains are about 30,000 years old, suggesting that the first human migrations to the islands took palce during the last Ice Age, when land bridges connected the archipelago to mainland Asia and Borneo.

The islands were eventually inhabited by different groups that developed domestic trade linkages. The archaelogical evidence shows a rich pre- colonial culture that included skills in weaving, ship-building, mining and gold smiting. Contact with Asian neighbors date back to at least 500 B.C. Trade linkages existed with the powerful Hindu empires in Java and Sumatra. These linkages were venues for exchanges with Indian culture, including the adoption of syllabic scripts which are still used by indigenous groups in Palawan and Mindoro. Trade ties with China were extensive by the 10th century A.D. while contact with Arab traders reached its peak about the 12th century. By the time the Spaniards arrived, Islam was well established in Mindanao and had started to influence groups as far north as Luzon.

Many existing health beliefs and practices in the Philippines are rooted back in the pre-colonial period. This includes magico-religious elements, such as beliefs in spirits and sorcery as causes of illness, as well as empirical aspects such as the use of medicinal plants. Archaeological sites in the Philippines have yielded skeletal remains showing intricate ornamental dental work and the use of trephination (boring a hole into the skull as a magical healing ritual).Today's traditional medicinal practitioners can trace their origins back to the pre-colonial period - the psychic surgeons, with their flair for drama, parallel the pre-hispanic religious practitioners (babaylan and catalonan) who also played roles as healers.

Cultural Evolution of the Early Filipinos

The cultural evolution of the Philippines is complex. It is a blend of the Malayo-Polynesian and Hispanic cultures, with influence from Chinese. 

They were first settled by Melanesians, which preserve a traditional way of life and culture today, even though they are few in number. 

Malayo-Polynesians, arrived on the islands next. Their culture is strongly evident in the ethnicity, language, food, dance and almost every aspect of the culture. As a result of their trading with China, India, Japan, the Ryukyu Islands, the Middle East, Borneo, and other places, those cultures have also left a mark on Filipino culture. 

When the Spanish colonized the islands, they heavily impacted the culture. Mexican and Spanish influence can be seen in the dance and religion many other aspects of the culture. 

After the colonization by Spain, the Philippines became a U.S. territory for about 40 years. United States' influence can be seen in the wide use of the English language and the modern pop culture.

Traditional Filipino Communities

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It is said that in ancient Panay, there was a barangay school called Bothoan, under the charge of an old man, acting as the teacher. The subjects taught were reading, writing, arithmetic, the handing of weapons, and the acquiring of amulets or kinaadman.

Modern numismatics call these ancient gold coins piloncitos (little cones) because of their conical shape.

The early Filipinos had their own weights and measures. They used the talaro, a kind of balance with scales, for weighing things. Measurement for capacity were the kaban (25 gantas), the salop (one ganta). For length, measures used were the dipa, the length of the outstretched arms; the tumuro, the length between the tip of the thumb and that of the forefinger when extended; the sandamak, the width of the hand with the five fingers pressed together; and the sandali, the width of one finger.

The Ifugao’s devised a calendar, which contains 13 months in a year, each month having 28 days. The tribal calendar recorder called tumunoh, who kept 13 strings representing the 13 months of the year. The Ifugao calendar has a total of 364 days a year.

The Ilocano wine from sugarcane juice called basi. The Visayan wine made from rice called pangasi. A tagalog wine produced by distillation of tuba called lambanog. An Igorot wine made from rice called tapuy.

The bamboo jaw harps of the Kalingas were called olibaw. This instruments played by the natives were the kudyapi (Tagalog guitar), kalaleng (nose flute), babandil (Maguindanaoan gong), kulintang (Muslim xylophone), tultogan (Visayan bamboo drum), silbay (Ilocano reed flute), the suracan (Subanun cymbal) and tambuli (trumpet made from carabao horn). Bungkaka is a bamboo buzzer played by striking the split ends against one's palm.

Men wore collarless, short-sleeved coat called kangan and a strip of cloth called bahag, wrapped around the waist and between the legs, they wore putong, a piece of cloth worn around the head, they have no footwear but they wore jewels called kalombigas. The women's upper garment was a wide-sleeved blouse called baro. Their skirt was called patadyong or saya with a strip of cloth over it called tapis. One personal garb in the islands was the salakot (native hat) it is generally made of anahaw ( a forest palm), salakot was widely used in Central Luzon and Visayas.

The House bahay kubo may be constructed on the ground, then completed over the house frames. The wall was built from nipa shingles or bamboo. The tinilad na kawayan (bamboo slats), which served as the floor of the house, bahay kubo, called the bulwagan, but commonly with a low table for meals called dulang and a built-in seat called papag. A small silid(room) served as a dressing room and closet for clothes, pillows, and mats. There were houses with a open porch called batalan, an unroofed platform, where water jars are place. Sometimes the cooking was done in an open hearth or on clay kalan (stove) or tungkong kalan (three stones) in a space in front the ladder of the batalan. 

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THE SPANISH ERA

The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries brought an era of worldwide exploration and expansion that resulted from the desire to gain new lands, power, and wealth for the explorers and their countries.

1521: March 16, Ferdinand Magellan lands on Homonhon with three small ships,

named the Concepcion, Trinidad and Victoria. Magellan calls the place the Arcigelago de San Lazaro since March 16 is the feast day of Saint Lazarus.

March 28, the fleet landed in another island called Mazaua, which could be Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan. Rajah Colambu was rowed to where the Europeans where. The rajah welcomed Magellan and visited him aboard the ship.

March 29, Good Friday, Rajah Kolambu decided to seal their new friendship. Afterwards, he performed the kasi kasi or blood compact ceremony with Magellan.

March 31, a mass was held on Mazaua’s shore with Reverend father Pedro de Valderrama officiating. Magellan planted a large wooden cross on the summit of a hill overlooking the sea. He named the country the Islas de San Lazaro.

April 7, Magellan meets Rajah Humabon of Cebu and enters into another Blood Compact. Humabon and his wife are baptized into the Catholic Church.

April 27, for refusing to accept the new political system, Magellan invaded Lapulapu in Mactan. But Lapulapu and his fighters killed him. The remaining Europeans retreated and left the body of their captain behind.

1525: Spain sends an expedition under Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa to the Philippines.

After crossing the Strait of Magellan, the vessels were dispersed by a storm. Loaysa got ill and died. His men failed to reach the Philippines.

