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Syllabus on Ph.D. Course Work and M.Phil. Entrance Examination w. e. f. 2017

F.M. 100

A. Subject F.M. 50

(Inorganic Chemistry)

1. Chemistry of elements (transition, non-transition, post-transition and inner-transition)

Allotropic/isotopic/nuclear form, electronic configuration, position in periodic table, span of oxidation

states, periodic/aperiodic variation in atomic/ionic properties including lanthanoid/actinoid contraction and their

consequences; a comparative view of synthesis, structure, bonding, stereochemistry, reaction pathway, colour,

magnetism and reactivity including catalytic properties of different inorganic/coordination/organometallic

compounds

2. Coordination chemistry: background, bonding theories and applications

Beginning and pioneers; Werner’s theory and defects, resolution of hexol and its implication;

innersphere/outersphere complexes; ligand classification, homoleptic/heteroleptic/

homometallic/heterometallic/metlorganic/organometallic complexes; chelate/macrocyclic effect and

entropic/enthapic favour; congregator; preorganization energy in podand/coronand/cryptand; different types of

isomers; formula writing and naming of complexes using recent IUPAC recommendation

Synthetic methodology: internal/external parameter; ligand design and synthesis; choice of

blocker/bridge/solvent/counter ion; aerobic/anaerobic condition, self-assembly/structure-directed synthesis; design

and synthesis of different functional materials

VB/CF/MO theory: postulates, applications, limitations; CFSE, interpretation of stereochemical

preferences, low/high spin complexes, Russel-Saunders coupling scheme, ground-state spectroscopic terms for dn/f

n

ions, CF terms, Orgel/Tanabe Sugano diagram and applications, Jahn-Teller distortion, laporte/Spin selection rule,

d-d/charge transfer transition, MLCT/LMCT/IVCT/LLCT/MMCT transition, mechanism of intensity stealing in

transition metal complexes, spectrochemical/nephalauxetic series, prediction of bonding

Different magnetic molecules, orbital/spin magnetic moment, orbital contribution to spin moment, Curie

equation, Curie/Neel temperature, Lande interval rule, spin-orbit coupling, super exchange, spin cross over,

interpretation of magnetic properties of dn/f

n ions

3. Bioinorganic and environmental chemistry

Hemoglobin and Myoglobin in oxygen transport mechanism; structural features of Hb and Mb; function of

Hb and Mb; characteristics of O2- binding interaction with Hb and Mb; cooperativity, Hill-plot, allosteric effect;

Hemerythrin; Hemocyanin, Na+ ion - K

+ ion pump; chelating agents as drugs

Toxic chemicals in the environment; impact of toxic chemicals on enzymes; biochemical effects of arsenic,

cadmium, lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone, PAH,

cyanide, pesticide; carcinogens.

4. Inorganic solids

Close-packing: hcp (ABAB… type), ccp (ABCABC… type); holes: cubic, tetrahedral and octahedral;

radius ratio principle and different polyhydra; structures of MX (NaCl, CsCl and ZnS), MX2 (CaF2, SiO2,

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TiO2)/M2X (Na2O), MX3 (AlF3) type solids; Born Haber cycle, lattice energy, structure of simple silicates,

metallic structure

5. Inorganic reaction mechanism

Lability and inertness,A, D, Ia and Id classification, Factors affecting the rate of an equation, nucleophiicity and

rate scale, cis-effect and trans-effect, kinetic and activation parameters (Eyring equation and Arrhenius equation

and correlation between parameters obtained from two equations), Eigen-Wilkins mechanism, outer and inner

sphere mechanism, electron transfer reactions.

6. Cluster molecules, Organometallic chemistry: Sigma- and Pi- complexes, Reactions involving gain or loss of

ligands, e.g., oxidative addition, reductive elimination etc., Reactions involving modifications of ligands, e.g.,

Insertion, ligand migration etc., Metal- Carbenes and Carbynes, Synthetic and catalytic aspects of

organometallic chemistry: Wilkinson’s catalyst, Tolman catalytic loops, Zigler-Natta polymerizations,

Hydroformylation, Wacker process, Monsanato Acetic acid process, Water Gas Shift Reaction, Fischer

Tropsch process, Heck reaction

7. Main group chemistry

Different hydrides, oxides, peroxides, superoxides, suboxides, suboxides of Group 1 elements; crown

ethers and cryptands; Borides, boranes, boron nitrides; different allotropic forms of Group 14 elements and

their carbides, hydrides, halides, oxohalides, oxides, chalgonide; freons, fullerenes, silicones, silane, silica,

silicates; nitrides, azides, nitride compounds, liquid ammonia as a solvent, structure of molecular phosphorus,

phosphides, phosphates, phosphonitrilic compounds; oxohlides, oxides, thioacids, molecular oxygen as ligand,

allotropes of S and their structures (S6, S8, S10, S12, Sx), polythionates, polysulphides, sulphur-nitrogen

compounds; atomoc and physical properties of clatharates, interhalogen compounds, polyhalide anions,

polyhalonium cations, pseudohalogen; synthesis of Group 18 compounds, their structure, bonding (VB and

VSEPR) and reactivity.

Tentative List of Recommended Books

1. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. M. Murillo and M. Bochmann, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edn,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 1999.

2. B. Douglas, D. McDaniel and J. Alexander, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edn, John

Wiley & Sons,Inc., New York, 2001.

3. G. Wulfsberg, Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2001.

4. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter and O. K. Medhi, Inorgnic Chemistry: Principles of Structures and

Reactivity, 4th Edn, Pearson, New Delhi, 2006.

5. P. Atkins, T. Overton, J. Rourke, M. Weller and F. Armstrong, Shriver & Atkins Inorganic Chemistry, 4th

Edn, Oxford,2006.

6. Purcell & Kotz, Inorganic Chemistry, Saunders, 1977.

7. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, London, 1991.

8. G. L. Patrik, An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, 3/e, Oxford University Press, 2006.

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9. G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr, Inorganic Chemistry, 3/e, Pearson.

10. A. F. Hill, Organotransition Metal Chemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2002.

11. R. H. Crabtree, The Organomettalic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, 4th Edn, Wiley, New York, 2005.

12. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Chapman and Hall, London, 1991.

13. C. E. Housecroft, Cluster Molecules of the p-Block Elements, Oxford University Press, Cambridge, 1994.

14. R. L. Dutta and G. S. De, Inorganic Chemistry, The New Book Stall, Kolkata.

15. R. Sarkar, Inorganic Chemistry, New Central Book Agency, Kolkata.

16. A. K. Das, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Books & Allied (P) Ltd. Kolkata 2007.

17. S. P. Banerjee, Inorganic Chemistry, Books and Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata.

(Nuclear & Analytical Chemistry)

1. Statistical methods in analytical chemistry

Application of counting statistics in analytical and nuclear measurements: probability and binomial distribution,

radioactivity as a statistical phenomenon, standard deviation of counting data, Poisson distribution, optimization

of counting experiments

2. Thermal methods

Different methods of analysis: TGA, DTA, DSC; thermogram, applications, thermal stability of covalent and non-

covalent bonds, thermal degradation, single crystal phase transformation, thermo-chemiluminescence, different

types of titrations and their applications, solid state reaction kinetics

3. Green chemistry and environmental chemistry

Sustainable development, principles of green chemistry and implementations, atom economy,

environmental E-factor, role of catalysts, microwave and ultrasound assisted green synthesis, traditional and

alternative commercial syntheses of ibuprofen, adipic acid and maleic acid etc., green chemistry in

developing foam, whitening agent, detergent, insecticides, synthetic chemicals.

4. Radioactive equilibrium

Successive disintegration, Bateman equation, secular and transient equilibrium, no equilibrium; formation of

radio-element in nuclear reactions, activation analysis.

5. Interaction of radiation with matter

Different radiations, interactions of heavy charged particles, charged particles and photons, energy loss, stopping

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power and related semi-emperical calculations, Bethe formula, collisional and radiative stopping power,

mean excitation energy, slowing down time, Cerenkov radiation, attenuation coefficient

6. Separation techniques

Ionic liquid assisted and supercritical solvent extraction; chromatography: band broadening and column

efficiency; column resolution, numerical problems, gas chromatography, high performance chromatography

and supercritical fluid chromatography: principles, methods, comparison and applications; size-exclusion

chromatography, ion chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: principles, methods and applications

7. Electro-analytical methods

Electrochemical cell, electrodes: reference and indicator electrodes, membrane electrodes, electrode-solution

interface layer, gas-sensing probe, electrolytic process, three electrode system; supporting electrolyte,

DME; Cottrell equation, Ilkovic equation, Ilkovic-Heyrolsky equation, test of reversibility, current-voltage

diagram, DC and AC polarography, stripping voltammetry, amperometric titration

Tentative List of Recommended Books

1. S. Glasstone, Source Book of Atomic Energy, East-West Press Private Ltd, New Delhi, 1967.

2. R. D. Evans, The Atomic Nucleus, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.

3. G. R. Choppin and J. Rydberg, Nuclear Chemistry: Theory and Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980.

4. G. Friedlander, J. W. Kennedy, E. S. Macias and J. M. Miller, Nuclear and Radiochemistry, 3rd

Edn, Jhon Wiley

& SonsInc, New York, 1981.

5. H. J. Arnikar, Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, 4th

Edn, New Age International (P) Ltd Publications, New Delhi,

2001.

6. D. D. Sood, A.V. R Reddy and N. Ramamoorty, Fundumentals of Radiochemistry, Yancas, Mumbai, 2004.

7. C. Duval, Inorganic Thermogravimetric Analysis, Elsevier Publishing Co, New York, 1963.

8. W. W. Wendlandt, Thermal Methods of Analysis, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1964.

9. R. C. McKenzie (Ed), Differential Thermal Analysis, Academic Press, New York, 1970.

10. D. Dollimore, General Review on Thermal Analyses, Anal Chem, 1994, 66, 17R.

11. P. Tundo, A. V Perosa and F Zecchimi (Eds), Methods and Reagents for Green Chemistry: An

Introduction, Wiley Interscience, New Jersey, 2007.

12. R. K. Sharma, I. T. Sidhwami and M. K. Chaudhury, Green Chemistry Experiments: A Monograph,

Tucker Prakashan,New Delhi, 2007.

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13. R.Sanghi and M. M. Srivastava, Green Chemistry, Environment Friendly Alternatives, Narosa, New Delhi,

2008.

14. D. A. Skoog, D. M. West and F. J. Holley, Fundamentals in Analytical Chemistry, 5th

Edn, Saunders,

Philadelphia, 1988.

15. A. Tarter, Advanced Ion Chromatography, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1989.

16. S. Lindsay and J. Barnes, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, John Wiley, New York, 1992.

17. G. D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 5th

Edn, Wiley, New York, 1994.

18. D. R. Crow, Polarography of Metal Complexes, Academic Press, London, 1979.

19. A. J. Bard and L. F. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods – Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd

Edn, Wiley,

New York, 1998.

20. C. G. Zoski (Ed) Handbook of Electrochemistry, Elsevier, New York, 2007

(Organic Chemistry)

1. Organic Reactive Intermediates

Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.

2. Aromaticity

Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds – generation and reactions.

3. Principles of Stereochemistry

Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity,

enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and asymmetric induction.

4. Heterocycles

Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (O, N, S).

5. Natural products

Carbohydrates: Abnormal mutarotation of monosaccharides; use of complexing agents: borates, phosphates and

copper compound; synthesis of glycosides; general treatment of polysaccharide chemistry: isolation, purification,

hydrolysis, methylation and periodic oxidation, Smith degradation, Barry degradation.

Proteins: Classification, evaluation quality: biological value, digestibility co-efficient, PER and NPU;

denaturation, structure elucidation; amino acid analysis, molecular weight determinations, tertiary and quaternary

structures.

6. Pericyclic reactions

Electrocyclic, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions.

7. Organic photochemistry

Photochemical energy, Jablonski diagram, Norrish Type I and Norrish Type II processes, Paterno-Buchi reaction,

photochemical rearrangement of unsaturated compounds.

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8. Common named reactions and rearrangements

Heck reaction, Negishi cross-coupling, Sonogashira coupling, Suzuki coupling, Stille coupling, Mitsunobu

reaction, Peterson olefination, Shapiro reaction, Simmon-Smith reaction, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation,

Sharpless dihydroxylation, Claisen rearrangement, Favorskii rearrangement, Fries rearrangement, Pinacol-

Pinacolone rearrangement, Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement, Stevens rearrangement.

9. Organic transformations and reagents

Functional group interconversion including oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents. Chemo-,

regio- and stereoselective transformations.

10. Organic Spectroscopy

Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-VIS, 1H- &

13C-NMR and Mass spectroscopic

techniques.

Tentative List of Recommended Books

1. D. Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, 2nd Edn, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, 1993.

2. E. L. Eliel, S.H. Wilen and L.N. Mander, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons,

New York, 1994.

3. R. S. Ward, Selectivity in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999. F. A. Carey and R. J.

Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A and Part B, 4th Edn, Plenum Press, New York, 2001.

4. J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren and P. Wothers, Organic Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford,

2001.

5. J. R. Hanson, Organic Synthetic Methods, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2002.

6. J. H. Fuhrhop and G. Li, Organic Synthesis, Concepts and Methods, Wiley-VCH, New York, 2003.

7. P. Sykes, A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn, Pearson Education Ltd, New Delhi,

2011.

