Phénix et la SalamandreHistoire et Défis

en Sciences des Matériaux

H. AouragLEPM, URMER

University of Tlemcen

Stone Age

Flint, the magic stone, easily shaped for tools -beginning of ceramics

Gold and Copper Age

Native gold and copper used for tools and weapons - introduction of metals

Processing Age

Introduction of fire and hammering of copper to change properties - introduction of materials processing.

Melting and Casting

Melting and casting of metals introduced - materials processing and shaping

Metallurgy

Reduction of copper from its ore - dawn of metallurgy.

Bronze Age

Bronze in use - combination of elements to make alloys

Iron Age

Discovery of iron making

Blast Furnace

Blast Furnace invented for making iron - entered era of making iron.

Modern Steel

Bessemer patent for steel making – emergence of modern day steel making. Developed a method which made the production of steel in large quantities cheaper.

Aluminium

The Hall Process, the electrochemical extraction of aluminum, made aluminum available as a commercial material.

Nylon

Commercial development of nylon, key stage in evolution of plastics.

Zone Refining

Zone Refining, a purification process critical to the emergence of silicon technology

High Temperature Alloys

High temperature alloy development, nickel based alloy developments impact jet engine development

Polymerization

Polymerization catalysts discovered for polymers opened way for new range of plastics and dramatic growth in engineering utilization.

20th Century

• The trouble with our times is that the future is not what it used to be

Paul valery

• The Turn of the last Century

• T. A. Edison

• G. Venter

Beginnings of Materials Science

Sorby end of 19th

Duraluminium Steel

Why hardenning?

1920

A Quantum Advance

• 1930 H=E• Nature of bonding• Why materials behave as

they do• QM: electrons absorb light

only at specific energy• Metals at very low energy:

good conductor• Glass transparent• Semiconductors, chips• W.Pfann, Bell, Si-Ge (zone

refinning), Texas Instrument IC

Looking Inside Solids

• Techniques at Microscopic or atomic level

1950: TEM : distictinctions in Crystalline Structure, *1000 times finer than OM

1960: SEM: magnified SurfacesEMP: provide microchemical analysis of these surfaces

1970: Auger Spectrometer : precise Microanalysis of surfaces

STM: Atomic levels: electronic structure of atoms and Their geometry

Design of Materials

• DFT- ab initio Calculation: Prediction

Building Materials Atom by Atom

• MBE: streams of atoms are shot at the surface of a crystal and condense on surface

• Ion Implantation : accelerates charged atoms to such high energies that become embedded beneath the surface

Produce New Materials in Bulk Quantities

• Plasma deposition: electrically charged gas is deposited on the surface in layers to built an IC

• CVD : a mixture of gases reacts on the surface of a materials to form solid. Faster than MBE or II (gases put more atoms on the surface)

Sol-Gel Chemistry

• Mix organic compounds with a metals :• Chemist can hide a metal in a organic compound and then

bake the mixture at lower temperature than would be possible for pure metal.

• High Strength ceramics

Advanced Ceramics, Composites and Polymers

• Expected to grow 20 to 40% annually

• Plastics that reduce the weigt and cost of cars

• Ceramics that could improve fuel efficiency and lengthen the life of car engines

• Extrude polymer fibers: bullet proof vests, helicopter blades

• Electronic materials that could mean faster and larger computers

R and D efforts

• As Biotechnology in the early 1980s• The new recombinant DNA techniques, alllow scientists to measure

genetic structure, correlate it with genetic properties,a dn fabricate new structures.

• Relationship between structure and properties : theory still lack to corelate:

• Progress is Slow• 1983: 850millions • 1986: 200 millions

• Materials Science has both theory and technological means

The Importance of Materials for Modern Technology

• Quality of Life

• Living Environment

• Health

• Communication

• Consumer Goods

• Transport

Challenges for Basic Research in Materials Science

• 1) Convince industry, the public,and politicians

Innovations required Freedom

2) Barriers that divide academia, gouvernment institutions, and industry must be reduced:

Joint ventures and spin-off companies

Future Directions and Research Priorities

• 1) Greater Emphasis on fundamental understanding of materials rather than on applied science and product devellopment

• 2) Particular attention materials behaviour from atomic/nono level via microstructure to macrostructure: Using advanced analytical techniques and computer modelling

Materials by Design

• Now Possible to predict a material’s properties before it has been manufactured

• Tailor a material (starting from its chemical composition, constituant phases, and microstructure) in order to obtain a desired set of properties

Nanomaterials

• Ability to control , manipulate and design materials on the nanometer scale

• Generating new functionalities• Minimizing waste and pollution• Optimizing properties and

performance• NBIC

Ultraprecise drug delivery (C60), nanobots for manufacturing, nanoelectronics, ultraselective molecular sieves, nanocomposites for aircrafts

Smart Materials

• Revolutionize the concept of synthetic materials and how to interact with our surroundings.

• Self replicating

• Self repairing

• Self destroying

Biomimetic Materials

• Seek to replicate or mimic biological process and materials, organic or inorganic (synthetic spider silk, DNA chips,nanocrystal growth within virus cages)

• Better Understanding of how living organisms produce minerals and composites (ultrahard and ultralight composites for aicraft)

• New Chemical strategies

Dose of Reality

• There are limits Physical Laws

Stifness, elasticity, melting point Bonding

Diamond and Polymer?

Inherent Physical limits to the strength and melting temperature of polymers

What it is possible in the Lab, and what is practical in mass production

Examples

• High Technology ceramics and composites

10 billion in 2000

1/50 Steel even if we spent more in R and D in ceramics

Structural CeramicsExpect 300 billion of the automotve industry

30% fuel economy

Problems: 3% of economy

Cost: not less than 1/5 metalsEven of abundance of Si, Al, O, NAmount of money for purifyingRejection of 90%Britless, silicon-dioxide glass resistance to facture doubled

The Complexity of Composites

• Have problems similar to ceramics: fiberglass

No competitions with metals at high volume uses

Joint: welding (from chips to ships)

In a sense composites are to aircraft as aluminium is to automobile bodies

The Secret is Processing

• Silicon chips faster, cheaper and smaller: process development

• Materials processing crucial for steel industry: Japan leading (blast furnace)

Just Dream

• Struglle :• Extending good life,

and protecting good life

• Air conditionning and sea town

• Genetic codes• Heart, lung (without

defects)

• Molecular genetics, proteins tiny factories

• Magnetobacteria• Physics of star trek• Teleportation• Origins of universe,

leptons and hadrons (phase separate, cooling)

• Bose-Einstein condensates

• Matter and antimatter

50 Å