1526: Spain sends another expedition under Juan Cabot to the Philippines. They failed

to find the Strait of Magellan.

1527: Spain sends a fourth expedition under Alvaro de Saavedra to the Philippines.

Only one ship, the Florida, reached Surigao in Northeastern Mindanao but failed to colonize.

Saavedra fell ill and died. His successor also failed to make a return trip. Finally, they decided to surrender to the Portugese.

1536:

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The Loaysa expedition returns to Spain. One of its survivors is Andres de Urdaneta, its chronicler.

1543: Spain sends a fifth expedition under Ruy López de Villalobos to the Philippines.

The Expedition succeeds.

February 2, Villalobos arrives in the Philippines and names the islands of Samar and Leyte as Las Islas Filipinas in honor of the crown prince of Spain, Philip of Asturias.

1565: February 13, Legazpi and his men anchored near the island of Cebu.Due to

Cebuano opposition, they sailed to the neighboring islands and landed in Samar.

February 22, Legazpi made a blood compact with Urrao. They proceeded to Limasawa and were received by a young chieftain named Bankaw.

March 16, Legazpi landed in Bohol and befriended two native kings, Sikatuna and Sigala and made a blood compact.

May 8, Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region.

1570: May 8, Legazpi sends an expedition under the leadership of Martin de Goiti to

Manila.

May 24, Goiti and his men captured Maynilad and seized some cannons that Panday Pira made for Sulayman.

1571: Legazpi reached Manila Bay in the middle of April 1571, with a stronger

expedition consisting 27 vessels, 280 spaniards, and 600 Visayan allies.

May 19, the ruler of Manila, Rajah Suliman, wages war against the Spaniards.

June 24, Legazpi establishes the Spanish Colonial Government in Manila and proclaims it the capital of the colony.

1572: August 20, Legazpi died of heart attack and Guido de Lavezaris succeeds him

as Governor-General (1572–1575)

The Hispanization of the Natives

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The Spaniards integrated into the Filipino society their religion, language, customs, arts, and sciences. The Church and State inseparably carried out Spanish policy in the country.

Adoption of Hispanic Names Decreed by Gov. Narciso Claveria in 1849 Based on compiled names of saints, indigenous and Chinese patronymics, flora

and fauna, geographical names, and the arts Filipinos were obligated to adopt surnames like Rizal, Del Pilar or Luna althugh

some ndigenous surnames like Mabini, Malantic, Dandan and Paganiban, were retained

Catagalogo alfabetico de apellidos contained some derogatory names like “Utut”, “Ung-goy”, and even “Casillas”

Houses Bahay na bato with a wide azotea (batalan in original), retaining the banguerahan

and providing an aljibe or a well for water – supply

Foreign Cuisines Spanish indigenized dishes like adobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero or mechado

and the Chinise – derived noodle preparations Filipinized into pancit malabon and pancit luglog

Change in Dressing kanggan and bahag to barong tagalog or camisa chino putong to hats Shoes and slippers as part of men’s fashion Baro and saya for women developed into mestiza dress Jewelry and ornaments, gold and tortoise peineta, earrings of different sizes and

shapes

Spanish Loan Words dasal from rezar Dalandan from naraja Sinigwelas from ciruela Conversely, the Filipino also contributed to enrich the Spanish language Camarin from camalig Carinderia from karihan Molave from mulawin

Compadrazgo (ritual co – parenthood) came with baptism and marriages

Intermarriages which resulted in mixed blood or mestizos (1883)

La Funeraria, the first Philippine funeral parlor was established by Carlos March in Manila which advertised European – made coffins, embalming, “French – style packing,” tombstones, and guaranteed “permanent service”

Conversion of the Filipinos

Fiestas honoring the saints

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Fiestas during Holy Week, on Corpus Christi, and the feast day of the patron saint

Pomp and pageantry of the religious processions Exotic Hispanic dances and music Religious dramas of the sinakulo and the komedya or moro – moro Cofadias and sodalities of the Filipino laymen and laywomen honoring the Virgin

Mary

Chinese in the Philippines

1574: November 29, the Chinese pirate captain Lim-Ah-Ong with his Japanese

lieutenant, Sioco, attacks Manila.

November 30, Sioco attacked Bagumbayan, killed Marshal Martin de Goiti but the Spaniards drove the invaders back to their ships.

December 2, Limahong again attacks Manila with 1500 soldiers but Sioco died and again fails to defeat the Spaniards.

1603: October 3, in Parian, a secret plot to overthrow the Spaniards was planned under

the leadership of Eng-Kang. They attacked Tondo and Quiapo, by setting the buildings on fire and by killing the inhabitants.

1639: The Chinese revolted for the second time because Governor General Corcuera’s

order forcing the Chinese to work in Calamba, Laguna.

November 19, hostilities began in Calamba and it spread to other towns killing several Spanish friars, including the alcalde mayor of Laguna, Marcos Zapata.

1762: December 24, the British came and occupied Manila in 1762 the Chinese

collaborated with them to fight the Spaniards. The Chinese in Manila and Guagua secretly plotted the massacre the Spaniards on Christmas Eve.

Governor General Simon de Ando was informed of this plot led his fporces to Guagua and crushed the Chinese rebels. This blood confrontation was considered in Philippine history as the “Red Christmas”.

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STRUGGLE FOR RIGHTS AND FREEDOM

Revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman

The Lakandula Revolt also known as the Manila Revolt or the Sulayman Revolt happened in 1574. It was a rebellion against the Spanish rule led by Rajah Lakandula and Rajah Soliman in Tondo, Manila.

During 1574, Rajah Lakandula, made a pact with Miguel Lopez de Legaspi to submit his land to him and to hand over his throne which led to Manila being the capital of the Spanish colony. When a Chinese pirate named Limahong planned to conquer Manila, Lakandula helped resist the attack.

First Pampanga Revolt

First Pampanga Revolt in 1585 was undertaken by native Kapampangan leaders against Spanish encomienda|encomenderos due to abuses felt by the natives inflicted by the encomenderos. The revolt included a plot to storm Intramuros. However, the plot was foiled before it was even implemented, since a Filipina married to a Spanish soldier reported the plot to Spanish authorities. For their actions, the leaders of the revolt were ordered executed.

The Tondo Conspiracy

The Tondo Conspiracy of 1587-1588 was a plot against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines by the datus of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga. It was led by Agustin de Legazpi, nephew ofLakandula, and his cousin Martin Pangan. The uprising failed when a Cuyo native betrayed the datus to the Spanish authorities.