8. R. Kartritzky, Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, London, 1986.

9. R. R. Gupta, M. Kumar, V. Gupta, Heterocyclic Chemistry II, Springer Pvt Ltd, India, 2005.

10. R. K. Bansal, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 4th Edn, New Age International (P) Ltd, India, 2005.

11. J. A. Joule, K. Mills, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 5th Edn, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK, 2010.

12. K. Nakanishi, T. Goto, S. Ito, S. Natori and S. Nozoe, Natural Products Chemistry, Vol I, Academic Press,

New York, 1974.

13. M. P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd Edn, Oxford University Press, USA, 1998.

14. G. R. Newkome, C. N. Moorefield and F. Vogtle, Dendrimers and Dendron: Concepts, Syntheses,

Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001.

15. G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 4th Edn, Wiley Interscience, New Jersey, 2004.

16. P. C. Hiemenz and T. P. Lodge, Polymer Chemistry, 2nd Edn, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007

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17. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, 5th Edn, John Wiley, New

York, 1999.

18. S. P. McManus, Organic Reactive Intermediates, Academic Press, New York, 1973.

19. F. A. Carey and R. J. Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A and Part B, 4th Edn, Plenum Press,

New York, 2001.

20. T. L. Gilchrist and C. W. Rees, Carbenes, Nitrenes and Arynes, Nelson, New York, 1973.

21. T. H. Lowry and K.C. Richardson, Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edn, Harper and

Row, New York, 1998.

22. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry, Vol I, 6th Edn, Addison Wesley Longmann, London, 1998.

23. D. L. Nelson and M.M. Cox, Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman Co, London, 2005.

24. W. J. I. Noble, Highlights of Organic Chemistry, Mercel Dekker, New York, 1974.

25. E. A. Davidson, Carbohydrate Chemistry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1967.

26. R. D. Guthrie and J. Honeyman, An Introduction of Chemistry of Carbohydrate, 3rd Edn, Clarendon Press,

Oxford, 1988.

27. J. Kennedy, Carbohydrate Chemistry, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988.

28. R. T. Morison, and R. N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn, Prentice-Hall India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi,

1992.

29. J. R. Dyer, Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic compounds, 2nd print, Prentice Hall, New

Jersey, 1971.

30. R. C. Banks, E.R. Matjeka and G. Mercer, Introductory Problems in Spectroscopy, Benjamin/Cumings

Publishing Co, 1980.

31. W. Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, 3rd Edn, McMillan, Hong Kong, 1991. R. M. Silverstein and F. Webster,

Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edn, John Wiley, New York, 1998

(Physical Chemistry)

1. Symmetry and group theory

Point symmetry operations, groups, representation of symmetry operators and groups, characters of

symmetry operators in a representation

2. Quantum mechanics

Identification of classical and quantum systems, postulates of quantum mechanics, properties of wave

functions, operators and related theorems, uncertainty principle, exactly solvable problems: step potential and

tunneling, harmonic oscillator, rigid rotator

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3. Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with degeneracy (for both distinguishable and indistinguishable particles),

partition function and its properties, molecular partition functions (translational, rotational, vibrational and

electronic) for ideal gas.

4. Principles of molecular spectroscopy

Fundamentals of rotation, vibration and Raman spectra: energy levels, selection rules and spectral features,

NMR spectra - its origin, equivalent protons

5. Elementary nanotechnology

Principles and practices, Density of states – zero dimensional solid, one dimensional quantum wire, thin

film and three dimensional box, optical properties of metallic nanoparticles

6. Chemical kinetics

Theories of reaction rates (elementary ideas on kinetic theory of collisions and transition state theory),

thermodynamic formulation of reaction rate, study of fast reactions flow process and relaxation techniques.

Tentative List of Recommended Books

1. S. C. Rakshit, Molecular Symmetry Group and Chemistry, The New Book Stall, Kolkata, 1988.

2. V. Heine, Group Theory in Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction to Its Present Usage, Dover Publication, New

York, 1991.

3. D. M. Bishop, Group Theory and Chemistry, Oxford University. Press, 1993.

4. A. Vincent, Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998.

5. F. A. Cotton, Chemical Applications of Group Theory, 3rd

Edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.

6. L. Pauling and E. B. Wilson, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1939.

7. H. Eyring, J. Walter and G. F. Kimball, Quantum Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1944.

8. P. W. Atkins, Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1980.

9. L. I. Schiff, Quantum Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985.

10. A. K. Chandra, Introductory Quantum Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co, New Delhi, 1989.

11. F. L. Pilar, Elementary Quantum Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1990.

12. R. Taylor, The Chemistry of Fullerenes, Advanced Series in Fullerenes, Vol. 4, World Scientific, Singapore,

1995.

13. D. A. McQuarrie, Quantum Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 2003.

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14. C. N. R. Rao, A. Müller, A. K. Cheetham, The Chemistry of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and

Applications, Vols 1 and 2, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004.

15. C. Bréchignac, P. Houdy, M. Lahmani, Nanomaterials and Nanochemistry, Springer, London, 2006.

16. I. N. Levine, Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1978.

17. K. Denbigh, Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981.

18. I. M. Klotz and R. M. Rosenberg, Chemical Thermodynamics, John Wiley, New York, 1994.

19. G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 3rd

Edn, Narosa Publishing House, 1995.

20. N. A. Gokcen and R. G. Reddy, Thermodynamics, Plenum Press, New York, 1996.

21. G. K. Vemulapalli, Physical Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, India, 1997.

22. P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.

23. R. S. Berry, S. A. Rice and J. Ross, Physical Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.

24. G. M. Barrow, Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill International Book Company, Tokyo,

1982.

25. C. N. Banwell and E. M. McCash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th

Edn, Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1994.

26. J. D. Graybeal, Molecular Spectroscopy, McGraw-Hill International Editions, Spectroscopy series, 1998.

27. D. A. McQuarrie and J. D. Simon, Molecular Thermodynamics, University Science Books, California, 1999.

B. Research Methodology F.M. 50

1. Introduction: Definition, objective and types of research; different research approaches, significance,

research method vs. Methodology, criteria of good research; problems encountered by researchers in India.

2. Research problem: Definition, necessity, selecting the problem, techniques to identify the problem.

3. Research design: meaning, need, and concepts relevant to research design, different types of research

design.

4. Methods of data collection: Selection of observation method, collection of primary and secondary data,

case study methods

5. Processing and analysis of data: processing operations, types of analysis, Multiple correlations and

regression

6. Sampling fundamentals: need for sampling, sampling theory, standard error, and its determination, sample

size and its determination.

7. Analysis: chi-square test, students’ T test, multivariate analysis techniques.

8. Interpretation and report writing, computational techniques.

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Tentative List of Recommended Books

1. Research methodology, methods and techniques, 2 nd Ed., C R Kothari, WishwaPrakashan, New Delhi, 1990.

2. N K Denzin, Y S Lincoln, Hand book of qualitative research, 2 nd Ed., Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage publications.

3. S J Taylor, R Bogdan, Introduction to qualitative research methods, Wiley 1998, ISBN 0-471-16868-8.

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SYLLABUS OF RET (RESEARCH ELLIGIBILITY TEST) IN BOTANY

SUBJECT

Microbiology

1. History of Microbiology and bacterial classification: - Early history and milestone discoveries in Microbiology 2. Bacterial Taxonomy:- Brief idea about the modern approach of bacterial taxonomy. 3. Ultrastructure of prokaryotic cell:- Cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria and archaea; Muerin biosynthesis; capsule,

pili, and flagella. Mechanism of flageller movement and chemotaxis; Reserve material and other cytoplasamic inclusions; Endospore – structure, formation and regulation of endospore formation and germination.

4. Bacterial genetic material: – Structure and replication of bacterial chromosome; Plasmid – structure type and properties, episome; Spontaneous and induced mutation of bacteria.

5. Bacterial growth and nutrition :- Growth curve, growth factor, growth kinetics ; batch and continuous culture; synchronous culture , enrichment culture, diauxic growth; Microbial growth control by disinfectant, antiseptic and chemotherapeutic agents – a brief account of their types and mode of action. Brief idea about Autotrophy, heterotrophy and Mixotrophy.

6. Genetic recombination in bacteria: – Molecular mechanism of Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction, Gene mapping and Complementation test.

7. Gene regulation and metabolic inhibition in bacteria: - Operon concept; lac and trp operon; catabolic repression, attenuation and riboswitch; allosteric control, types of feedback inhibition and isozyme.

8. Microbes in N2 Cycle:-Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammonification; Mechanism of biological N2 fixation; structure and regulation of nif gene.

9. Virus: - Organization and structure of Capsid, Viral genome –types and structure; Replication of virus and viral nuclic acid, Lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophage , regulation of lysogeny , induction of lysogeny and significance of lysogeny; Viroid and Prion.

10. Fundamentals of Immunology:- Innate and acquired immunity, T-cell, B-cell, MHC, Cytokines, Antigen- types and characteristics; Structure and functions of immunogloblins, Cell mediated and Humoral Immunity; Ag-Ab reactions and Immunological techniques – RIA, ELISA .

Phycology

1. Modern criteria of algal classification with special emphasis on chloroplast ultrastructure, flagella and pigments. 2. Endosymbiosis and its significance in algae. 3. Cyanophyta: General features & ecology; genetic recombination; heterocyst structure and function; affinities. 4. Rhodophyta: General features; specialities in sexual reproduction and post-fertilization changes. 5. Chlorophyta: Characteristic features of different classes highlighting distinctive features of different orders; evolutionary

trends. 6. Photosynthetic Stramenopiles: distinctive features

a) Diatoms: Features and ecology. b) Xanthophyceans: General features, parallelism with green algae & affinities. c) Phaeophyceans: General features & ecology; lifecycle patterns.

7. Algal biotechnology: aquaculture, bioremediation, biodiesel, bioethanol and hydrogen production by algae, carbon sequestration by algae, algae as health food; Industrial use of algae, photobioreactors and raceway ponds.

Mycology

1. Position of fungi in modern systematic: Modern approaches towards classification of fungi. 2. Ultrastructural features of fungal cell structures: Nucleus and its division, cell wall and its biochemical composition, tissue organization, modifications of fungal hyphae. 3. Life cycle patterns: Basic pattern of sexuality, sexual mechanisms and their correlations in different groups of fungi, Parasexual cycle-basic concept. 4. Fungal symbionts: Mycorhizae-basic concept and their applications. Lichen-Phycobiont and mycobiont, histology, biology and physiology of lichen thallus, economic importance of lichen.

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5. Beneficial uses of fungi: Fungi in medicine and antibibtic production, alcohol production and organic acid production; industrial production of alcohol and penicillin. 6. Edible Mushrooms: cultivation technology, nutritional and medicinal properties of mushrooms. 7. Fungi as animal parasites: Mycoses of vertebrates- types and symptoms, insect fungus association. . 8. Mastigomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on occurrence of sex hormones and sporangia to conidia transition. 9. Ascomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on types of ascocarps and methods of spore dispersal. 10. Basidiomycotina: A comprehensive knowledge with emphasis on fruiting structures and methods of spore dispersal. 11. Deuteromycotina: A general account with emphasis on sporulating structures of the members, classification with special reference to conidial ontogeny. 12. Fungal diseasesin animal and man and their management.

Plant Pathology

1. History of the development of Plant Pathology. 2. Plant diseases: Classification and types.

3. Pathogenesis: Contact, entry and penetration, infection of host tissue and disease development relationship between pathogen and host factor(s). 4. Plant pathogen in offence: enzymes, toxins and growth regulators.

5. Host plant in defense: structural and biochemical defense; concept of horizontal and vertical resistance.

6. Physiological changes in host plants as a result of infection: Photosynthesis, Respiration Translocation of water and nutrients; Molecular changes in protein and nucleic acid in diseased plants. 7. Plant disease epidemiology: Factors responsible for development of plant disease epidemic; Disease forecasting and Remote Sensing; Computer simulation technique. 8. Strategies of plant disease management: Cultural, chemical, biological and integrated management of pest and diseases; Biopesticides and their applications in management of plant diseases. 9. Seed pathology: Factors responsible for seed deterioration, effect of fungal deterioration of seeds and grains, mycotoxin

production and control of seed deterioration. 10. Wood decay: Decay of wood and wood products by wood rotting fungi; Structural and biochemical changes of wood as a

result of decay. 11. Study of plant diseases: Symptoms, etiology, disease cycles and control measures of

some important diseases of the following crops: Rice, Wheat, Potato, Sugarcane and Tea.

Bryology

1. Introduction: Diversity in forms, habitats, economic importance and ecological values. 2. Classification of Bryophytes – traditional and modern systems. 3. Brief idea about: a) Bryophyte phylogeny b) Fossil Bryophytes c) Photoperiodism d) Water relations e) Axenic culture of Bryophytes h) Peristome characteristics and their importance i) Broad ideas. Pteridology

1. Introduction about pteridophytes. 2. Concept about primitive and advanced characters as proposed by Bower. 3. An idea about the outline system of classifications of ferns by Copeland (1947) and Pichi Sermolli (1977). 4. Comparative studies on the vegetative and reproductive organographies, evolutionary tendencies and affinities of the

members belonging to different groups of Rhyniopsida. Zosterophyllopsida, Trimerophytopsida, Psilopsida, Lycopsida (Drepanophycales, Protolepidodendrales, Lycopodiales, Selaginellales, Lepidodendrales and Isoetales) and Sphenopsida (Hyeniales, Sphenophyllales, Calamitales and Equisetales).

