Business cycle is divided into the major phases:Expansion-

Contraction-

Expansion

Is the first part of an expansionary phase. Consumer confidence starts to increase a little people start to replace small items such as clothes and small appliances. This results in business starting to replace or increase their inventory levels. Businesses start to increase their output hiring more employees.

Unemployment is decreasing while inflation is occurring

Recovery○

Is the second part of an expansionary phase. Consumer's confidence starts to increase at a faster pace buying more and more consumer goods. As businesses start to hire even more people national incomes rise an unemployment levels fall. People now start to buy consumer durable goods such as cars, houses. Resulting in businesses to start increase their construction levels on homes, factories and stores. Businesses now also start to buy new equipment and machines increasing their efficiency levels. This results in workers receiving higher pay. Prices increase.

Unemployment levels fall approaching full employment, inflation increases at very high rates

Boom○

Occurs when expansion reaches a climax. Output starts to standstill and level off. Consumer confidence starts to decline to the point where people start to stop their buying.

Peak○

Is a period of increase in consumer confidence and economic activity. It is made up 3 smaller stages known as

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Is the first part of a contractionary phase. Consumer's confidence starts to decrease a little. People start to stop buying large items such as cars, major appliances and houses. This results in businesses starting to reduce their output of these items (inventory levels). Businesses start to decrease their hiring they may even start to lay off some of their employees. Workers might have to take wage cuts. Resulting in prices going down.

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Unemployment is increasing while inflation is dropping□

Recession

Is the second part of a contractionary phase. Consumer's confidence starts to decrease at a faster pace buying less of all consumer goods. Now businesses have to try to get rid of their inventory levels on their shelves. Businesses decrease or slow their production levels to a very low level. Business try to cut cost so they start to lay off even more people national incomes fall as unemployment levels rises. This results in an even lower level of confidence in people. Resulting in even less buying. Prices must fall even lower; companies start to go bankrupt.

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Unemployment levels increase approach Keynesian range, inflation becomes non existent prices start to fall

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Depression

Contraction reaches a minimum. Output starts to standstill and level off. Consumer confidence starts to level off at a low point to the point where people start to stop their savings, they have to buy a little.

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Trough

Is a period of decrease in consumer confidence and economic activity. It is made up of 3 smaller stages known as

-

Contraction

Phases of the Business CycleDecember-03-08

9:01 AM

Unit 3 - Fiscal Policy Page 1

ConclusionIf I+G+X =S+T+M - a country is in a state of economic equilibrium were the economy is not growing or contracting.

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(I+G+X) < (S+T+M)-

Therefore, periods of contractions:-

(I+G+X) > (S+T+M)-

And period of expansion:-

These are not periods of equilibrium-

Unit 3 - Fiscal Policy Page 2