Magalat’s Revolt

The Magalat Revolt was an uprising in the Philippines in 1596, led by Magalat, a Filipino rebel from Cagayan. He had been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the Spanish, and after he was released on the importunities of some Dominican priests, he returned to Cagayan. Together with his brother, he incited the whole country to revolt. He was said to have committed atrocities upon his fellow natives for refusing to rise up against the Spaniards. He soon controlled the countryside, and the Spanish eventually found themselves besieged.

Revolt of the Igorots

By order of then Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán an expedition was sent to the Cordillera region for religious conversion serious purposes with the aid of Padre Esteban Marin. Marin, the curate of Ilocos at that time, who tried to initially convince the Igorots to convert peacefully to Christianity. Marin allegedly even tried to create his own dictionary in Igorot dialect to advance this cause. The Igorots, however, killed Marin and the Governor-General sent Captain Aranda with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops, who used brute force and had the Igorot villages cooled in his rage for the gain of the friar. The revolt was short-lived as Aranda made use of extreme measures and executed them quickly to dispel the revolt in the Cordillera region.

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Revolt of the Irrayas

The Iraya Revolt was an uprising led by Igorot brothers Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay in 1621 against the Spaniards. The rebellion was caused by the perceived cruelty of the Spaniards to the Igorots.

Revolt of Tamblot

The Tamblot Revolt or Tamblot Uprising was a religious uprising in the island of Bohol, led by Tamblot in 1621. The Jesuits first came to Bohol in 1596 and eventually governed the island and converted the Boholanos to the Catholic faith. Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest, urged his fellow Boholanos to return to the old native religion of their forefathers.

Bankaw’s Revolt

The Bankaw Revolt was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Bankaw, the datu of Carigara, in the present-day Carigara Philippine province of Leyte.

Bankaw had warmly received Miguel López de Legazpi as his guest, when he first arrived in the Philippines in 1565. Although baptized as a Christian in his youth, he abandoned his faith in later years. With ababaylan, or religious leader named Pagali, he built a temple for a diwata or local goddess, and pressed six towns to rise up in revolt. Similar to the Tamblot Uprising, Pagali used magic to attract followers, and claimed that they could turn the Spaniards into clay by hurling bits of earth at them.

Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza sent the alcalde mayor of Cebu, Juan de Alcarazo, with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops, to suppress the rebellion. Bankaw's severed head was impaled on a bamboo stake and displayed to the public as a stern warning. One of his sons was also beheaded, and one of the babaylans was burned at the stake. Three other followers were executed by firing squad. Other historical sources/accounts reports The Bankaw Revolt as the first recorded uprising against foreign colonization.

The Revolt of Ladia

Pedro Ladia was a Bornean and a self-claimed descendant of Lakandula who came to Malolos in 1643. At that time, he land was confiscated from Spanish and he thought that it was about time that they stage an uprising and put himself as King of the Tagalogs. This was despite the fact that a parish priest tried to convince him not to pursue his plans. Upon his capture, he was brought to Manila where he was executed.

Revolt of Dabao

Cause controversial Decree to send Carpenters to the Cavite shipyard. The rebels who surrendered, who were promised to be pardoned, were either hanged or enslaved.

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Sumoroy’s Revolt

In the town of Palapag today in Northern Samar, Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rose in arms over the polo y servicio system being undertaken in Samar.

The defeat, capture and execution of Sumuroy in June 1650 delivered a big setback to the revolt. His trusted co conspirator David Dula sustained the quest for freedom with greater vigor but in one of fierce battles several years later, captured and later executed in Palapag, Northern Samar by the Spaniards together with his seven key lieutenants. The capture of Dula marked the end of the revolt in its operational center in Northern Samar but the sporadic skirmises and hatred with the Spanish authorities started by Sumuroy and Dula in some parts of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao continues, and pursued by new faces in the rebellion fronts.This is marked as the beginning of the end of the long Spanish rule in the country.

Maniago’s Revolt

The Maniago Revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1660s. It was a revolt against the Spanish during the colonial period and was named after its leader, Francisco Maniago. During that time, Pampanga drew most of the attention from the religious group because of its relative wealth. They also bore the burden of more tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation. They were made to work for eight months under unfair conditions and were not paid for their labor and for the rice purchased from them. Their patience was put to the limit and they signified their intention to revolt by setting their campsite on fire. The fight soon began and because the Spaniards were busy fighting against the Dutch, they were badly depleted by the Kapampangans.

Maniago was very clever and was able to make his fellows believe in the idea of attaining freedom if they revolt. He succeeded not only in the attempt of having his natives believe in his propaganda but also the Pangasineses, Cagayanons and the Ilocanos. But sometimes, Maniago lied and exaggerated his claims. He once told his followers that a group of Pamapangos entered Manila and killed all the Spaniards there. However, he was very confident that he can actually persuade the chieftains of each town in Pampanga to kill the Spaniards and free the province from them. Although their motives were already executed, a Spanish governor named Sabiniano

Manrique de Larawas able to neutralize the rebellion by using the "divide and rule" trick. He began with a "show of force" directed at Macabebe, one of the more affluent towns in the province at that time. The Macabebe was intimidated and became friendly towards the Spaniards, who responded in the same way. This strategy was also done to other towns in the province and in the end, Maniago and his followers did not have a choice but to agree in making peace with Governor de Lara. The Governor also tricked Maniago into leaving Manila with a bribe of being appointed as a master of camp in the Pampango regiment in the city. Maniago was never heard from again and according to one account, he was shot months later in Mexico, Pampanga. The Maniago revolt was the start of a much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan. This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt against the Spaniards.

Andres Malong’s RevoltThis revolt was led by Andres Malong, who led some natives in Pangasinan to

take up arms against the Spanish government and proclaimed himself King of

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Pangasinan. Andres Malong, prior to the rebellion, was the master-of-camp of the Governor General in Pangasinan. However his kingdom was short-lived and soon most of his forces abandoned him, enabling the Spanish forces to capture him and subsequently executed him.

Later, Juan dela Cruz Palaris, a native of Binalatongan, led a renewal of the revolt. The Spanish authorities reviewed the demands of the natives and required the alcalde-mayor of Pangasinan to resign. The people of Pangasinan continued their resistance nonetheless, but they finally defeated in March, 1764.