5. A comparative study of the members belonging to the following taxonomic groups and also their systematic treatments, evolutionary tendencies and affinities: (a) Coenopteridales, (b) Marattiales, (c) Ophioglossales, (d) Filicales (Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Cyatheaceae, Polypodiaceae), (e) Salviniales, (f) Marsileales.

6. Stelar concept, types and evolution 7. Soral evolution in ferns 8. Spores : Types, germination pattern, gametophyte development and types. 9. Mating systems in ferns, control of sexuality in homosporous pteridophytes by Antheridogen activity, Apogamy and

Apospory.

3

Plant Physiology

1. Solute transport and photoassimilates translocation: uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules, mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates.

2. Present day concept of phytohormones and plant growth regulators; Phytohormone families and members of each family;

growth promoting and retarding chemicals; general mode of phytohormone action; hormone binding proteins; second messengers; gene activation; examples of target cells for hormone action; a brief idea about modern techniques for hormone assay.

3. Auxins: Chemistry, biosynthesis and degradation/deactivation of IAA; a brief account of the auxin structure and activity

relationship; antiauxins and auxin antagonists; mechanism of auxin action – acid growth theory, auxin mutants and signaling.

4. Gibberellins: Diversity, chemical and structural characteristics of gibberellins; biosynthesis of GAs, antigibberellins and their site of action, role of gibberellins on cereal seed germination, dwarfism and flowering; mode of action of gibberellins, gibberellin mutants and signaling.

5. Cytokinins: Chemical and structural characteristics, biosynthesis and degradation; role of cytokinins in cell division, chloroplast development, senescence, movement of nutrient, organogenesis and embryogenesis; mode of action, cytokinin mutants and signaling.

6. Abscisic acid: Chemical and structural characteristic, biosynthesis and degradation; role of ABA in seed maturation,

germination, gravitropism and stomatal closure; mode of action, ABA mutants and signaling.

7. Ethylene : Hormonal status; chemical characteristics, biosynthesis and metabolism; triple responses, Yang cycle; factors regulating ethylene biosynthesis; quantification of ethylene, mode of ethylene action; its role in higher plants, commercial uses of ethylene, ethylene mutants and signaling.

8. Seed dormancy: Types, control mechanism, chemical and physical manipulative methods of breaking seed dormancy;

biological significance of dormancy.

9. Flowering: Photoperiodic control, hormonal regulation; nature of floral stimulus; experimental evidence to prove the mobile nature of floral stimulus, gene- induced regulation floral development, ABC model, second messenger and flowering.

10. Senescence: Types of senescence, biochemical indices of senescence, physiobiochemical changes occurring during leaf

senescence, senescence regulatory genes.

11. Fruit ripening: Climacteric and nonclimacteric fruits; hormonal regulation of fruit ripening, biochemical changes occurring during fruit ripening.

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants

1. The atom and chemical bonds, stabilizing interactions, reaction orders, pH, buffer, physicochemical properties of water.

2. Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis and its control and significance; TCA Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation; Pentose phosphate pathway and its control and significance; Gluconeogenesis and its control and significance, Glyoxalate cycle.

3. Amino acids and Proteins : Classification and structures, properties, determination of amino acid sequence in a polypeptide; Structural organization of Proteins, Post translational modification of protein, , chaperone and protein folding, protein targeting, Ramachandran plot

4. Enzyme kinetics: Deduction of Michaelis-Menten equation, Lineweaver-Burk plot; enzyme inhibition, isozymes, allosteric enzymes, ribozymes and abzymes.

5. Lipid metabolism: biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids

4

6. Photosynthesis and Photorespiration:

Photosynthesis: Z-scheme, PCRC, Different modes of CO2 concentrating mechanisms, energetics and significance. Photorespiration: Compartmentalized reactions, regulation,, energetics and significance; Structural and functional characteristics of Rubisco and its regulation

7. Cell signaling: Signal perception Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction and regulation.

8. DNA & RNA Metabolism: DNA topology, DNA damage and repair transcription, processing, regulation, post-transcriptional control and gene silencing,

9. Gene expression: Principles of gene regulation; Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

10. Plant genes, promoters, intron splicing, vectors, codon optimization, gene mapping and cloning of plant genes

11. Recombinant DNA technology: Principles and methods of recombinant DNA technology- expression of cloned genes in E. coli, cloning in yeast: transformation in yeast, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), retrovirus like vector (Ty) in yeast/shuttle vector, Molecular improvement of crops.

Taxonomy of Angiosperm & Phytogeography

1. Taxonomy and Systematics - Concept, objective and relevance to conservation

2. Plant Nomenclature – ICN, Principles, Rules, Recommendations and Appendices, Type concept, Valid publication and Rejection of names.

3. Taxonomic hierarchy, delimitation of taxa and attribution of rank. Species concept.

4. Recent Systems of Angiosperm classification including APGII (2009).

5. Taxonomic literature: Types, definition and examples.

6. Objective Taxonomy: Phenetics and Cladistics: Principles, Methods, Merits and Demerits.

7. Biosystematics-methods, categories and relationship with traditional taxonomv.

8. Circumscription and phylogeny: Magnoliales, Hamamelidales, Apiales, Lamiales, Campanulales, Alismatales, Pandanales, Cyperales and Orchidales.

9. Biodiversity: components, levels, values, Hotspots and conservation.

10. Concept of Phytogeography: Endemism, Plant migration, Disjunction, Vicariance, Phytochorionomy (Brief introduction).

11. Major Phytochona of the World and India.

Palynology & Reproductive Biology: 1. Microspore tetrads, polarity of spores and pollen grains. 2. Spore-pollen morphology: Symmetry, shape, size, aperture patterns, NPC System for numerical expression of apertural

details, exine stratification, surface structures and sculptures of sporoderm; LO-analysis and edge-analysis. 3. Chemical nature of sporopollenin, development of pollen wall, Ubisch body, exineless pollen grains. Extraexinous wall

material - perine, viscin-threads. pollen-kitt. 4. Application of palynology: Palynology in taxonornic and phylogenetic deductions; Aeropalynology with reference to allergy;

Melissopalynology; Palaeopalynology; Forensic palynology. 5. Pollen dispersal units; concept of anthesis. 6. Pollination modes; floral constructions with respect to specific pollination modes. 7. Pollination syndromes/floral syndromes, with special reference to melittophilous, miophilous and lepidiphilous flowers. 8. Breeding systems, different levels of structural and functional adaptations for higher degree of outbreeding; self-

incompatibility and compatibility control with reference to pollen-pistil interactions.

5

Evolution:

9. Early ideas leading to the firm establishment of the reality of evolution. 10. Pre Darwinian scenario of the theories on evolution. 11. Darwinian paradigm: Natural Selection as the driving force of evolution. 12. Mendelian and Post-Mendalian developments in understanding the cause of heritable changes among the individuals of a

species.

Gymnosperms:

1. Introduction to gymnospermy; general features of gymnosperms. 2. Origin of seed-habit: Origin and evolution of nucellus and integument; switchover from zooidogamy to siphonogamy -

hydrasperman reproduction, prepollen and evolution of typical gymnospermous pollen grains. 3. Progymnospermopsida: Geologic distribution, characteristic features, range of vegetative morphology and reproductive

structures and classification; the plexus progymnosperms as the progenitor of gymnosperms. 4. Classification of gymnosperms. 5. Geologic and geographic distributions, general features, organography and phylogeny of major clads of gymnosperms. 6. Development of female gametophytes among extant gymnosperms. 7. Embryogeny including polyembryony and karyology of extant gymnosperms. 8. Economic importance of gymnosperms with reference to timber, paper and board, resin, essential oils, drugs and food. Palaeobotany: 9. Definition of fossil. 10. Principals of correlation and stratigraphy; dating of rocks; outline of Standard Geologic Time Scale. 11. Chemical evolution and origin of life; early life forms as known from Precambrians; origin of eukaryotes. 12. Mass extinctions with special references to the floral changes through Permo-Trassic (P-T) and Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T)

transitions. 13. Continental Drift Hypothesis. 14. Introductory idea of the importance of fossil plants in palaeoecological studies.

Plant Anatomy 1. Organization of shoot and root apical meristems. Changes in shoot apex during transition to flowering. 2. Development and differentiation: Polarity, symmetry, pattern formation (brief idea of genetic control of differentiation and organogenesis). 3. Origin, differentiation and phylogeny of xylem and phloem. 4. Leaf morphogenesis (brief idea of genetic control of differentiation and organogenesis). 5. Xylotomy and its importance. 6. Ultra structural features of sieve tube elements and their importance. Pharmacognosy 1. Definition. History and scope of Pharmacognosy including indigenous system of medicine.

2. Drugs: Various systems of classification of drugs of natural origin, Morphological and microscopic examination of drugs. 3. Extraction and purification of natural products; Chromatographic study of drugs; Spectroscopic techniques; Methods of

identification and analysis of results; Applications of phytochemical analysis. 4. Importance of Crude drug; Preparation of drugs for commercial market: a) Collection, Harvesting, Drying, Garbling, Packaging, storage and preservation. b) Drug evalution. Significance of pharmacopoeial standards, Adulteration, contamination and substitution. 5. Pharmacological activities of natural products, its’ importance in pharmaceutical industries. 6.Silviculture: Definition, scope and objective; Farm forestry, social forestry and agro Forestry; Natural and artificial regeneration of forests; Non-timber forest products of economic values.

7. Plants as a source of petroleum substitute.

6

Ecology 1. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions. 2. Ecosystem:Structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary production and decomposition. 3. Habitat and niche:Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement. 4. opulation ecology:Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations. 5. Species interactions:Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis. 6. Community ecology:Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones. 7. Ecological succession:Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax. 8. Applied ecology:Environmental pollution; global environmental change. 9.Conservation of Biodiversity–Brief idea about In situ (Afforestation, Social Forestry, Agro forestry, Botanical Gardens, Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries and Sacred Groves and Ex situ (Cryopreservation, Gene Banks, Seed Banks, Pollen Banks, Sperms Banks, DNA Banks, Tissue Culture and Biotechnological Strategies), ecorestoration, environmental education.

Genetics and Plant breeding

1. Introduction to Plant Genetics: Brief history of classical and molecular genetics; Extension of Mendelism; Allelism; Gene action, Interaction with environment, Penetrance and expressivity; Gene interaction – epistasis, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance.

2. Linkage, Crossing over and Chromosome Mapping: Physical basis of crossing over; Recombination and gene mapping; Construction of genetic and physical mapping.

3. Genome Organization in Eukaryotes: Genome types; Eukaryote nuclear genome; gene concept; Organization of structural and functional components of chromosome-centromere, telomere, NOR; Sex chromosome in plants; Genome duplication, alteration and their evolutionary role; Genes and gene number, content and C-value paradox.

4. Structural and Numerical Alterations of Chromosomes: Deficiency, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation and their meiotic behavior; Origin and significance of haploids, aneuploids, euploids, autopolyploids and allopolyploids.

5. Genetic Integrity and Diversity: Basis of chromosome separation; Recombination mechanism; Evolutionary significance, genetic control; Structure and function of Transposable elements and their role in evolution; Repair and retrieval system of genes.

6. Genomes, Genomics and Proteomics: Basic concept of geneome sequencing- Arabidopsis, Rice and Human Genome; Genome annotation, Synteny, Gene Search and Comparative Genetic data; Proteomics – Application, Protein expression profiling.

7. Population Genetics and Plant Breeding: Defination, Gene Frequency in population; Genetic Equilibrium; Hardy-Weinberg Law; Speciation Mechanism; Breeding system and genetic consequences in plants; Qualitative and quantitative traits; Marker Assisted Breeding for agronomic importance; QTL mapping.

Cell biology and Bioinformatics 1. Introduction: Cellular organization – its origin and evolution 2. Biomembranes: Structural models, composition and dynamics, biogenesis and assembly, transport of macromolecules and ions. 3. Mitochondria: Biogenesis, origin and evolution, mitochondrial genome. 4. Chloroplast: Biogenesis, origin and evolution, chloroplast genome. 5. Nucleus: Chromatin organization and activation, packaging and its higher order structure, chromosome, basic nucleolar structure

structures and dynamics. 6. Cytoskeletons: Nature, intermediate filaments, microtubules, actin-binding filaments. 7. Cell signaling and interaction: Signal transduction, its basic components and types, intercellular junctions and adhesions. 8. Cell cycle: Phases and control in Yeasts; Cancer – molecular events, proto-oncogenes, tumor-suppressor gene and their inter-play,

therapy. 9. Bioinformatics: Genome and protein information resources, sequence analysis, multiple sequence alignment, homology and

analogy, pattern recognition, analysis package, application and prospects in medicine and agriculture.

7

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Statistics 1. Variable and attribute, primary and secondary data. 2. Sampling and sample designs: Classification and tabulation of data; Frequency distribution; Diagrammatic and graphical

presentation. 3. Central tendency: Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic mean; Median; Mode. 4. Measures of disparsion: Variance; Mean deviation; Standard deviation and error; Moment; Skewness and kurtosis. 5. Correlation and regression analysis: Bivariate and multivariate. 6. Normal, binomial and poisson distribution. 7. Test of hypothesis: t, u and Chi square test. 8. Analysis of variances and covariance: Bivariate and multivariate. 9. Calculations of mean, variance, standard deviation, standard error, coefficient of variance, Use of t-test for comparing two

means. 10. Determination of the relationship between variables using correlation and regression analysis. 11. Analysis of variance: ANOVA, ANCOVA, U-test. 12. Use of Chi-square test for goodness of fit.

Instrumentation 1. Isolation and purification of Protein, RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid); Analysis of and proteins, RNA and DNA by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing gels; 2. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post-translation modification of proteins; Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules 3. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing; Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, Micro array based techniques; 4. Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial; expression of recombinant Proteins using bacterial and plant vectors; Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences; generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid BAC and YAC vectors; 5. RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques 6. Analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence, NMR; Structure determination using X-ray diffraction 7. Different Radiolabeling techniques, Incorporation of radioisotopes in biological samples, molecular imaging of radioactive material. 8. Fermentation Technology. 9. Demonstration of instruments; Electrophoretic techniques (1D, 2D); Chromatographic Techniques (Paper, Thin Layer, HPLC, GC), Restriction Mapping, RAPD, Transformation, PCR, SEM, Confocal and TEM. 10. Microscopy: Principles of light and electron microscopy; Light, Fluorescence, Confocal, SEM, TEM and AFM.

1

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN

SYLLABUS FOR COMMON ENTRANCE TEST

IN

M.PHIL & Ph.D. PROGRAMME

[W.E.F. 2016]

Prepared by

Department of Environmental Science

The University of Burdwan

Burdwan

713 104

2

PART A: Research Methodology

Full Marks: 50

1. Basic Concept on research methodology

2. Defining Research Problems; Steps of research; Types of research; Research hypothesis

3. Research Design

4. Sampling design; Data Collection; Source of data; Sampling error; NPC and its

application; Level of significance; Type-I and Type-II error; One-tailed and Two tailed

test

5. Statistical analysis and processing of experimental data

6. Interpretation and Report Preparation

3

PART B: Environmental Science

Full Marks: 50

PAPER-I

I Environment and Fundamentals of Earth & Processes: Lithosphere, hydrosphere,

atmosphere and biosphere; physical and biological environments; Origin of Earth; Geological

time scale; origin of life; role of natural selection, genetic drift, evolutionary divergence;

Principles of taxonomy – nomenclature, an outline of classification and identification

II Ecology and Community Ecosystems: Concept of ecosystem; homeostasis of the ecosystem

structure and functional aspects of ecosystem; ecological energetics; Biomes and biome types;

forest, grassland, tundra, desert biomes; Dynamics of population growth, metapopulation; human

demography, promotion and development, demographic transition

III Community Ecology: Community structure, factors influencing the structure of

communities, community dynamics, species diversity in communities, pattern in communities;

ecological succession – causes, trends, of succession, basic types of succession, general process

of succession, climax concept; parasitism and allelopathy

IV Fundamentals of Climatology: Scale of meteorology; elements of climate; Climate of India

Spatial and temporal patterns of climatic parameters in India

V Environmental Chemistry: chemistry of carbohydrate, protein, fat, nucleic acids, pigments,

phenol etc; green chemistry – concept, green catalyst; material life cycle and application of green

chemistry

VI Principles of Analytical Methods: Design of sampling techniques (air, soil, biological

matters), Chromatography, gas chromatography, HPLC, GC-MS, Atomic absorption

spectroscopy, Flame photometry; some microbial methods

VII Forest and Wildlife: Classification and distribution of forests, ecological and economic

value of forest, forest degradation and deforestation, impact of deforestation on the environment;

current strategies of forest management

VIII Microbial Sciences: Microbiology of air, water and soil; general idea about bacterial

morphology; Distinctive properties of virus, types of viral nucleic acids, replication of viral DNA

and RNA; Isolation and characterization, microbial growth analysis; preservation of

microorganisms; Fundamental reactions of pesticide metabolism, B-oxidation, oxidative

dealkalation, thioether oxidation, decarboxylation, epoxidation, aromatic hydroxylation, aromatic

heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic ring cleave; hydrolysis, halogen reactions, nitro reactions,

miscellaneous reactions

4

PAPER-II

I Toxicology: Principles of toxicology; elements and areas of toxicology; dose-response

relationship; statistical concept of LD50 and LC50; routes of entry of toxicants; General toxic

responses of cell, organs, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney; bioaccumulation

and biomagnifications of toxicants in ecosystem; Toxins in nature, phytotoxins; animal toxins;

microbial toxin and xenobiotic and their impact; food additives; synthetic dyes; PAHs, PAN,

VOC and POP

II Biochemical Aspects of Pollutants: Sources, distribution, mechanism of action, effects and

remedial measures of some heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, aluminium,

chromium; Sources, distribution, mechanism of action, effects and remedial measures of some

specific toxicants like PAN, MIC

III Immunology and Immunotoxicity: Properties of immune response; innate and acquired

immunity; cells and organs of immune system; concepts of antigens; concept of antibodies with

special reference to structure, function, classification; antigen antibody interaction, major

histocompatibility complex; cell mediated and humoral immunity

IV Land Resources & Management: Land resources, land degradation cycle, land-use pattern,

land reform, land use plan, soil surveys in relation to land use planning; methods of site selection

and evaluation

V Water Resources Management and its Environment: World water balance, hydrogeology

and geochemistry of surface and groundwater

VI Mineral Resources and Environment: Mineral resources in relation to plate tectonics and

geology, geology of mineral resources, distribution of mineral resources in India

VII Geological Environment: Earthquakes, Landslides, Cyclones and Floods Indian context;

Climatic change in of recent times; identification and characteristics of bio-climatic and agro-

climatic regions of India; urban climatology; climate and human comfort

VIII Soil Science: Origin, nature and classification of parent material for soil formation, soil

profile, physical properties of soil; Soil erosion and conservation

IX Energy: Conventional and non-conventional energy sources, fossil fuels; nuclear energy-

fission and fusion; energy from biogas and biomass; Principles of generation of solar,

hydropower wind, geothermal and ocean energy; integrated energy management, management of

nuclear energy wastes, some conservation factors, research and development on renewable

energy

X Environmental Statistics: Basic elements and tools of statistical data analysis, testing of

hypothesis: Null and alternative hypothesis, level of significance, degree of freedom, t-test;

probability; derivations and integrations, matrix, number series

XI Pollution of Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Radiation: Natural and anthropogenic sources of

pollution; ozone, SPM, photochemical smog, acid rain; different control measures and air quality

standard

5

PAPER-III

I Environmental Impact Assessment: Concept and evolution, origin of EIA; principle and

characteristics of different EIA processes and their relationship; Environmental Impact Statement

(EIS); Evaluation of methodologies, different methods -- Ad Hoc, Checklist, Overlay, Matrix,

use of Computers & expert system; Environmental modeling methods and future development of

EIA Process

II Emerging Environmental Problems: Green house gases and global warming, carbon trading

and sequestration; ozone depletion and its impact on global climate; nuclear winter- concept and

prediction.

III Environmental Health and Health Hazards: Concept of health and disease; principles of

epidemiology; epidemiology of communicable and non-communicable diseases

IV Principle of Genetic Engineering: Concept, cell cycles, gene cloning; genetics responses of

microorganisms with reference to pollutants; GMO and its merits and demerits; conservation of

gene resources; recombinant DNA technology; intellectual property rights and intellectual

property protection

V Environmental Mutagenic and Genetic Disorders; Mutagenesis mechanism: UV-induced

(cyclobutane type pyrimidine dimmers), single strand DNA breaks, chemical induced DNA

alkylation, abduct formation, intra- and inter-strand cross-linking; enzyme mediated photorepair

and excision repair

VI Concept of Map, Coordinate and Projection: Classification of map; map scale; spatial

referencing system; map projections; commonly used map projections; grid systems

VII Basic Principles of Remote Sensing-: Electromagnetic remote sensing process; physics of

radiant energy; energy source sources and radiation principles; an ideal remote sensing system;

different types of satellite with special emphasis on Indian remote sensing satellites

VIII Environmental Application of Remote sensing and GIS: Fundamentals of GPS and GIS

and Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS; Land use/land cover mapping; agricultural, water

resource, disaster management and forestry application

6

PAPER-IV

I Biodiversity: α β, ¥ biodiversity; genetic species and ecosystem diversity; Biological diversity

and biogeography; biological productivity – succession and restoration; ‘Hotspots’ of

biodiversity; strategies for biodiversity conservation and Agenda-21; ex-situ and in-situ

conservation; Biodiversity acts of India; National biodiversity authority; Indian board on

Wildlife; convention on biodiversity; value of biodiversity

II Bioremediation: Concept; Practices and applications; microbial process of

bioremediation; phytoremediation; ex-situ bioremediation of contaminated soil

III Impacts of Industrial Effluents: Industrial development and environmental degradation

General impacts of some effluents discharged from paper and pulp industry, sugar, distillery,

tannery, mining, sponge-iron on ecosystem with special reference to occurrence, environmental

sources, biochemical effects, and remedial measures

IV Biosensor in Environmental Analysis: Enzyme electrode, immobilized cell biosensor,

optical biosensor, ISFET based devices, H2O2 biosensor, microbial biosensor, gas phase

biosensor, nanobiosensor, amphoteric biosensor, environmental application of biosensor

V Agricultural Biotechnology: Biofertilizer -- Types and application in agriculture;

biopesticides; biocomposting; integrated pest management-concept, technology involved in

agriculture and forestry

VI Environmental Economics: Concept of ecological economics; environmental economics

and principles; cost-benefits analysis; the economics of environmental quality; Polluter pays

Principles; trade and environment; externalities, green policies, common resource management

systems

VII Resource Conservation and Management: Concept of resources; resource taxonomy;

exhaustive resources and renewable and recyclable resources; resource management and

conservation principle and ways; conservation strategies

VIII Environmental Management System: Environmental system principles, different

Environmental management systems; ISO Systems & certification procedure

IX Natural Disaster Management: IDNDR viewpoint; disaster studies – Indian scenario; role

of information science and technology for natural disaster reduction; natural disaster mitigation

vis-à-vis risk and vulnerability

X Waste management: Types, sources and generation of wastes, their characterization,

chemical composition; methods of disposal and management of wastes (Municipal, Bio-medical,

hospital wastes management and Hazardous e-waste); recycling of waste materials

SYLLABUS

For

PhD and MPhil COMMON ENTRANCE TEST

In

GEOGRAPHY

2016

PAPER-I

PHILOSOPHY AND THRUST AREAS IN GEOGRAPHY

[50 Marks]

Unit-I: Philosophy of Geography

1. Approaches to Geography: Idiographic and Nomothetic; Holistic and Reductionist

2. Dualism in Geography: Physical and Human Geography; Determinism and

Possibilism; Critics of Dualism

3. Concept of Space, Physical and Social Dimensions of Space; Time-Space Integration.

4. Positivism in Social Sciences; Positivism as Concept and Method

5. Development of Critical Geography: Humanistic, Welfare and Gender Geography

6. Modernity to Post-Modernity; Essential characteristics of Post-Modern Geography

Unit-II: Physical Geography

Geomorphology : Fundamental concepts ;Geosynclines, mountain building, continental drift and

plate tectonics; Concept of Geomorphic Cycle; Landforms associated with fluvial, glacial, arid,

coastal and karst cycles, Slope forms and processes; Environmental and Applied Geomorphology.