The Revolt of GumaposPedro Gumapos and his troop of Zambals killed many Spaniards in Ilocos. 400

Rebels were slained and Gumapos himself was hanged in Vigan.

Revolt of Pedro Almazan

A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt was the Ilocos Revolt led by Don Pedro Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The letters sent by Don Andres Malong narrating the defeat of the Spaniards in his area and urging other provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain any support among the natives. During the revolt, Don Pedro Almazan proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was later captured and executed.he also had a son which the ilocanos proclaimed their prince.

Tapar’s Revolt

The Tapar Revolt was a religious uprising in 1663, a native of the island of Panay, who wanted to establish a religious cult in the town of Oton. He attracted some followers with his stories about his frequent conversations with a demon. Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody skirmish against Spanish and Filipino colonial troops and their corpses were impaled in stakes.

Sambal Revolt (1681-1683) Cause: After suppressing the Malong revolt in Pangasinan, the Spanish moved to exterminate the roots of the rebellion.The Zambals then killed Rf. Domingo Perez, a Dominican Friar, after which after which Governor General Juan de Vargas Hurtado – sent a combine Filipino and Spanish troops to punish the Zambals who helped Malong and defeated the rebels.

Dagohoy’s Revolt

In 1744 in what is now the province of Bohol, what is known today as the Dagohoy Revolt was undertaken by Francisco Dagohoy and some of his followers. This revolt is unique since it is the only Philippine revolt completely related to matters of religious customs, although unlike the Tamblot Uprising before it, it is not a complete religious rebellion. After a duel in which Dagohoy's brother died, the local parish priest refused to give his brother a proper Christianityburial, since dueling is a mortal sin. The refusal of the priest to give his brother a proper Christian burial eventually led to the longest revolt ever held in Philippine history: 85 years. It also led to the establishment of a free Boholano government. Twenty governors-general, from Juan Arrechederra to Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca, failed to stop the revolt. Ricafort himself sent a force of 2,200 troops to Bohol, which was defeated by

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Dagohoy's followers. Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and 1829, failed as well. Dagohoy died two years before the revolt ended, though, which led to the end of the revolt in 1829. Some 19,000 survivors were granted pardon and were eventually allowed to live in new Boholano villages: namely, the present-day

towns of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar, Catigbian and Sevilla.

Silang’s Revolt

Arguably one of the most famous revolts in Philippine history is the Silang Revolt from 1762 to 1763, led by the couple of Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang. Unlike the other revolts, this revolt took place during the British invasion of Manila. On December 14, 1762, Diego Silang declared the independence of Ilocandia, naming the state "Free Ilocos" and proclaimed Vigan the capital of this newly-independent state. The British heard about this revolt in Manila and even asked the help of Silang in fighting the Spanish. However, Silang was killed on May 28, 1763 by Miguel Vicos, a friend of Silang. The Spanish authorities paid for his murder, leading to his death in the arms of his wife, Gabriela. She continued her husband's struggle, earning the title "Joan of Arc of the Ilocos" because of her many victories in battle. The battles of the Silang revolt are a prime example of the use of divide et impera, since Spanish troops largely used Kampampangan soldiers to fight the Ilocanos. Eventually, the revolt ended with the defeat of the Ilocanos. Gabriela Silang was executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.

Palaris’s Revolt

As a result of the British invasion and the revolutionary propaganda of Silang and Palaris, the flames of rebellion spread to Cagayan. The people of Ilagan proclaimed their independence on February 2, 1763, defying the tribute collectors and Spain. The insurrection spread to Cabagan and Tuguegarao. Under their chieftains named Dabo and Juan Marayac, the rebels committed various acts of violence on the Spanish officials and the friars. But the revolt did not last long, for Don Manuel de Arza and his loyal Filipino troops came and quelled it.The leaders were executed.

Basi Revolt

The Basi Revolt, also known as the Ambaristo Revolt, was a revolt undertaken from September 16 to 28, 1807. It was led by Pedro Mateo and Salarogo Ambaristo, with its events occurring in the present-day town of Piddig in Ilocos Norte. This revolt is unique as it revolves around the Ilocanos' love for basi, or sugarcane wine. In 1786, the Spanish colonial government expropriated the manufacture and sale of basi, effectively banning private manufacture of the wine, which was done before expropriation. Ilocanos were forced to buy from government stores. However, wine-loving Ilocanos in Piddig rose in revolt on September 16, 1807, with the revolt spreading to nearby towns and with fighting lasting for weeks. Spanish troops eventually quelled the revolt on September 28, 1807, albeit with much force and loss of life on the losing side.

Revolt in Defense of the Spanish Constitution

The cause is the abolition of the Libereal Spanish constitution, and because of this an explosion of violence in the country against the principales took place.

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Revolt of the Bayot BrothersBecause of the feeling of distrust with the peninsulares and the creoles,

they resented the extra privillages given to the penisulares to the 3 Bayot brothers named Manuel, Jose, and Juaquin. Their plan was discovered, and they were imprisoned after the trial

Religious revolt of Hermano Pule

One of the most famous religious revolts is the Pule Revolt.Undertaken between June 1840 and November 1841, this revolt was led by Apolinario de la Cruz, otherwise known as "Hermano Pule". De la Cruz started his own religious order, the Confraternity of Saint Joseph in Lucban, located in the present-day province of Quezon, in June 1840. However, there were two types of priests in the Philippines then: secular priests, or parish priests, which were usually Filipino, and religious priests, or convent priests, which were usually Spanish. Due to the concentration of Spanish religious power and authority in the already-established religious orders and the concept that Filipino priests should only stay in the church and not the convent and vice-versa, the Spanish government banned the new order, especially due to its deviation from original Catholic rituals and teachings, such as prayers and rituals suited for Filipinos. However, thousands of people in Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna and even Manila already joined. Because of this, the Spanish government sent in troops to forcibly break up the order, forcing De la Cruz and his followers to rise in armed revolt in self-defense. Many bloody battles were fought with the order's last stand in Mount San Cristobal, near Mount Banahaw, in October 1841. The Spaniards eventually won, and Apolinario de la Cruz was executed in the then-provincial capital, Tayabas. It did not end there, though. Many members of the Spanish armed forces' Tayabas regiment, based in Malate in Manila, had relatives that were members of the order, of which many of those relatives were also killed in the ensuing violence. On January 20, 1843, the regiment, led by Sergeant Irineo Samaniego, rose in mutiny, eventually capturing Fort Santiago in Intramuros. The next day, however, the gates of Fort Santiago were opened by loyalist soldiers. After a bloody battle, the mutineers were defeated by loyalist troops, resulting in the execution of Samaniego and 81 of his followers the same day.