Climatology: Monsoon: Recent Theories of its Origin; Folhn and Koteshwaram, Jet Stream; Recent

Trends of Monsoon in Indian Subcontinent; Extreme Climatic Events: ENSO, Cloudburst and

Tornado; Weather Forecasting: Short, Medium and Long Range; Global Impact of Climate

Change: Physical, Economic and Social; Adaptation and Mitigation Measures of Climate Change

Soil Geography: Edaphology and Pedology: Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil; Soil

Nutrients, Base Exchange, Colloidal Complex and Soil Minerals; Bio-function of Soil: Soil

Organic Matter, Soil Organisms, Micro-Organisms and their Relation with Soil Fertility; Soil

Pollution: Impact on Food Chain; Importance of Biofertilizers and Biopesticides; Classification of

Soils: Environmental and USDA

Bio-Geography: Physical factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Forms

and functions of ecosystem: Forest, grassland, marine and mountain ecosystem; Bio-diversity and

its depletion through natural and man induced causes. Conservation and management of

ecosystems; Environmental hazards

Unit-III: Human Geography

Social and Cultural Geography: Elements of Social Geography—ethnicity, tribe, dialect, language, caste

and religion; Social Systems and Social Processes, Social Structure and Behavior; Concept of Social

well –being. Concepts of Social Ecology, Social Pathology and Social Exclusion

Development of Cultural Geography; Concept of Cultural Landscape; Role of Technology in the

Evolution of Culture, Cultural Take off, Cultural Diffusion and Socio-Cultural Transformation;

Cultural Innovation, Acculturation and Regeneration with Emphasis on Folk Culture

Urban Geography : Approaches to Urban Geography: Environmentalism, Positivism,

Structuralism and Post Modernism; Ecological processes of urban growth; Urban fringe; City –

region; Settlement systems; Primate city; Rank-Size rule; Settlement hierarchy; Christaller’s Central

Place theory; August Losch’s theory of market centres. Urban Development and Planning in India:

Master Plan, IDSMT, National Urban Renewal Mission and Smart City

Political Geography: Geopolitics; Global strategic views (Heartland and Rimland theories );-Concept of

nation, state and Nation-State; Boundaries and frontiers; Politics of world resources; Geography and

Federalism

Environmental Geography: Approaches to Environmental Studies: Environmentalist, Organismic,

Reductionist and Holistic; Environmental Pollution and Degradation: Pollution of Air, Water and

Land; Degradation of Forest and Biosphere Environmental Politics of Resource and Development;

Production Technology and Environmental Change, Technological Fix

PAPER II

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

[50 Marks]

1. Concepts and Significance of Research in Geography; Objectives and Types of Research in

Geography

2. Philosophy of Research in Geography: Empiricist, Positivist and Post-Positivist

3. Approaches to Research in Geography:

Methods : Inductive and Deductive

Analysis : descriptive and Analytical

4. Identification of a Research problem, Research Questions and Hypothesis Building

5. Research Design: Need for Research Design, Types of Research Design

6. Research Methods and Methodology; Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

7. Data Management: Collection of Data – Questionnaires and Schedules, Scaling Techniques

and Sample Design; Reliability, Authenticity and Treatment of Data anomaly; Processing and

Analysis of Data

8. Report Writing, Abstract, Synopsys, Research Article and Dissertation

Syllabus for Common Entrance Test for M.Phil & Ph. D.

Programme

Research Methodology:

Number Systems:

Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal numbers and their conversions, Arithmetic operations of

numbers.

Number theory:

Divisibility test, congruences, Fundamental theorem of arithmetic, Fermat’s theorem,

Wilson’s theorem, Euler’s Ø- function, Chinese Remainder theorem, primitive roots.

Programming in C (upto array).

Linear Algebra:

Vector spaces, subspaces, linear dependence, basis, dimension, algebra of linear transformations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

Matrix representation of linear transformations. Change of basis, canonical forms, diagonal forms, triangular forms, Jordan forms. Inner product spaces, orthonormal basis. Abstract algebra: Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphisms, cyclic groups, permutation groups, Cayley’s theorem, class equations, Sylow’s theorems.

Rings, ideals, prime and maximal ideals, quotient rings, unique factorization domain, principal ideal domain, Euclidean domain, Polynomial rings and irreducibility criteria. Fields, finite fields.

Integral Transforms:

Laplace & Fourier transforms and their properties.

Numerical Analysis:

Errors (relative, absolute & percentage), interpolation ( Lagrange, Newton forward &

backword, Spline), solutions of non- linear equations, Solutions of Differential equation,

Numerical integrations

Maxima & Minima for functions of single and several variables

Subject: Mathematics

Analysis:

Continuity, uniform continuity, uniform convergence, Functions of several variables, Riemann

integral, Improper Integrals, Metric spaces, compactness, connectedness. Normed linear Spaces.

Spaces of continuous functions as examples.

Complex Analysis:

Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations,Contour integral, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s

integral formula, Liouville’s theorem, Maximum modulus principle, Schwarz lemma, Open

mapping theorem, Taylor series, Laurent series, calculus of residues.

Topology:

Basis, dense sets, subspace and product topology, separation axioms, connectedness and compactness.

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs):

Series Solution, Bessel function and Legendre polynomial and their properties, Sturm-Liouville

boundary value problem, Green’s function.

Partial Differential Equations (PDEs):

Lagrange and Charpit methods for solving first order PDEs, Classification of second order PDEs,

General solution of higher order PDEs with constant coefficients.

Classical Mechanics:

Generalized coordinates, Lagrange’s equations, Hamilton’s canonical equations, Hamilton’s

principle and principle of least action, Two-dimensional motion of rigid bodies, Euler’s dynamical

equations for the motion of a rigid body about an axis.

Calculus of Variations:

Variation of a functional, Euler-Lagrange equation, Necessary condition for extrema, Euler Lagrange

equation for n-variables, Functionals dependent on higher order derivatives, Functionals dependent

on function of several variable. Applications of calculus of variation to various problem.

Linear Integral Equations:

Linear integral equation of the first and second kind of Fredholm and Volterra type, Solutions with

separable kernels. Characteristic numbers and eigenfunctions, resolvent kernel.

Operations Research:

Queuing theory: Steady-state solutions of Markovian queuing models: M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited

waiting space, M/M/C, M/M/C with limited waiting space, Deterministic inventory models, Revised

simplex method.

Syllabus for Common Entrance Test for Ph.D Microbiology under Burdwan University

Research Methodology:

1. Methods for Cellular & Bimolecular separation and analytical techniques:

A. Chromatographic techniques: Basic concepts, Gel filtration chromatography, Ion-

exchange chromatography, Affinity chromatography, Gas chromatography, High

Performance Liquid Chromatography. Bioautography

B. Electrophoresis: Basic concepts, Gel Electrophoresis –Agarose, Acrylamide

(native, denaturing and gradient), 2D electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis.

C. Centrifugation: Basic concepts, Ultra centrifugation, Density gradient

centrifugation, differential centrifugation, Isopycnic centrifugation

D. Spectroscopy: Basic concepts, Circular Dichroism (CD) and Optical Rotatory

Dispersion (ORD), Fluorescence spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, FTIR,

NMR spectroscopy. Mass spectroscopy- MALDI-TOF, Nano-SIMS

E. Radiography: Basic concept, Autoradiography, FISH-MAR, Pulse chase

experiment, Čerenkov radiation, Liquid scintillation counting, Phosphor imaging,

IRMA.

F. X-ray crystallography: Isolation and purification of proteins, crystallization of

proteins, instrumentation, acquisition of the diffraction pattern, basic principles of

x-ray diffraction, Phase determination

G. Microscopy: Basic principles and application of Phase Contrast and Confocal

Laser microscopes, Fluorescence and Electron microscope (SEM & TEM), Radio

Microscopy.

2. Basic methods for Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

A. Measures of central tendency and dispersion; Set Theory, Probability distributions

(Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between

parametric and non-parametric tests; Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of

significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test, Z-test, F test; Analysis of

variance; 2 test; Determinants and Matrices.

B. Methods for sequence analysis Multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic

analysis and tree building methods(UPGMA, Neighbor joining, Maximum

parsimony and Maximum likelihood), motif searches, epitope prediction, data

mining tools and applications, promoter and gene prediction, comparative

analysis.

C. Structure based approaches- Protein secondary structure prediction, threading

approaches, homology based methods for protein tertiary structure prediction,

visualization tools, structure evaluation and validation, antigen-antibody

interactions.

3. Methods for Recombinant DNA Technology

A. PCR, Hybridization techniques (Southern, Northern & Western)

B. Bio-molecular calculations

C. Molecular cloning & Expression of Recombinant Proteins; genomics DNA &

cDNA library.

D. DNA & Protein sequencing methods.

Microbiology Core:

1. General Microbiology (Prokaryotic, eukaryotic microorganisms, Viruses & Prions):

Diversity, taxonomy, Cell structure (morphology & ultra structure), cell cycle,

growth, cultivation techniques, maintenance and control.

2. Biochemistry: Concept of different chemical interactions; Water; Carbohydrate

Chemistry; Protein chemistry; Nucleic acid Chemistry; Lipid chemistry; Vitamins;

Enzymes.

3. Microbial metabolism: Aerobic & Anaerobic respiration; Transport of nutrients;

bacterial photosynthesis; Biochemistry of Nitrogen fixation; Biosynthesis of amino

acids & protein turn over; Biosynthesis of purines & pyramidins: biosynthesis and

oxidation of fatty acids.

4. Microbial genetics: Genomes; DNA replication, recombination and repair;

Transcription, Translation and regulation of gene expression. Post transcriptional and

post translational modifications. Plasmids; Methods of gene transfer in bacteria,

Mutation.

5. Medical Microbiology: Bacterial pathogenicity, Infection, Bacterial resistance to host

systems and drugs. Drug discovery and development of antimicrobial agents.

6. Immunology: Fundamental concepts and anatomy of immune system; immune

response generated by lymphocytes; clinical immunology; antigen-antibody

interactions.

7. Cell Biology: Interaction of host & Parasite. Cell signaling. Cellular communication

& Cancer Biology. Basic idea of plant tissue culture & animal cell culture.

Transgenic animals and plants. Animal cloning

Syllabus for Course work for Microbiology under Burdwan University

Paper 1: Research Methodology: 4 credits

1. Research:

a) Types, Research process and steps in it, Hypothesis, Research proposals and aspects.

b) Research Design: Need, Problem Definition, variables, research design concepts, Literature

survey and review, Research design process, Errors in research.

c) Research Modeling: Types of Models, Model building and stages, Data consideration and

testing, Heuristic and Simulation modeling.

d) Report Writing: Pre writing considerations, Thesis writing, Formats of report writing, Formats

of publications in Research journals.

e) Research institutes, research schemes (minor and major), preparation of research scheme

proposals, formats, funding agencies, scientific writing: research article, dissertation, review,

abstract, synopsis, technical report.

2. Design of Experiments:

a) Objectives, strategies, Factorial experimental design, Designing engineering experiments,

basic principles‐ replication, randomization, blocking, Guidelines for design of experiments.

b) Single Factor Experiment: Hypothesis testing, Analysis of Variance components (ANOVA)

for fixed effect model; Total, treatment and error of squares, Degrees of freedom, Confidence

interval; ANOVA for random effects model, Estimation of variance components, Model

adequacy checking.

c) Two factor Factorial Design, Basic definitions and principles, main effect and interaction,

response surface and contour plots, General arrangement for a two factor factorial design;

Models Effects, means and regression, Hypothesis testing.

3. Computer Applications:

a. Spreadsheet Tool: Introduction to spreadsheet application, features and functions, Using

formulas and functions, Data storing, Features for Statistical data analysis, Generating charts/

graph and other features. Tools used may be Microsoft Excel, Open office or similar tool.

b. Presentation Tool: Introduction to presentation tool, features and functions, Creating

presentation, Customizing presentation, showing presentation. Tools used may be Microsoft

Power Point, Open Office or similar tool.

c. Web Search: Introduction to Internet, Use of Internet and WWW, Using search engine like

Google, Yahoo etc, Using advanced search techniques.

Paper 2: Advance Microbiology & Techniques: 4 Credits

1. Advance Microbiology: Microbial diversity & taxonomy, Microbiology of

Extremophiles, Environmental microbiology, Xenobiotic degradation.

2. Bioinstrumentation: Basic laboratory Instruments, Chromatographic techniques,

Electrophoretic techniques, Spectroscopy, Radioisotopic techniques, Immunological

techniques.

3. Genomics, proteomics and metabolomics

4. Chromatin structure and modification: Structure of nucleosome and DNA; States of

chromosomes during cell cycle; Euchromatin and heterochromatin; The major epigenetic

mechanisms: classifications of HDAC, HAT, DNA methyl transferases and scaffold

attached regions

5. Bioinformatics: Databases, softwares (online as well as offline) and other tools for as

research aids in microbiology Research.

Paper 3: Term Paper: 4 credits

The candidate has to undertake term paper towards partial fulfillment of course work,

under a faculty. Its documentation must be made as follows:

Origin of the problem, review of literature (International & national status), possible

methodology/proposed methodology to execute the work (must include experiments that

candidate is planning with proper hints of possible outcome), time frame for work, Expected

outcome, list of references.

Syllabus for RET, 2016

Subject (Physics)

I. Mathematical Methods of Physics

Dimensional analysis. Vector algebra and vector calculus. Linear algebra, matrices, Cayley-

Hamilton Theorem. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Linear ordinary differential equations of first

& second order, Special functions (Hermite, Bessel, Laguerre and Legendre functions). Fourier

series, Fourier and Laplace transforms. Elements of complex analysis, analytic functions; Taylor

& Laurent series; poles, residues and evaluation of integrals. Elementary probability theory,

random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. Central limit theorem.

Green’s function. Partial differential equations (Laplace, wave and heat equations in two and

three dimensions). Elements of computational techniques: root of functions, interpolation,

extrapolation, integration by trapezoid and Simpson’s rule, Solution of first order differential

equation using Runge-Kutta method. Finite difference methods. Tensors. Introductory group

theory: SU(2), O(3).

II. Classical Mechanics

Mechanics of particles: Newton’s laws of motion; Two body Collisions - scattering in laboratory

and Centre of mass frames; Rigid body dynamics: moment of inertia tensor. Non-inertial frames

and pseudoforces. Constraints, Configuration space, Generalized coordinates, Lagrangian

formulation, Lagrange equations of motion. Conservation laws and cyclic coordinates;

Variational principle and Lagrange’s equation. Symmetry, invariance and Noether’s theorem.

Two-body central force problems. Periodic motion: small oscillations, normal modes. Phase-

space, Hamiltonian formalism, Hamilton’s equation of motion, Poisson brackets and canonical

transformations. Hamilton-Jacobi theory; Special theory of relativity: Lorentz transformations,

relativistic kinematics and mass–energy equivalence; Dynamical systems, Phase space dynamics,

stability analysis.