Muslim Wars

The United States claimed the territories of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. The Muslim population of the southern Philippines resisted both Spanish and United States colonization. The Spaniards were restricted to a handful of coastal garrisons and they made occasional punitive expeditions into the region. After a series of unsuccessful attempts during the centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, Spanish forces occupied the city of Jolo, Sulu, the seat of the Sultan of Sulu, in 1876. The Spaniards and the Sultan of Sulu signed the Spanish Treaty of Peace on July 22, 1878. Control of the Sulu archipelago outside of the Spanish garrisons was handed to the Sultan. The treaty had translation errors: According to the Spanish language version, Spain had complete sovereignty over the Sulu archipelago, while the Tausug version described a protectorate instead of an outrightdependency. Despite this suspect claim to the Moro territories, Spain ceded them to the United States in the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American War. Following the American occupation of the northern Philippines during 1899, Spanish forces in the southern Philippines were abolished, and

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they retreated to the garrisons at Zamboanga and Jolo. American forces took control over the Spanish government in Jolo on May 18, 1899, and at Zamboanga in December 1899. Brigadier General John C. Bates was sent to negotiate a treaty with the Sultan of Sulu, Jamalul Kiram II. Kiram was disappointed by the hand-over of control to the Americans and had expected to regain sovereignty over his territory after the defeat of the Spanish. Bates' main goal was to guarantee Moro neutrality in the Philippine-American War, and to establish order in the southern Philippines. After some negotiation, the Bates Treaty was signed. This treaty was based on the earlier Spanish treaty, and it retained the translation error: the English version described a complete dependency, while the Tausug version described a protectorate. Although the Bates Treaty granted more powers to the Americans than the original Spanish treaty, the treaty was still criticized in America for granting too much autonomy to the Sultan. One particular clause, which recognized the Moro practice of slavery, also raised eyebrows in Washington, D.C. Bates later admitted that the treaty was merely a stop-gap measure, signed only to buy time until the war in the north was ended and more forces could be brought to bear in the south.

Filipino Insurrectionist forces in the southern Philippines were commanded by General Capistrano, and American forces conducted an expedition against him in the winter of 1900–1901.On March 27, 1901, Capistrano surrendered. A few days later, General Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered in Luzon. This major victory in the war in the north allowed the Americans to devote more resources to the south, and they began to push into the interior of Moroland.

On August 31, 1901, Brig. Gen. George Whitefield Davis replaced Kobbe as the commander of the Department of Mindanao-Jolo. Davis adopted a conciliatory policy towards the Moros. American forces under his command had standing orders to buy Moro produce when possible and to have "heralds of amity" precede all scouting expeditions. Peaceful Moros would not be disarmed. Polite reminders of the America's anti-slavery policy were allowed. Propaganda Movement

The Propaganda Movement was a literary and cultural organization formed in 1872 by a Filipino émigrés who had settled in Europe. Composed of Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe’s universities, the organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony. Its prominent members included Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Marcel H. del Pilar.

The Katipunan

The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The Society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Jose Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan. Initially, the Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that lead to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution

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Revolution of 1896

The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the anti-colonial secret organization Katipunan by the Spanish authorities. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in Caloocan, the Katipunan leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital Manila. This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt.

On April 21, 1898, the United States began a naval blockade of Cuba, the first military action of the Spanish-American War. On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey decisively defeated the Spanish navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control over nearly all of the Philippines with the exception of Manila. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the First Philippine Republic was established. Neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence.

On February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the Philippine-American War. Aguinaldo immediately ordered, "that peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies". In June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States

Rivalry in the Katipunan

The Magdalo had a rivalry with the other Katipunan chapter in Cavite, the Magdiwang. When the Manila-based Katipunan leader Andres Bonifacio went to Cavite to meditate between them, the Magdalo argued for the replacement of the Katipunan by a revolutionary government. The Magdiwang initially backed Bonifacio's stance that the Katipunan already served as their government, but at the Tejeros Convention, both factions were combined into to one government body under Emilio Aguinaldo.

The majority, if not all, of the civil and military officials of the First Philippine Republic came from this group.

The Biak-na-Bato Republic

The Republic of Biak-na-Bato , officially referred to in its constitution as theRepublic of the Philippines was the first republic ever declared in the Philippines by the revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo and his fellow members of the Katipunan. Despite its successes, including the establishment of the Philippines' first ever constitution, the republic lasted just over a month. This was after a peace treaty was signed by Aguinaldo and the Spanish Governor-General, Fernando Primo de Rivera, that includes Aguinaldo's exile to Hong Kong.

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The Spanish-American War

The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the Cuban. American attacks on Spain's Pacific possessions led to involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine. Revolts against Spanish rule had occurred for some years in Cuba. There had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. In the late 1890's, American public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by journalists such as Joseph Pulitzer which used journalism to criticize Spanish administration of Cuba. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party and certain industrialists pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid. Compromise was sought by Spain, but rejected by the United States which sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding it surrender control of Cuba. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.

Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific, revealing American interest in both Cuba and Spain's Pacific territories of Guam and the Philippines. American naval power proved decisive, allowing U.S. expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison which had been fighting insurgent attacks for some time. Spanish forces and Cuban rebels had all been suffering from yellow fever. Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila owing to their numerical superiority in most of the battles and despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and spirited defenses in places like San Juan Hill. With two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third, more modern fleet recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts, Madrid sued for peace. The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the U.S., which allowed temporary American control of Cuba, ceded indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands from Spain. The defeat and collapse of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain's national psyche, and provoked a thoroughgoing philosophical and artistic reevaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation. The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism.

Filipino-American Collaboration

Some of Aguinaldo's associates supported America, even before hostilities began. Pedro Paterno, Aguinaldo's prime minister and the author of the 1897 armistice treaty with Spain, advocated the incorporation of the Philippines into the United States in 1898. Other associates sympathetic to the U.S. were Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Benito Legarda, prominent members of Congress; Gregorio Araneta, Aguinaldo's Secretary of Justice; and Felipe Buencamino, Aguinaldo's Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Buencamino is recorded to have said in 1902: "I am an American and all the money in the Philippines, the air, the light, and the sun I consider American." Many such people subsequently held posts in the colonial government. U.S. Army Captain Matthew Arlington Batson formed the Macabebe Scouts as a native guerrilla force to fight the insurgency.