III. Electromagnetic Theory

Electrostatics: Gauss’s law and its applications, Laplace and Poisson equations, boundary value

problems. Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart law, Ampere's theorem. Electromagnetic induction.

Maxwell's equations in free space and linear isotropic media; boundary conditions on the fields

at interfaces. Scalar and vector potentials, gauge invariance. Electromagnetic waves in free

space. Dielectrics and conductors. Reflection and refraction, polarization, Fresnel’s law,

interference, coherence, and diffraction. Dynamics of charged particles in static and uniform

electromagnetic fields.

Dispersion relations in plasma. Lorentz invariance of Maxwell’s equation. Transmission lines

and wave guides. Radiation- from moving charges and dipoles and retarded potentials.

Relativistic Electrodynaics , Electromagnetic field tensors.

IV. Quantum Mechanics

Schrödinger equation (time-dependent and time-independent). Eigenvalue problems (particle in a

box, harmonic oscillator, etc.). Tunneling through a barrier. Wave-function in coordinate and

momentum representations. Commutators and Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Dirac notation

for state vectors. Bra-Ket algebra, Problems with Bra-Ket algebra , Harmonic Oscillator

problems with Bra-Ket algebra, Equations of motions (Schrödinger picture, Heisenberg

picture and interaction picture), Motion in a central potential: orbital angular momentum,

angular momentum algebra, spin, addition of angular momenta; Hydrogen atom. Stern-Gerlach

experiment. Time-independent perturbation theory and applications. Variational method. Time

dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's golden rule, selection rules. Identical particles, Pauli

exclusion principle, spin-statistics connection.

Spin-orbit coupling, fine structure. WKB approximation. Elementary theory of scattering: phase

shifts, partial waves, Born approximation. Relativistic quantum mechanics: Klein-Gordon and

Dirac equations. Semi-classical theory of radiation.

V. Statistical Physics

Maxwell relations, chemical potential, phase equilibria. Phase space, micro- and macro-states.

Micro-canonical, canonical and grand-canonical ensembles and partition functions. Free energy

and its connection with thermodynamic quantities. Classical and quantum statistics. Ideal Bose

and Fermi gases. Principle of detailed balance. Blackbody radiation and Planck's distribution

law.

First- and second-order phase transitions. Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism.

Ising model. Bose-Einstein condensation. Diffusion equation. Random walk and Brownian

motion. Introduction to nonequilibrium processes.

VI. Electronics and Experimental Methods

Opto-electronic devices (solar cells, photo-detectors, LEDs). Operational amplifiers and their

applications. Digital techniques and applications (registers, counters, comparators and similar

circuits). A/D and D/A converters. Microprocessor and microcontroller basics.

Data interpretation and analysis. Precision and accuracy. Error analysis, propagation of errors.

Least squares fitting,

Linear and nonlinear curve fitting, chi-square test. Transducers (temperature, pressure/vacuum,

magnetic fields, vibration, optical, and particle detectors). Measurement and control. Signal

conditioning and recovery. Impedance matching, amplification (Op-amp based, instrumentation

amp, feedback), filtering and noise reduction, shielding and grounding. Fourier transforms, lock-

in amplifier, box-car integrator, modulation techniques.

High frequency solid-state and Vacuum tube devices (including generators and detectors).

VII. Atomic & Molecular Physics

Quantum states of an electron in an atom. Electron spin. Spectrum of helium and alkali atom.

Relativistic corrections for energy levels of hydrogen atom, hyperfine structure and isotopic

shift, width of spectrum lines, LS & JJ couplings. Zeeman, Paschen-Bach & Stark effects.

Electron spin resonance. Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift. Frank-Condon principle.

Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Electronic, rotational, vibrational and Raman spectra of

diatomic molecules, selection rules. Lasers: spontaneous and stimulated emission, Einstein A &

B coefficients. Optical pumping, population inversion, rate equation. Resonators, Modes of

resonators, Gaussian beam propagation, X-ray Spectra, Broadening of spectral lines (Doppler

broadening and natural broadening). Molecular rotational spectroscopy for linear and symmetric

top molecules, Molecular vibrational (harmonic and anharmonic) spectroscopy, Molecular

dissociation energy, Molecular Electronic spectroscopy, Fortrat diagram, Band head.

VIII. Condensed Matter Physics

Bravais lattices. Reciprocal lattice. Diffraction and the structure factor. Bonding of solids. Elastic

properties, phonons, lattice specific heat. Free electron theory and electronic specific heat.

Response and relaxation phenomena. Drude model of electrical and thermal conductivity. Hall

effect and thermoelectric power. Electron motion in a periodic potential, band theory of solids:

metals, insulators and semiconductors. Superconductivity: type-I and type-II superconductors.

Josephson junctions. Superfluidity. Defects and dislocations. Ordered phases of matter:

translational and orientational order, kinds of liquid crystalline order. Quasi crystals.

IX. Nuclear and Particle Physics

Basic nuclear properties: size, shape and charge distribution, spin and parity. Binding energy,

semi-empirical mass formula, liquid drop model. Nature of the nuclear force, form of nucleon-

nucleon potential, charge-independence and charge-symmetry of nuclear forces. Deuteron

problem. Evidence of shell structure, single-particle shell model, its validity and limitations.

Rotational spectra. Elementary ideas of alpha, beta and gamma decays and their selection rules.

Fission and fusion. Nuclear reactions, reaction mechanism, compound nuclei and direct

reactions.

Classification of fundamental forces. Elementary particles and their quantum numbers (charge,

spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc.). Gellmann-Nishijima formula. Quark model, baryons and

mesons. C, P, and T invariance. Application of symmetry arguments to particle reactions. Parity

non-conservation in weak interaction. Relativistic kinematics.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Physics)

UNIT – I: Research methods – Identification of the Problem – Research design - Literature

survey – Mode of approach of actual investigation – Abstraction of a research paper – Drawing

inferences from data - Qualitative and Quantitative analysis.

UNIT – II: Basic statistical concepts –Basic concepts on error - Best estimate of true value of

data – Various types of data and their error – Propagation of errors –Measure of dispersion ––

Chi square test for goodness of fit – Criteria for goodness of fit. Measurement in Research,

Measurement scales, Tests of sound measurement, Important scaling techniques.

UNIT III: General Computer Awareness - History of Mechanical computing; The Binary

Number system, Basic ideas on modern computer hardware, software and peripherals;

Interfacing, Computer languages, symbolic computation, Free software, Open Courseware, Ideas

on Malware; Uses of computer for Literature Survey.

UNIT IV: Emperical laws and curve fitting - Linear law and laws reducible to linear law -

Graphical Representation - Method of group averages - Principle of least squares - Fitting of

straight line and parabola -Analysis and Interpretation using MS-XL and Origin.

UNIT – V: Internet and its applications – e-journals- Assessing the status of the problem –

Results and Conclusions – Presenting a Scientific seminar.

Suggested Reading for Research Methodology part:

1. “Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques”, C. R. Kothari (New Age International

Publishers).

2. “Writing and Presenting Scientific papers”, B. malmfors, P. Garnsworthy and M. Grossman,

2nd

Edition (Publisher: Viva Books).

3. “Measurement and their Uncertainties: A practical guide to Modern Error Analysis”, I. G.

Hughes and Thomas P. A. Hase, (Oxford Publication).

21.12.16

for (P K Chakrabarti

Head of the Department, Physics)

1

The University of Burdwan

Department of Physiology Hooghly Mohsin College

Syllabus for Common Entrance Test for Ph.D

Programme

FM 100

A. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES. MARKS 50

1. Computer Applications and Biostatistics:

Basic Architecture of Computer

Software and Programming Language: Machine Language;

Assembly Language; High Level Language; (FORTRAN, COBOL,

C++, UNIX, BASIC), Statistical packages.

Simulation & Modeling of Physiological Problems.

Some utility software for life sciences research

Application of Computer for Solving Physiological

Problems

Testing of Hypothesis; Probability Distributions; Nonparametric Statistics;

Correlations; Regressions; Analysis of Variances

Applications of Statistical principles in physiological problems.

2. METHODS IN BIOLOGY

A. Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA ,

DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods. Analysis of RNA, DNA

and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing gels.

Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of

recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors. Isolation of specific nucleic acid

sequences Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC

vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic

organisms. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins.

DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing. Methods for analysis of gene

expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based

techniques Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD

and AFLP techniques

B. Histochemical and Immunotechniques Antibody generation, Detection of molecules

using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, fluocytometry and immunofluorescence

microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as

FISH and GISH.

C Biophysical Method: Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism,

2

NMR and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and

NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface

plasma resonance methods.

D Statisitcal Treatment in Research : Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability

distributions (Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between

parametric and non-parametric statistics; Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of significance;

Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of variance; X2 test;; Basic introduction to

Muetrovariate statistics, etc.

E. Radio labeling techniques: Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes

normally used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells,

molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines.

F. Microscopic techniques: Visulization of cells and subcellular components by light

microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and

transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and

freezefracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy.

G. Electrophysiological methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG,

Brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI,

fMRI, CAT . H. Methods in field biology: Methods of estimating population density of animals

and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods

in the study of behavior, habitat characterization: ground and remote sensing methods

B. Physiology & allied subjects MARKS- 50

1. Cellular & Molecular Physiology

a. Cellular organization, cell to cell communication and signalling

Membrane structure and function; Structural organization and function of

intracellular organelles; Cell division & cell cycle; Cell signaling; Cellular

communication; Cancer.

b. Biomacromolecules and their principles of interactions

Bonds in biochemical reactions; Molecular thermodynamics; Principles of

colloidal chemistry; pH of body fluids; Conformation of proteins and polypeptides

– Amino acid sequences; Secondary, tertiary, quarternary and domain

structure of proteins; Reverse turns and Ramachandran plot; Helix-coil transition;

Protein folding and its problems: Role of chaperons; Structure and

stability of tRNA, rRNA and mRNA; Structural

polymorphism of DNA and RNA; Characteristics of viral, prokaryotic and

eukaryotic DNA, circular DNA, superhelix and relaxed circles,

pallindromes; Structural characteristics of polysaccharides, glycolipids,

glycoproteins and peptidoglycans.

c. Enzymology

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Structural basis of enzyme function: Active sites, Coenzymes, Activators,

Inhibitors, Isoenzymes, Kinetics of enzyme action; Mechanism of enzyme action,

Regulation of enzymatic activity, Rate limiting enzymes; Allosteric enzymes and

their modulators; Mechanism of enzyme induction and repression; Technical

approach to the study of enzyme activities; Purification and

characterization of enzymes; Clinical enzymology, Diagnostic and therapeutic

uses of enzymes.

d. Bioenergetics

Concepts of free energy and strategies of energy metabolism; High- energy

biomolecules and coupling phenomenon, energy-rich bonds, weak interactions,

group transfer, Biological energy transducers and

bioenergetics; Oxidative phosphoryltion and mitochondrial function; Uncouplers

and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation; Extramitochondrial electron transport

chains; Oxygen toxicity and superoxide dismutase.

e. Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism; Lipid Metabolism; Amino Acid Metabolism; Amphibolic

intermediates Nucleotide Metabolism; Membrane Metabolism;

f. Molecular biology

DNA as the molecule of information: DNA as the genetic material and its

organisation, the law of DNA constancy and C-value paradox.

Perpetuation of DNA: DNA replication and its regulation; DNA-repair, DNA

damage and repair, chromosome aberration: Transposons; somatic cell

egentics; genome organization (in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes), the law of

DNA constancy and C-value paradox.

DNA to Protein: Transcription, RNA-polymerases, Operon, m-RNA,

Genetic-code, Protein biosynthesis & regulatory factors, Mechanism of action

of inhibitors.

Molecular Organisation of eukaryotic genome: Packaging of eukaryotic DNA

into chromosomes, nucleosomes, exons, introns, cis-acting and trans-acting

regulatory elements, regulatory DNA sequences.

Regulation of gene expression, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic:

Regulation of transcription, transcription factors, motifs, RNA splicing and post-

transcriptional modification, catalytic RNA, Rearrangement of DNA, Antisense

RNA.

Genomics and Proteomics: Definition of genome and proteome. Importance in modern biology.

g. Biotechnology

Concepts of Biotechnology: General & historical, aims,

achievements and prospects. Microbial technology : Fermentation

technology, production of ethanol, penicillin and other antibiotics,

microbial-insecticides, enzymes, amino acids etc. and application in

4

industry. Use of microorganisms in pollution control. Enzyme

biotechnology: Immobilized enzymes and its application in industry.

Principles of protein engineering. Biotechnology as applied to Immunology.

h. Human genetics

Organisation of human chromosomes; Inheritance; Genes in the Kinderds and in

the individuals: Genetic variations, genetic factors in diseases, Pedigree

analysis; Immunogenetics; Genes in Development and

Differentiation; Population Genetics; Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,

mutation, selection, drift, gene flow, inbreeding, genetic diversity, races;

Genetics disorders: Sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, thalassemia, cystic

fibrosis, Huntington disease, Colour blindness, Phenylketonuria;

Cancer Genetics; Molecular diagnosis of genetic disorders: Use of RE, RFLP,

Oligonucleotide probes, DNA-probes, DNA blotting, etc. DNA fingerprinting and

SNP analysis, Genetic screening and genetic counseling; The

Human genome project (HGP): Implications and future prospects.

i. Physiology of excitable cells

Nerve : Axoplasmic flow and transport mechanism in the axons; Problem of

nerve conduction with reference to single nerve fibre study; Nature of nerve

fibre excitation and interpretation of action potential; voltage gated channels

and gating currents. Voltage clamp of nerve fiber membrane and membrane

currents. Patch clamp and unitary activity of membrane channels.

Neuro-Muscular Junction (NMJ) : Neuro-muscular transmission –

Electrical and Biochemical events; Acetylcholine receptor – Protein and

antigenic structure and its relevance to myasthenia gravis, structure-

function relationship; Acetylcholine – Structure-function relationship, Metabolism

and Regulation; Drugs acting at NMJ; Motor unit, MUAP, motor unit

recruitment patterns.

Muscle: Protein components and contraction mechanism in different types

of muscles. Excitation – contraction coupling, Role of fast and slow channels,

Ca++

-binding protein including calmodulin, Muscle fibre types

2. Systems Physiology

a. Blood and Hemodynamics

Hematopoiesis; Erythrocytes; Hemoglobin, Iron-ferritin-transferin system,

Leukocytes; Leukemia, Eosinophilia, Immuno deficiency diseases;

Hemostasis & Thrombosis: Blood antigen, Blood transfusion technology,

Applications of hematological techniques, other fluid systems of body;

Haemodynamics: Fundamental concepts.

b. Cardiovascular Physiology

Evolution of Heart on a comparative basis. Anatomy and General

Function: Electrical activity of Heart and Cardiac Efficiency : Autonomic

5

Nervous System: Chemical and reflex action by receptor system;

Cardiovascular homeostasis; Cardiovascular reflexes; Cardiac

Metabolism and the role of neurohormones; Regional circulation; Applied

Aspects Related to Cardiovascular System; Myocardial necrosis and Myocarditis:

Molecular basis of Cardiac Hypertrophy, Heart failure and Ischaemic Heart

Disease. Coronary bypass, coronary angioplasty; Cardiotoxins; Heart

transplantation.

c. Respiratory Physiology

Basic Principles: Evolution of the atmosphere; Biological consequence of an

oxidizing environment; Turnover rates of atmospheric gases; Evolution and

adaptation; Morphology of lung: Elastic forces, lung volumes, Pressure/volume

relationship of the lung and thoracic cage; measurement of compliance and

lung volumes; elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cage; Principle of Lung

function tests. Respiratory system resistance : Physical principles of gas flow

and resistance; Respiratory system resistance; Factors affecting respiratory

resistance; Muscular control of airway diameter; Work of breathing;

Respiratory gas equation and alveolar air equation; Alveolar ventilation

and perfusion ratio. Non- respiratory functions of the lung: the endocrine

lung; Physiology of pulmonary diseases; Artificial Ventilation: Non-invasive

ventilation; Lung transplantation; Respiratory system & Immune function.

Respiratory functions in altered conditions: Respiratory function in pregnancy;

The lungs before birth, Events at birth; Neonatal lung function; Respiratory

distress syndrome; Sudden infant death; Respiratory function during

exercise and sleep; Respiration in closed environments and space; Respiration in

high altitude, Hypoxia, Hyperoxia and Oxygen toxicity.

d. Neurophysiology

Central Nervous system: Modern techniques for studying nervous mechanism

including neuroimaging. Neuro- & gliogenesis, neuronal

migration. Myelination and dysmyelinating conditions. Structure and

functions of neuroglia. Neural Plasticity. Higher order functions of

Cerebral Cortex, Dominant Cortex, Laterality. Cognition, Learning and

Memory- cellular and Molecular basis. Structure activity relationship

(neural circuitry) of cerebellum, Vestibular apparatus and its functions,

Regulatory function of cerebellum with special reference to autonomic function.

Neurophysiological basis of decerebrate rigidity and role of higher

centres in the regulation of muscle tone. Importance of basal ganglia in

the regulation of automatic movements. Modern concept of hypothalamic

functions. Neurological disorders of brain- general cellular events;

Mechanism of development of degenerative diseases -

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Disease, ALS etc. Thalamo cortical projections and

its influence on evoked cortical activity, Brain Waves, Sleep, wakefulness.

e. Sensory physiology

6

Sensory modalities, Sensory receptors, Sensory circuits, and Sensory perception.

Chemical senses: Taste system – Receptor organs – distribution,

ultramicroscopic structures, innervation, replacement of cells and

formation of taste buds; Taste qualities and substances evoking primary taste

sensations - membrane mechanisms of transduction; Sensory

processing; Taste pathways; Taste behaviour. Olfactory system –

Olfactory epithelium and receptors, turnover and regeneration of olfactory

receptor cells; Olfactory bulb; Odour responses, coding of olfactory informations,

spatial patterns, plasticity, neurotransmiters; odour

transduction; Central olfactory connections; Psychophysics – Anosmia and

directional smelling; Olfaction and behaviour.

Visual Sense: Structures of retina and sensory transduction; Visual

pathway, Visual cortex and cortical processing; Colour vision – retinal and neural

mechanisms, binocular and stereoscopic perception;

Psychophysical measurements of visual performance; Higher functions in vision

– Neural encoding, recognition of objects, space perception and selective

processes in perception.

Auditory Senses : Organ of corti-ultramicroscopic structure, cochlear mechanics,

sensory transduction and processing; Functions of auditory system –

Frequency analysis and its discrimination; pitch; Intensity processing – factors

determining loudness, discrimination of loudness, loudness adaptation, masking,

auditory fatigue; Processing of speech; Perception of sounds in space.

f. Gastrointestinal Physiology

Histomorphology; Digestive juice and regulation of its secretion; Role of

hepatobilliary systems in GI functions; Gastrointestinal hormones and their

interplay; Immune function of GI Tract; Central control of gastrointestinal

functions; Diseased conditions and their management (Ulcer, Malabsorption

and Diarrhoea); Cancer of the GI Tract.

g. Renal Physiology

Anatomy and histomorphology of kidney; renal blood flow; Methods of study

of renal tubular function. Tubular transport mechanisms and trans- tubular

potential. Counter current multiplier and exchanger systems; renal regulation of

sodium-ion-exchange, body fluid volume. Neural and Endocrine control of

renal functions; Non-excretory functions: renin- angiotensin system,

erythropoietin system, biosynthesis of dihydroxychole-

calciferols, guanidoacetate and prostaglandins;

Pathophysiological aspects and renal failures.

h. Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology

Functions of hormones, interaction of hormones. Chemistry of Hormones:

Chemical nature, synthesis, storage, release, transport and degradation

of steroids, amines and peptide hormones. Cytokines and growth

7

factors. Hormonal regulation of metabolism: Carbohydrate, protein, lipid,

water, minerals/electrolyte. Disorders of endocrine fumctions.

Embryology of the gonads and the genital ducts. Function of mammalian

testis: Spermatogenesis; Sertoli cells – germ cells – Leydig cells

interaction; functions of sertoli cells and Leydig cells. Structure of Sperm:

Histology, Biochemistry and capacitation of spermatozoa. Functions of

mammalian ovary: Folliculogenesis, Ovogenesis, Ovulation,

Luteinization and Luteolysis. Biological action of gonadotropins

on gonads. Feed-back control of gametogenesis and

endocrine functions of gonads. Pineal glands and Photoperiods –

gonadal functions. Fertilization: Molecular mechanism of

fertilization; acrosomal reaction; chemical, mechanical and

immunological method of controlling fertility; in vitro fertilization,

preservation of gamates and embryotransfer.

Implantation: Decidualization, function of placenta and foeto-

placental unit, placental hormone (synthesis, control, role in foetal life

and bioassay of HCG). Parturition and Lactation: Regulation of parturition

and lactation. Onset of Puberty: Reproductive cycles and its hormonal

regulation. Principle and Techniques of fertility regulation in male and

female.

i. Ergonomics, Exercise & Work Physiology

Ergonomics and its contemporary application in industrial sectors. Ergonomics and

Cognition.

Assessment of Physiological and mental stress; Evaluation of

physiological fatigue during over-load job in extreme environment.

System Design; Work Study and Method Study; Ergonomics in Safety;

Anthropometry: Definition of Anthropometry; Static & Dynamic

Anthropometry; Application of Anthropometry in design development.

Design Ergonomics, Human error and its relation with psychological

condition during operation; Decision making and cognitive ability; Cost-

effective study and improvement of individual productivity

Classification of physical exercise, sports, workloads etc. Hematological

changes during graded muscular exercise. Heart rate, blood pressure, pulmonary

ventilation, ventilation equivalent, VE Max, VO2Max; Alveolar ventilation at

different state of breathing. Lactic acid concentration and O2 debt. Nutrition in

sports and exercise. Cardiorespiratory changes in sedentary and trained

persons during exercise. Concept of Physical fitness. Physiological effects

of doping / drug abuse.

Physician’s Interest in the Physiology of Exercise; Dynamic Physical Examination;

Principles of safety in Physical Activity and sports; Management of

Illness and Injury sustained in Exercise Activities; Rehabilitation procedures.

;

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j. Immunobiology

Antigenicity and immunogenicity, Cellular and molecular interaction during

induction of immune responses, basic structure of antibody,

immunodiagnostics, immunity to infectious diseases, vaccine

development, immune response to inflammatory reaction and role of interleukins

k. Microbial Physiology

General Microbiology: Different types of microbes, classifications;

morphology, structure, classification, reproduction and physiology of

bacteria. Microbial fermentation; antibiotics; organic acids and vitamins;

microbes in decomposition and recycling processes; symbiotic and

asymbiotic N2-fixation; microbiology of water, air, soil and sewage:

microbes as pathological agents in man; general design and

applications of biofermenter and biofertilizer. Man- microbe interactions:

Commensals, beneficials, parasites and pathogenic microbes. Microbial

Pathogenecity: Germ theory of

disease, Infectious diseases and its control. Microbial Flora:

Normal microbial flora of humans on the skin, in the Gastro-

intestinal tract, Respiratory tract, Urino-genital tract etc. and their role

in health and disease.

l. Molecular Neurophysiology, Applied Neurophysiology & Advanced

Electrophysiology

Molecular basis of neural induction, differentiation of neurons and glia, and

generation of neuronal diversity. Molecular basis of growth cone motility and

axon guidance. Neurotrophin signaling. Molecular basis of neurodegenerative

and demyelinating diseases.

Self stimulation behavior and pleasure stimulus; Neurophysiology of

learning, attention and memory; Epilepsy and its management, kindling and

inhibition; Postural and vestibular reflexes (human studies); Biofeedback,

galvanic skin resistance (GRS) and autonomic reflexes; startle reflexes,

analgesia and analgesics and emotional behavior; Neuroimmunology.

Microelectrodes, brain stem auditory evoked potential, power spectrum analysis

of EEG, cognitive negative variation.

m. Stress Physiology

Oxidants, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, antioxidants. Enzymatic and non-

enzymatic antioxidants. Mechanisms of actions. Fenton-reaction, Haber-

Weiss reaction. Stress-induced disorders and role of antioxidants in

ameliorating these disease situations.

n. Molecular Endocrinology And Neuro-Endocrinology

Mechanism of hormone actions: Membrane bound and intercellular receptors;

9

steroid hormone-receptor interactions; membrane bound hormone-receptor

interactions; second messenger in hormone

action/signal transduction; recycling of receptors. Hormones in immune

responses: Autoimmune endocrine disorders. Non-Conventional

Endocrine Molecules in Health & Disease

Neuroendocrinology: Hypothalamus as neuroendocrine organ, process of

neurosecretions and neurosecretory materials, synthesis, transport,

release, functions and control of neurosecretory materials.

Chronobiology: Zeitgebers, Cellular mechanisms of clock, Human

Circadian Rhythm and its mechanism of control- cellular and molecular

mechanisms; The SCN, photic and non-photic entrainment pathways, Jet Lag,

shift-work.

o. Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietetics

Nutritional survey, assessment, counselling. National & International

bodies – their role in community nutrition- ICDS, Mid day meal,

Immunization programme. Food guide pyramid, food groups, exchange

list. Meal planning, serving portion, mode of feeding. Nutrition in

paediatrics & geriatrics. Nutrition in under-nutrition (PCM) & over nutrition

(obesity). Nutrition in metabolic (Diabetes mellitus & Gout) & Systemic

(Cardiovascular, Renal) disease. Nutrition in stress, cancer, space.

p. Principles Of Environmental Physiology

The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic

interactions; Habitat and niche; Species interactions; Community ecology;

Ecological succession; Ecosystems; Biogeography; Applied ecology;

Environmental pollution; global environmental change;

biodiversity-status; Conservation biology;

Environmental Pollution and its control: Air, Water, Radiation and

Thermal, Noise Pollution.

q. Biomedical Instrumentation

Basic Idea on Electronic Instruments : Transducers: Temperature, Force and

Pressure Transducer, Pulse Sensor, Optical Transducer, Optical Fibre

Sensors, Electrochemical Sensors, Position Transducer. Cathode Ray

Oscilloscope, Chart Recorder, Ultraviolet Recorder, Fibre Optic Recorder,

Magnetic Tape Recorder, Computer Data Logging.