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THE BIRTH OF THE NATION

Proclamation of Philippine Independence

The declaration was never recognized by either the United States or Spain. Later in 1898, the Treat of Paris took place that ended the Spanish-American War.

The Philippine Revolutionary Government did not recognize the treat or the American sovereignty, and subsequently fought and lost a conflict against the United States that is now called the Philippine-American War, which ended when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the U.S. forces, and issued a statement acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines.

Following world war II, the us granted independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946 via the Treat of Manila. July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4, 1949 when, upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists, President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country’s Independence Day. June 12

The Incredulous Battle of Manila

During August 13, with the American commanders unaware that a peace protocol had been signed between Spain and the U.S. Dewey began his bombardment as scheduled. Dewey had directed his ship captains to spare Manila any serious damage but gunners on one ship, unaware of the negotiated arrangements, scored several direct hits before its captain was able to ease firing and withdraw from the line.

General Greene’s brigade pushed rapidly through Malate and over the bridges to occupy Binondo and San Miguel. General MacArthur advanced simultaneously on the Pasay road, encountered and overcame the resistance at the blockhouses, trenches, and woods in his front, advanced and held the bridges and the town of Malate. This placed Manila in American possession, except for intramuros. Shortly after entering Malate, the U.S. troops observed a white flag displayed on the walls of Intramuros. Lieutenant Colonel C.A Whittier, were sent ashore to communicate with the Captain-General- General Merritt soon personally followed met with Governor General Jaudenes, and concluded a preliminary agreement of the terms of capitulation.

Except for the unplanned casualties, the battle had gone according to plan; the Spanish had surrendered the city to the Americans, and it had not fallen to the Filipinos.

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THE AMERICAN RULE

War of Philippine Independence from the United States

At first, President Aguinaldo regarded the United States an ally in the Philippines’ road towards independence. Filipino – American relations deteriorated as the American military authorities took over Manila in August 1898. The mandatory evacuation of the Filipinos troops in the captured districts of the city dismayed Aguinaldo and his men who joined the battle, thinking that the Americans were on their side. The signing of the Treaty of Paris without consulting the Filipinos heightened the tension. Neither Spain nor the US gave Felipe Agoncillo, Aguinaldo’s special envoy, a chance to join the Paris peace talks.

On January 5, 1899, Aguinaldo issued a counter proclamation and specified that his forces were prepared to fight any American attempt to take over the country. The Filipinos waged guerilla warfare. They were supported in their struggle by the local folks. Local resistance showed that the Filipinos did not want to be under American rule. Suspicion and bitter feelings were growing betwwn the American soldiers and the Filipino dissidents.

On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission to make recommendations in the administration of the country. This commission headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman, issued a proclamation on April 4, 1899, declaring the establishment of American sovereignity in the Philippines in the midst of the Philippine – American war, which broke out months ago.

January 23, 1899, the Malolos Republic government is inaugurated. Aguinaldo takes his oath of office as President.

Hostilities began on the night of February 4, 1899 at about 9pm. An American soldier named Private Grayson with two members of the US centry shot and killed a man who happens to be a Filipino soldier. And on February 6 1899, the US Senate ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Spain.

March 6, 1899, Apolinario Mabini, in his capacity as head of the Cabinet and minister of foreign affairs met with the Schurman Commission and requested for a temporary cease-fire but was refused. Mabini made another attempt on April 28 by seeking armistice but was again turned down.

May 7, 1899, Mabini resigned from his post, President Aguinaldo name Pedro Paterno the head of the new cabinet. Mabini spent his last years writing articles against the Americans.

June 5, 1899, General Luna met his tragic end in the hands of his fellow patriots in a convent in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, which serves as Aguinaldo’s headquarters.

On April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo took oath of allegiance to the United States and appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the United States.

The Filipino civilians, caught between the Americans and the Filipino revolutionaries suffered badly. More than 200,000 Filipinos died during the war most

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often by famine and disease. On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt declared that the Philippine – American War was over. However, local resistance continued.

A Government Under America

On July 4, 1901, a civil government is established in the Philippines with William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor (1901–1904). His policy the Philippines for the Filipinos, laid the foundation of a democratic government during his administration. Subsequently, the Second Philippine Commission passed a law establishing a high school system in the country.

March 2, 1903 is the date when Governor Taft proclaimed it as Census Day. It was the first official census of the Philippines during the American period. It reported a total Philippine population of 7,635,426.

November 12, 1902, Bandolerism Act passed by the Philippine Commission. All armed resistance against US rule is considered banditry. Sedition was defined as action pro-independence, meant to incalculate a spirit hatred and enmity against the American people and the Government of the United States in the Philippines and to incite the people to open and armed resistance to the constituted autorities.

On June 1, 1903, the Philippine Commission passed the Reconcentration Act, which gave the governor general the power to authorize any provincial governor to reconcentrate in the towns all residents of outlying barrios if ladrones or outlaws operated in these areas.

September 25, 1903, the last revolutionary general to surrender to the Americans was General Simeon Ola, who surrendered to Colonel Bandholtz in Guinobatan, Albay.

As 1907 elections for the Philippine Assembly approached, the nationalist saw the need for fusion in order to win against the well-organized Partido Nacional Progresista. The Partido Nacionalista and Partido Nacional Progresista clashed in the elections of July 30, 1907 for 80 seats in the First Philippine assembly. The Partido Nacionalista advocated immediate and absolute independence. It won a landslide majority.

October 16, 1907, the Philippine Assembly was inaugurated at the Grand Opera House, Manila. Sergio Osmena was chosed Speaker of the Assembly while Manuel L. Quezon became the majority floor leader. The first bill passed by the Philippine Assembly was the Gabaldon Law, which appropriated one million pesos for barrio schools.

August 19, 1916, the Jones Law is passed establishing an all-Filipino legislature with an Upper House called the Senate. The law contained a preamble declairing that independence would be granted to the Filipinos as soon as a stable government could be established in the Philippines.

On October 26, 1916, Manuel Quezon elected Senate President while Sergio Osmena is elected as House Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

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March 24, 1934, Quezon led the twelfth mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. A new independence measure called Tydings-Mcduffie Law was passed and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt.

The Tydings-Mcduffie Law provided for a 10-year transition period under the Commonwealth of the Philippines, preparatory to the granting of absolute and complete independence on July 4 1946. Also included in the provisions were an annual quota of 50 Filipino immigrants to America; control of currency, coinage foreign trade, and foreign relations by America.