Structural and Analytical Instruments: Electrophoresis - Agarose,

Polyacrylamide; Chromatography – Ion Exchange, Affinity, HPLC, GLC; X-ray

crystallography, NMR spectroscopy.

Bio-medical Instrumentation: CT scan, ultrasonography, MRI, pulmonary

function analyzer, biomedical telemetry.

Syllabus for Admission Test of the course work for PhD in

Statistics

PPAAPPEERR CCOODDEE PPAAPPEERR NNAAMMEE MMAARRKKSS

SSTTAATT--0011 Research Methodology 5500

SSTTAATT--0022 Statistics 5500

Detailed Syllabus

STAT 01 – Research Methodology 50

Marks

Statistical Methods

Scale of measurement, compilation and presentation of data, charts and diagrams, exploratory data analysis

Bivariate data, simple correlation, regression, correlation index, correlation ratio, intra-class correlation, rank correlation

Analysis of categorical data, odds ratio

Multivariate data, multiple regression, multiple and partial correlation

Sample Survey

Probability sampling from a finite population-- – notions of sampling design, sampling scheme, inclusion probabilities Basic sampling schemes—Simple random sampling with and without replacement, Unequal probability sampling with and without replacement, Systematic sampling. Related estimators of population total/mean, their variances and variance estimators – Mean per distinct unit in simple random with replacement sampling, Des Raj and Murthy’s estimator (for sample of size two) in unequal probability sampling without replacement. Stratified sampling – Allocation problem and construction of strata (optimal, proportional and equal allocation) Ratio, Product, Difference and Regression estimators, Unbiased Ratio estimators – Probability proportional to aggregate size sampling Sampling and sub-sampling of clusters, Two-stage sampling with equal/unequal number of second stage units and simple random sampling without replacement / unequal probability sampling with replacement at first stage, Ratio estimation in two-stage sampling.

Double sampling for stratification, Double sampling ratio and regression estimators, Sampling on successive occasions

Statistical Computing with C and R

Computer Programming C

Computer Programming: 1. Input-output statements 2. Operator-relational and logical, conditional operator 3. Library functions 4. Data type 5. Decision making and branching-If, If-else, Nesting of if statement, goto statement 6. Arrays 7. Use of Functions 8. File structure R Programming 1. Overview of R, R data types and objects, reading and writing data

2. Control structures, functions, scoping rules, dates and times

3. Loop functions, debugging tools

4. Simulation

STAT 02 – Statistics 50 Marks

Probability Theory Axiomatic definition of probability, Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem and subjective probability, Concept of independence Random variables, distribution function, expectation, moments, cumulants, moment inequalities and probability inequalities, generating functions – m.g.f. and p.g.f Basic univariate distributions, Standard discrete and continuous distributions like uniform, normal, Cauchy, exponential, gamma, beta, Weibull, log-normal, Binomial, Poisson, negative binomial, hyper geometric, Mixture, compound and truncated distributions Bivariate distributions, Joint, marginal and conditional p.m.f.s and p.d.f.s, Conditional expectation, correlation and regression. Bivariate normal distribution and its properties Multinomial distribution Characteristic functions, inversion theorem, uniqueness theorem (statement only) Sequence of random variables, almost sure convergence, convergence in pth mean, convergence in probability, convergence in distribution, continuity theorem of characteristic function (statement and use). Borel-Cantelli lemma, Weak law and strong law of large numbers for i.i.d. sequences, CLT for i.i.d. case and CLT for independent case (statement and use)

Sampling Distributions Functions of random variables and their distributions using Jacobean of the transformation and other tools Sampling distribution and standard error, Sampling distributions arising from univariate distributions (central and non central cases) Order Statistics-their distributions and properties, joint and marginal distributions of order statistics, Distributions of functions of order statistics Inference

Properties of estimator, mean square error and minimum MSE estimator, unbiasedness and minimum variance unbiased estimator, Rao-Cramer lower bound of variance, statement of Bhattacharya’s bound Data reduction, sufficiency, factorization theorem and its illustration, concept of minimal sufficiency, Exponential family Completeness, bounded completeness, Rao-Blackwell and Lehmann-Scheffe theorems Methods of estimation: method of moments, method of maximum likelihood Introduction to testing of hypothesis, Null and alternative hypotheses, Simple and composite hypotheses, Two kinds of error, Concepts of level of significance and power of a test, p-value of a test Neymann Pearson Lemma, Heuristic approach of derivation of tests from Binomial, Poisson, Univariate and Bivariate normal distributions Randomized and non randomized tests, Neyman- Pearsonian theory of testing of hypothesis, Neyman- Pearson fundamental lemma, Generalised NP lemma MP, UMP, and LMP tests, unbiasedness, UMPU test Families of distributions with monotone likelihood ratio property, exponential family of distributions Test for composite hypothesis, similar test and test with Neyman structure, case involving nuisance parameter Ancillary statistics, Basu’s theorem and its applications Likelihood ratio test for standard univariate continuous distributions. Large sample tests using variance stabilizing transformations, Pearsonian chi-square Standard nonparametric tests for one and two sample problem and for independence Theory of interval estimation, UMA, UMAU confidence intervals, shortest expected length confidence interval Sequential procedures, Wald’s SPRT and its properties, fundamental identity, OC and ASN functions, optimality of SPRT

Regression Analysis Gauss- Markov regression model and related results Test of fitness of a model, residuals and their plots, detection of outliers, influential observations, leverage, measures of influences, Cook’s distance, Welsch and Kuh measure, Hadis’s influence measure Departure from Gauss-Markov set up: heteroscadasticity, multicollinearity, autocorrelation; non normality: detection and remedies Multivariate Techniques Multivariate normal distribution and its properties, MLEs of parameters Distribution of sample mean vector, Wishart matrix-its distribution (without derivation) and properties, Null distribution of Hotelling T2 statistic and its application (including simultaneous confidence interval), Mahonalobis D2 statistic, Union-intersection principle (application only)

MANOVA (one way and two way): statement and use, Wilk’s criteria Distribution of QF under normality, Cochran’s theorem. Classification and discrimination procedures for discrimination between two multivariate normal populations- sample discriminant function, tests associated with discriminant functions, probabilities of misclassification and their estimation Principal components, Canonical variables and canonical correlation Factor analysis, estimation of factor loading, factor rotation Cluster analysis

1

Syllabus

Common Entrance Test for M.Phil. & Ph.D programme (2017 Onwards)

Department of Zoology

The University of Burdwan

Burdwan

2

Part –I

(Basic Subject)

UNIT-I : Biochemistry and Toxicology

Biochemistry: High-energy phosphate bonds and its role in energy capture and

transfer, Protein Structure and properties, Mechanisms of enzyme action and

Regulation of enzyme activity. Carbohydrates of physiologic significance, Lipids

of physiologic significance, membrane lipids, cholesterol, Lipid transport and

storage, Integration of metabolic pathways, Pumps and membrane channels,

Oxidative stress and antioxidants

Toxicology: Toxicity of metals and metalloids - Lead, Cadmium, Mercury,

Arsenic. Toxicity of pesticides. Natural toxins, Drugs. Toxicokinetics, Phase I &

Phase II Detoxification; Mechanism of toxicity: Toxicodynamics Biochemical

and physiological effects

UNIT-II : Cell Biology and Genetics

Cell membrane structure, Cell Cycle, Chromosome structure, Homologous

recombination, Cell Transformation, Cancer, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions,

Apoptosis

Extensions of Mendelian principles : Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene

interactions, pleiotropy, Mitochondrial genetics, Genomic Imprinting DNA

methylation, Padder-willi and Angelman syndrome, human genetics – sex

determination of human

UNIT-III : Developmental Biology

Gastrulation, Determination, Commitment, Pattern formation, Gap genes, Model

organism-Dictyostelium, C. elegans and Drosophila

UNIT-IV :Immunology

Innate and adaptive immune system, Cells and organs of the immune system, T

cell maturation, activation and differentiation; TCR; antigens, antigen and hapten,

Structure of antibody molecules. Generation of antibody diversity, MHC

molecules, the complement system, hypersensitivity reaction

UNIT-V : Molecular Biology

DNA replication, repair and recombination, RNA synthesis and processing

transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription

activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation, and termination,

RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation, Protein synthesis

and processing - Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and

their regulation, elongation factors

3

UNIT-VI : Ecology & Ethology

Ecosystem, Concepts of Productivity, Concept of habitat & niche, Resource

partitioning, Character displacement, Population regulation (r and k

selection), Metapopulation, Ecological succession, Megadiversity and

Hotspots, Concept of Biosphere Reserve, National Park, Wildlife Sanctaury

Altruism, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism, Parental care, Migration, Habitat

selection and optimality foraging model, Mating system, Biological clock,

Social behavior.

UNIT-VII : Endocrinology & Physiology

Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action; reproductive processes,

hormones and their functions secreted from the pituitary, reproductive organs,

Thyroids, Adrenal

Blood cells: Ultrastructure, pigments, and formation, Hemostasis: platelet

activation cascades, regulation. Respiration (human): Lung mechanics,

Respiratory muscles, lung volumes, elastic properties, compliance, surface

tension, pulmonary surfactants. Regulation: Respiratory centers, receptors,

integration. Thermoregulatory organs, thermoreceptors, regulation of

thermogenesis, Fever, sweating

UNIT-VIII : Entomology

Cuticle: Structure and composition; moulting and its hormonal regulation; Insect

vision; mechanism of flight; Alimentary canal: structure; Tracheal system:

components, mechanism of gaseous exchange; Excretory system: organs,

mechanisms of urine formation, regulation; Hormonal regulation of

metamorphosis; atypical reproductive strategies in insects; Chemical

Communication in insects; Bioluminescence; Integrated Pest Management,

Biotechnological control of pests; Eusociality in honey bees

UNIT-IX : Aquaculture & Fisheries

Major fish orders: Cypriniformes, Clupeiformes, Ophiocephaliformes,

Perciformes, Mastacembeliformes; Acoustico-lateralis system; Digestive systems,

olfactory organ and chemoreception; Endocrine glands (Pituitary and Thyroid);

Breeding and Parental care; Fish migration

Aquaculture systems (extensive, intensive, semi-intensive, fresh water, brackish

water, coastal, hill stream, cage, pen, race way); Pond management for carp

culture, induced breeding of prawn and air breathing fishes; pearl fishery;

transgenic fish

4

UNIT-X : Biosystematics & Evolutionary Biology

Biosystematics: Taxonomic characters; Species Concepts; Cladistics;

Phylogenetic tree, Zoological nomenclature

Evolutionary Biology: Origin of cells and unicellular evolution; Geological time

scale; Molecular aspects of Evolution; Origin of man

UNIT-XI : Microbiology and Parasitology

Modes of disease transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and

prevention of the following diseases: Malaria, Filariasis, Leishmaniasis. Microbial

virulence, mode of transmission, pathogenicity and prevention of microbial

diseases: Tuberculosis, Cholera, Dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE) Role of

antibiotics: penicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline, ampicillin, rifampicin

Part –II

(Research Methodology)

Microtomy, Tissue processing & Histochemistry

Fixation and Tissue preparation for histology; Microtomy; Biological dyes and

stains; Histochemical techniques & immunohistochemistry

Cell Culture Techniques

Composition of culture media, Growth of adherent and suspension cultures,

subculturing techniques, maintenance and cryopreservation of cells

Microbial techniques

Methods of Sterilization- Physical and chemical methods. Simple staining of

bacteria and study of cell types; differential staining: Gram staining, endospore

staining and acid-fast staining. Microbiological examination of water and milk

(MPN Test and Methylene blue reductase test), Biochemical tests: Catalase,

Nitrate reduction, Indole production, Methyl red and Voges–Proskauer test.

Principle and procedure of plasmid DNA isolation of Bacteria. Bacteria culture,

Culture media, Parasitological Techniques: Isolation, fixation and staining of

Helminths and Protozoan parasites

Bio-Statistics

Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial,

Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and

non-parametric statistics; Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-

test; Analysis of variance; X2 test

Bio-informatics

Databases- nucleic acid and protein – PIR, PDB, Sequence alignments - Local

alignment and Global alignment

Biophysical Techniques

Spectroscopy, Chromatography – gel filtration, affinity, ion exchange, HPLC,

Centrifugation,

5

Immunological Techniques

Western blotting, ELISA, Coomb test, monoclonal antibody production

Methods in Molecular Biology

DNA and proteins separation methods - agarose and polyacrylamide gel

electrophoresis, DNA sequencing methods, PCR, RT-PCR, Micro-array, cloning

of DNA, vectors- pUC, PGEM, YAC. BAC, blue white screening, Generation of

genomic and cDNA libraries

Microscopy

Light microscopy: resolving power; numerical aperture; Dark field microscopy:

phase contrast; DIC, scanning and transmission microscopes, fluorescence and

confocal microscope; Photography & Image processing

Ecological Techniques

Species diversity measures (Rarefaction, Jack-knife, Shannon, Simpson), Species

evenness, life table, Population dispersion, interspecific association

Animal Nutrition

Analysis of proximate composition of feed; Evaluation of growth performance

and activities of digestive enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase); Feed types,

formulation, preparation and evaluation; Digestibility