On July 30, 1934, the convention met in an inaugural session at the hall of the Hose of the Representatives, Legislative Building in Manila.

The drafting od the Constitutional lasted 6 months – from July 30, 1934 to February 8, 1935. The Constitution was approved by the Convention by vote of 177 to 1.

President Roosevelt approved the Constitution. Then on May 14, 1935, the plebiscite for the ratification or rejection of the Constitution was held. For the first time, Filipino women exercised the right of suffrage.

Philippine Independent Church

The Philippine revolution in the late nineteenth century both affected the Church and the State. Emilio Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel as his emissary to Aglipay for the purpose of persuading the latter to go to the North to work for the revolutionary cause.

George Aglipay was an activist Roman Catholic priest from Ilocos Norte who was excommunicated by the Vatican for inciting rebellion within the Filipino clergy, despite his defence of some Spanish Catholic clergy from liberal-nationalist Filipino revolutionaries. During the brief interlude between independence from the Spanish and occupation by the United States, Isabelo de los Reyes (also known as Don Belong) and Aglipay acted to reform the Filipino Catholic clergy. They founded the Philippine Independent Church in 1902.

The First Labor Groups

1902, Jan. The first labor union of The Country , Union de Litografose Impresores de Filipinas, is organized. The Union del Trabajo de Filipinas, and the Congreso Obrero de Filipinas follow.

Dr. Dominador Gomez, who succeded De los Reyes, led a group of laborers on May 1 1903 in a demonstration before Malacanang. However Gomez was replaced by Lope K. Santos for the union members distrusted the formers involvement in the surrender of Sakay, which led to his capture.

On may 1, 1913, Labor Day was first officially celebrated in the country. The labor leaders organized the Congreso Obrero de Filipinas (COF). This Congress approved resolutions demanding eight-hour labor day, chil, and women labor laws, and an employers liability law.

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The Communist Party of the Philippines

The Communist Party of the Philippines was established for the first time in Manila on November 7, 1930, by Crisanto Evangelista, the most outstanding leader of the Philippine trade union movement in his time.

The establishment of the Party marked the initial attempt to integrate the theory of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete conditions of the Philippines; and draw the most advanced activists of the worker and peasant movement into the vanguard party of the Philippine revolution. The leadership and membership came mainly from the workers’ ranks.

A few months afterwards, on May 1, 1931, a workers’ rally organized by the Party in Manila was disrupted by the armed agents of the US colonial and local reactionary authorities. The CPP leaders were arrested and hailed to court on the charge of sedition. In 1932, they were convicted and sentenced to internal exile; and the Party was declared illegal by the Supreme Court of the US colonial regime.

Despite illegalization and difficulties in working underground, the Party continued to exist and work among the workers and peasants in limited areas in the country. In 1932, the Socialist Party of the Philippines (SPP) was organized independently of the CPP by Comrade Pedro Abad Santos and was able to develop the peasant movement on a scale larger than the CPP could in Central Luzon, a region adjoining Manila.

Sakdalism

The Philippine Sakdalista (coming from the Tagalog word sakdal, meaning "to accuse") movement was founded in 1930 by right wing leader, Benigno Ramos, a writer and discontented former government clerk. The name of the movement was based on Émile Zola's 1898 letter criticising the French government, J'accuse.

Sakdal began as a fortnightly populist tabloid, with articles tackling issues which were of interest to the Philippine masses: corruption and mismanagement under the American-sponsored Nacionalista administration, immediate independence for the Philippines, and the land reform problem. Its radical populist stance on such issues won it a large following in the Manila hinterland, such that by 1933, subscribers of the newspaper met in a convention in Manila to form the Sakdal Party. They did unexpectedly well in the Philippine election of 1934, although still unable to pose a challenge to Nacionalista dominance.

On the night of May 1, 1935, partially armed mobs seized municipal buildings in 14 towns in provinces such as Bulacan and Laguna. The uprising was crushed the next day, with about 100 killed. Ramos fled to Tokyo. the Sakdalistas were nearly disbanded, and rural conditions remained a source of frustration and dissension and led to numerous other such peasant rebellions. Benigno Ramos drew support to Japan[clarification needed], until he returned during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Its remnants became the right-wing Japanese collaborationist Ganap Party, led by the same leader.

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THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Creation

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the historic predecessor to the present-day Republic of the Philippines. From 1935 to 1946 the Philippine existed as a commonwealth of the United States which was created by Tydings-Mcduffie Act in 1934.

During 1932, the US Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. When the bill reached to President Herbert Hoover, he vetoed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover’s veto in 1933 and was passed over to Hoover’s objection. The bill however was opposed by the Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Congress.

Afterwards a new bill has been passed known as the Tydings-Mcduffie Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten year period of peaceful transition to full independence.

A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The Constitution was ratified by Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23 1935.

The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935.

Independence

The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the economy remained dependent to the U.S. This was due to the Bell Trade Act, otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States.

THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

Pre-War

The new government aims on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. These included national defense, greater control over the economy, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao.

However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines, and in the economy due to the Great Depression, proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest, and of power

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struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term.

Occupation

The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised independence for the islands after occupation, they initially organized a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic.

Resistance

1. Hukbalahap Resistance

As originally constituted in March of 1942, the Hukbalahap was to be part of a broad united front resistance to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. This original intent is reflected in its name:"Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon", which was "People's Army Against the Japanese" when translated into English. The adopted slogan was "Anti-Japanese Above All".

The Huk Military Committee was at the apex of Huk structure and was charged to direct the guerrilla campaign and to lead the revolution that would seize power after the war. Luis Taruc; a communist leader and peasant-organizer from a barrio in Pampanga; was elected as head the committee, and became the first Huk commander called "El Supremo".

2. American Sponsored Guerillas

After Bataan and Corregidor, many who escaped the Japanese reorganized in the mountains as guerrillas still loyal to the U.S. Army Forces Far East. After the surrender in May of 1942, Magsaysay and his unit formed a guerrilla force which grew to a 10,000-man force by the end of the war. Another was the Hunters ROTC which operated in the Southern Luzon area, mainly near Manila.

It was created upon dissolution of the Philippine Military Academy in the beginning days of the war. Cadet Terry Adivoso, refused to simply go home as cadets were ordered to do, and began recruiting fighters willing to undertake guerrilla action against the Japanese. This force would later be instrumental, providing intelligence to the liberating forces led by General Douglas MacArthur, and took an active role in numerous battles, such as the Raid at Los Baños.

When war broke out in the Philippines, some 300 Philippine Military Academy and ROTC cadets, unable to join the USAFFE units because of their youth, banded together in a common desire to contribute to the war effort throughout the Bataan campaign. The Hunters originally conducted operations with another guerrilla group called Marking's Guerrillas, with whom they went about liquidating Japanese spies. Led by Miguel Ver, a PMA cadet, the Hunters raided the enemy-occupied Union College in Manila

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THE REPUBLIC

A. Roxas Administration

Roxas’ administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.

The good record of Roxas administration was marred by two failures: the failure to curb graft and corruption in the government, as evidenced by the Surplus War Property scandal, the Chinese immigration scandal and the School supplies scandal; and the failure to check and stop the communist Hukbalahap movement.

B. Quirino Administration

The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the Hukbalahaps, who ransacked towns and barrios. Quirino ran for president again in the 1953 presidential election, but was defeated by Nacionalista Ramon Magsaysay.

C. Magsaysay Administration

His administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free; his presidency was cited as the Philippines' Golden Years. Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was at its prime, and the Filipino people were given international recognition in sports, culture and foreign affairs. The Philippines ranked second in Asia's clean and well-governed countries.

D. Garcia Administration

Garcia’s administration was characterized by its austerity program and its insistence on a comprehensive nationalist policy. On March 3, 1960, he affirmed the need for complete economic freedom and added that the (especially American) in the national economy. He promised to shake off "the yoke of alien domination in business, trade, commerce and industry."

E. Macapagal Administration

As President, he abolished import controls, strengthened free enterprise, and stabilized the peso, a factor which was crucial to the soundness of the economy. He promulgated the Agricultural Land Reform Code and extended the special session of Congress seven times to make possible the enactment of the Land Reform Act, a milestone in the evolution of the common man from the slavery to tenancy to freedom and security. He also changed the Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, in recognition of the first declaration of independence from Spain on June 12, 1898 by Emilio Aguinaldo

F. Marcos Administration

Marcos’ Administration was marred by massive corruption, political repression, and human rights violations.

G. Aquino Administration

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Her administration gave strong emphasis and concern for civil liberties and human rights, and peace talks with communist insurgents and Muslim secessionists. Aquino's economic policies centered on bringing back economic health and confidence and focused on creating a market-oriented and socially responsible economy.

Aquino's administration also faced a series of coup attempts and destructive natural calamities and disasters until the end of her term in 1992.

H. Ramos Administration

Ramos was able to put aside the internal battles in his country by extending gestures of peace. More than anything, the years of Ramos' presidency were characterized by modernization and economic boom. Ramos implemented economic reforms intended to open the closed Philippine economy to the world. His policies encouraged private enterprise, foreign and domestic investment, and aimed at reducing corruption. In addition to policy, Ramos also stoked foreign interest directly on his unprecedented, frequent travels abroad, generating billions in investments for his country.

Although not to the extent desired by his sharpest critics on the political left, Ramos also instituted a robust Social Reform Agenda, starting programs to fight poverty, successfully delivering basic needs to the people and promoting public health.

I. Estrada Administration

Estrada’s Administration focused on the poor and is said to have a strong economic team, however the latter's administration failed to capitalize on the gains of the previous administration.

J. Arroyo Administration

Macapagal-Arroyo developed a blueprint to lift the national economy out of its financial crisis. Despite the obstacles and various charges of impropriety directed at those close to her, Macapagal-Arroyo was elected to a full, six-year presidential term in May 2004. She edged out her closest competitor, Filipino actor Fernando Poe Jr., by one million votes. In her inaugural address, Macapagal-Arroyo vowed to create up to 10 million jobs in the next six years, balance the budget, improve tax collection, provide inexpensive medicine for the poor, and unite the country. "Our nation must embrace a vision of economic opportunity, social cohesion and always an ever-democratic faith.".

Macapagal-Arroyo again made international headlines in July 2004 when Filipino truck driver Angelo dela Cruz was kidnapped by the Islamic Army in Iraq. In defiance of requests by the United States' government, Macapagal-Arroyo honored the rebels' demands to withdraw Filipino troops from the country. Later that month, she called for an end to political in-fighting in order to better focus on economic recovery. After former President Estrada declared the Philippines to be a "nation in distress,"  Macapagal-Arroyo said in her State of the Nation Address: "Let us set aside political bickering and politicking for at least one year." She also used the annual speech to re-iterate her pledge to relieve poverty and promote economic growth.

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REACTION

The Philippine History as I’ve known is the events on how Filipinos came to be, written by western historians; the ones that are written in the traditional books and are being taught to history classes.

As for the completion of my Philippine History subject, I was required to write this book review. And while making this book review, I came across many articles, research papers, and different sources as an extra reference. Unfortunately, foreign authors wrote Philippine history not for the Filipino people; instead they wrote it as their own history which gave emphasis to their works and how they twist the Philippine History, what was supposed to be written, who’s the heroes and the center of story. So, I carefully chose the one’s that I’m going to use as a reference.

The main topic in every Philippine History articles and books is how the Filipino’s fought for their freedom from the Spaniards, Americans, and Japan. As the Philippine conquerors dominate on the Philippines, keeping the Filipino uneducated and ignorant; The Filipino rose to a national consciousness which awakened them from the misery that they’re into. Living a life of destitution, the Filipino people decided to act out to change what’s happening. The revolutionary leaders knew that in every Filipino, there is enough courage to not only survive the cruelty but also to do something to be able to protect Philippines.

Along the way of making this book review as I learned and study the Philippine History and the different colonization in our country. It opened and awakened my mind with a great wealth of knowledge. Making me realize how brave and courageous the Filipinos were. The Filipino’s thirst for independence and love for their own country drives them to attain their dream, freedom.

The different Philippine colonization has its good side and bad side. For example, the colonization of our country had bad impression to our countrymen but still we owed them of some good things that they had taught to our ancestors. Maybe without them we will not be able to study different things today, because what we have now was the history that they had brought to us. I became more aware and acquainted with the historical and cultural heritage of the Philippines. And made me appreciate more my own country; for our ancestors paid and sacrificed a lot of blood, lives, bravery and courage for this freedom that we’re experiencing right now.

Cruz, Nenelyn R.0557-0409-1540